Ultrasonographic Contrast and Therapeutic Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide-Responsive Nanoparticles in a Rat Model with Sciatic Neuritis.

Purpose: Peripheral nerve damage lacks an appropriate diagnosis consistent with the patient's symptoms, despite expensive magnetic resonance imaging or electrodiagnostic assessments, which cause discomfort. Ultrasonography is valuable for diagnosing and treating nerve lesions; however, it is unsuitable for detecting small lesions. Poly(vanillin-oxalate) (PVO) nanoparticles are prepared from vanillin, a phytochemical with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Previously, PVO nanoparticles were cleaved by H2O2 to release vanillin, exert therapeutic efficacy, and generate CO2 to increase ultrasound contrast. However, the role of PVO nanoparticles in peripheral nerve lesion models is still unknown. Herein, we aimed to determine whether PVO nanoparticles can function as contrast and therapeutic agents for nerve lesions. Methods: To induce sciatic neuritis, rats were administered a perineural injection of carrageenan using a nerve stimulator under ultrasonographic guidance, and PVO nanoparticles were injected perineurally to evaluate ultrasonographic contrast and therapeutic effects. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was performed to detect mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ie, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and cyclooxygenase-2. Results: In the rat model of sciatic neuritis, PVO nanoparticles generated CO2 bubbles to increase ultrasonographic contrast, and a single perineural injection of PVO nanoparticles suppressed the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and cyclooxygenase-2, reduced the expression of F4/80, and increased the expression of GAP43. Conclusion: The results of the current study suggest that PVO nanoparticles could be developed as ultrasonographic contrast agents and therapeutic agents for nerve lesions.

Development of cooking method for senior-friendly food using fruits suitable for older adults with masticatory dysfunction.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to establish a fruit-cooking method suitable for older adults with masticatory dysfunction. MATERIALS/METHODS: Five types of fruits were selected to make fruit jelly and puree: apple, sweet persimmon, mandarin, Korean melon, and watermelon. Recipes were selected based on the Korean Industrial Standard (KS) for senior-friendly foods (KS H 4897), which classifies foods into 3 levels (L1-L3) based on their hardness and viscosity. RESULTS: In South Korea, senior-friendly foods are classified into 3 stages based on their hardness. Stage 1 is for foods that are able to eat with teeth (hardness greater than 50,000 N and less than 500,000 N), Stage 2 is for foods that are able to eat with gums (hardness greater than 20,000 N and less than 50,000 N), and Stage 3 is for foods that are able to eat with the tongue (hardness less than 20,000 N). As a result of measuring the hardness by varying the shape of the fruit, it was found that nearly all fruits could be eaten fresh by chewing with the teeth (L1) but did not meet the KS for mastication using the gums (L2) or tongue (L3), so the cooking method was selected as fruit jelly and fruit puree. Only sweet persimmon, which had a hardness of 61,624-496,393 N, was not suitable for consumption in fresh fruit, unprocessed form. Based on their hardness measurements, fruit jellies (27,869 to 36,343 N) and fruit purees (315 to 1,156 N) met the L2 and L3 requirements, respectively. The viscosity results of all fruit purees met the L3 requirement. CONCLUSION: These results offer a simple cooking method to prepare texture-modified fruits suitable for safe consumption by older adults living with masticatory difficulties in general households and nursing facilities.

Biofluid-based Biomarkers in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex condition characterized by a multifaceted pathophysiology. It presents significant diagnostic and prognostic challenges in clinical settings. This narrative review explores the evolving role of biofluid biomarkers as essential tools in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of TBI. In recent times, preclinical and clinical trials utilizing these biofluid biomarkers have been actively pursued internationally. Among the biomarkers for nerve tissue proteins are neuronal biomarkers like neuronal specific enolase and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1; astroglia injury biomarkers such as S100B and glial fibrillary acidic protein; axonal injury and demyelination biomarkers, including neurofilaments and myelin basic protein; new axonal injury and neurodegeneration biomarkers like total tau and phosphorylated tau; and others such as spectrin breakdown products and microtubule-associated protein 2. The interpretation of these biomarkers can be influenced by various factors, including secretion from organs other than the injury site and systemic conditions. This review highlights the potential of these biomarkers to transform TBI management and emphasizes the need for continued research to validate their efficacy, refine testing platforms, and ultimately improve patient care and outcomes.

Ginkgo biloba extract ameliorates skin fibrosis in a bleomycin-induced mouse model of systemic sclerosis.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by skin and internal organ fibrosis and obliterative vasculopathy. Few effective treatments are currently available for fibrosis in SSc, therefore, demand persists for novel therapies. Although use of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) has been reported to improve blood circulation and alleviate liver and lung fibrosis, its effect on skin fibrosis in SSc remains unclear. In this study, the effects and underlying mechanisms of GBE on skin fibrosis in bleomycin (BLM)-induced mouse model of SSc was investigated. GBE significantly reduced dermal thickness and protein levels of profibrotic factors in the BLM-induced SSc mouse model. Moreover, GBE inhibited the gene expression of profibrotic factors, such as COL1A1, α-SMA, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), in fibroblasts by suppressing transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß signaling. Furthermore, GBE inhibited the transdifferentiation of adipocytes into myofibroblasts. Thus, our findings suggest that GBE is a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of SSc.

Therapeutic efficacy and safety of home-based portable laser irradiation on patients with wrist pain: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial.

The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of small, portable low-level laser therapy (light sources in square configuration: 830 nm GaAs diode 3.2 mW at the center, 4 × 650 nm InGaAIP diodes over the corners) treatment in reducing and enhancing hand function in patients with wrist pain. This study was a prospective, randomized, sham-controlled, and home-based self-therapy trial. A total of thirty subjects with wrist pain were enrolled. All participants received low-level laser therapy on painful area at the wrist. The experimental group (n = 15) received laser stimulation, while the control group (n = 15) received sham stimulation using identical equipment that generated only a red light without the laser output. Both groups self-treated for 30 min a day, 5 days per week for 3 weeks, total of 15 sessions. The primary outcome was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) for wrist pain from 0 (painless) to 10 (extreme pain). The secondary outcomes were measured with patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE), grip strength, lateral, palmar, and tip pinch strength. Measures were taken before and after treatment. A total of thirty participants provided outcome data. After the intervention, both groups showed a significant decrease in VAS score, from 4.93 to 3.67 in experimental group, from 5.53 to 4.00 in control group (the experiment group: p = 0.020, the control group: p = 0.003). The experimental group showed a significant improvement in function scale score (p = 0.012), the control group did not. Lateral and pinch strength was significantly improved in the experimental group (p = 0.017) and in the control group (p = 0.034) respectively. There were no side effects in the patients. Medical laser irradiation is a portable and easy-to-use laser irradiator without side effects. Clinical Trial Registration number: KCT0006604.

Classification of tropical cyclone rain patterns using convolutional autoencoder.

Heavy rainfall produced by tropical cyclones (TCs) frequently causes wide-spread damage. TCs have different patterns of rain depending on their development stage, geographical location, and surrounding environmental conditions. However, an objective system for classifying TC rain patterns has not yet been established. This study objectively classifies rain patterns of North Atlantic TCs using a Convolutional Autoencoder (CAE). The CAE is trained with 11,991 images of TC rain rates obtained from satellite precipitation estimates during 2000-2020. The CAE consists of an encoder which compresses the original TC rain image into low-dimensional features and a decoder which reconstructs an image from the compressed features. Then, TC rain images are classified by applying a k-means method to the compressed features from the CAE. We identified six TC rain patterns over the North Atlantic and confirmed that they exhibited unique characteristics in their spatial patterns (e.g., area, asymmetry, dispersion) and geographical locations. Furthermore, the characteristics of rain patterns in each cluster were closely related to storm intensity and surrounding environmental conditions of moisture supply, vertical wind shear, and land interaction. This classification of TC rain patterns and further investigations into their evolution and spatial variability can improve forecasts and help mitigate damage from these systems.

Metavalent or Hypervalent Bonding: Is There a Chance for Reconciliation?

A family of solids including crystalline phase change materials such as GeTe and Sb2 Te3 , topological insulators like Bi2 Se3, and halide perovskites such as CsPbI3 possesses an unconventional property portfolio that seems incompatible with ionic, metallic, or covalent bonding. Instead, evidence is found for a bonding mechanism characterized by half-filled p-bands and a competition between electron localization and delocalization. Different bonding concepts have recently been suggested based on quantum chemical bonding descriptors which either define the bonds in these solids as electron-deficient (metavalent) or electron-rich (hypervalent). This disagreement raises concerns about the accuracy of quantum-chemical bonding descriptors is showed. Here independent of the approach chosen, electron-deficient bonds govern the materials mentioned above is showed. A detailed analysis of bonding in electron-rich XeF2 and electron-deficient GeTe shows that in both cases p-electrons govern bonding, while s-electrons only play a minor role. Yet, the properties of the electron-deficient crystals are very different from molecular crystals of electron-rich XeF2 or electron-deficient B2 H6 . The unique properties of phase change materials and related solids can be attributed to an extended system of half-filled bonds, providing further arguments as to why a distinct nomenclature such as metavalent bonding is adequate and appropriate for these solids.

Neuromuscular complications of the lower extremity after thrombectomy in a patient with superficial femoral artery occlusion: Case series.

BACKGROUND: Ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury may result in rhabdomyolysis and compartment syndrome when blood supply returns after thrombectomy for patients with acute limb ischemia. OBJECTIVE: We highlight the value of early diagnosis and treatment in post-thrombectomy patients with IR injuries in their lower legs. CASE DESCRIPTION: Two patients received thrombectomy due to left superficial femoral artery occlusion. Both patients complained of left calf pain during ambulation at the 1- and 3-day follow up post-thrombectomy, as well as a heating sensation, swelling, weakness, and sensory changes in the affected leg. For early diagnosis musculoskeletal ultrasounds were performed and in both cases revealed swelling and change of echogenicity in the left calf. To further diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging of the left leg revealed limb IR-induced muscular injury and rhabdomyolysis, respectively. In both cases, an electrodiagnostic study revealed peripheral nerve injury in the left leg. Medications were provided for neuropathic pain control and early rehabilitation was performed to improve function. In both cases, patients reported during their follow-up that their pain and muscle weakness had improved. CONCLUSION: When post-thrombectomy calf pain occurs early evaluation and treatment should be performed to identify any potential IR injury.

Virological characteristics and the rapid antigen test as deisolation criteria in immunocompromised patients with COVID-19: A prospective cohort study.

There are limited data supporting current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for the isolation period in moderate to severely immunocompromised patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Adult COVID-19 patients who underwent solid organ transplantation (SOT) or received active chemotherapy against hematologic malignancy were enrolled and weekly respiratory samples were collected. Samples with positive genomic real-time polymerase chain reaction results underwent virus culture and rapid antigen testing (RAT). A total of 65 patients (40 with hematologic malignancy and 25 SOT) were enrolled. The median duration of viable virus shedding was 4 weeks (interquartile range: 3-7). Multivariable analysis revealed that B-cell depletion (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.76) was associated with prolonged viral shedding, and COVID-19 vaccination (≥3 doses) was negatively associated with prolonged viral shedding (HR: 0.22). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of RAT for viable virus shedding were 79%, 76%, 74%, and 81%, respectively. The negative predictive value of RAT was only 48% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 33-65) in the samples from those with symptom onset ≤20 days, but it was as high as 92% (95% CI: 85-96) in the samples from those with symptom onset >20 days. About half of immunocompromised COVID-19 patients shed viable virus for ≥4 weeks from the diagnosis, and virus shedding was prolonged especially in unvaccinated patients with B-cell-depleting therapy treatment. RAT beyond 20 days in immunocompromised patients had a relatively high negative predictive value for viable virus shedding.

Comparison of Ultrasound Contrast between H2O2-Responsive Nanoparticles and Microbubble Contrast According to Muscle Injury in Rat Models.

Ultrasound contrast agents are clinically used for diagnosis of internal organs, but ultrasound contrast agents are rarely applied clinically in musculoskeletal disorders. Our study aims to comparatively analyze the differences between ultrasonographic images through peri-injury injection of the clinically used microbubble and researched nanoparticle contrast agents in various muscular injury models. To compare contrast-enhanced images in different muscle injury models, we prepared groups of rats with sham, laceration, punch, contusion, and toxin injection injuries. We measured H2O2 levels using the Amplex Red assay by extracting tissue from the damaged area. As comparative contrast agents, SonoVue®, a commercially available microbubble contrast agent, and poly(vanillinoxalte) (PVO) nanoparticles, which are H2O2-responsive nanoparticles, were used. The difference in contrast between the two contrast agents was recorded as an ultrasound movie, and J-image software 1.53p was used to quantify and analyze the maximum and minimum echogenicity values of the images after contrast enhancement. In the Amplex red assay for the highest H2O2 level in each muscle injury model, the maximum level showed 24 h after the modeling. In the sham rats, PVO injection showed no increased echogenicity except at the needle insertion site, but SonoVue® injection showed increased echo signal throughout the injected muscle immediately after injection. One day after the preparation of the lesion, PVO and SonoVue® were injected into the lesion site and ultrasound was performed on the lesion site. After the injection of PVO nanoparticles, contrast enhancement was observed at the lesion site immediately. SonoVue® injections, on the other hand, showed a widespread pattern of echo signals and an increase in echo retention only at the lesion site over time, but this was not clear. There were statistically significant differences between the highest and lowest echogenicity in PVO and SonoVue® contrast-enhanced images in all models. Contrast enhancement lasted more than 3 h in the PVO injection, but disappeared within 3 h in the SonoVue® injection. PVO nanoparticles showed the possibility of physiologic contrast by CO2 generated by conjugation with H2O2 generated by muscle injuries, and SonoVue® injection observed the possibility of microbubble contrast as a contrast agent with a pooling effect that lasts longer on the lesion. Further research is needed to investigate the use of various ultrasound contrast agents, including nanoparticles, in musculoskeletal disorders, as well as the potential for further utilities of microbubble contrast agents.

Anomalous Hall conductivity in a honeycomb topological insulator under counter-rotating bicircular laser field.

We investigate the interaction between the counter-rotating bicircular field and the trivial and topological insulator with anomalous Hall conductivity (AHC) to show the effect of the asymmetric spin band and topological invariant. We show that the reaction of the system to the counter-rotating bicircular field is classified into the high-field and low-field regimes. In the high-field regime, it is shown that the AHC of the system is controlled by the phase difference between the ω0 and 2ω0 fields. We also show that in the low-field regime, the AHC of the topological insulator is determined by the helicity of the laser, while the AHC is negligible in the trivial insulator. For the spin-orbit coupling (SOC), it is demonstrated that the high SOC increases the required field amplitude for the transition from the low-field to the high-field regime. Also, we show that strong SOC leads to an additional sign change of the AHC in the high-field regime, but with different origins in the trivial and topological insulator.

Circular dichroism in Floquet Chern insulator via high-order harmonics spectroscopy.

High-order harmonics (HOHs) spectroscopy is attracting the attention of the condensed matter community, mostly because the HOHs spectrum encode the material property. Topological materials are of interest for both basic research and advanced technologies because of their robust properties against dissipation and perturbations. Floquet engineering technique have been demonstrated to be a unique tool to manipulate topological phase. In this paper, we apply HOH spectroscopy to characterize the Floquet state via the circular dichroism (CD). We find that the CD of the co-rotating harmonics is sensitive to Floquet topological states.

Ipsilateral Motor Evoked Potentials in a Preschool-age Child With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Report.

To the best of our knowledge, the upper age limit at which post-neonatal cerebral palsy (CP) can manifest remains uncertain. This uncertainty is attributed to the lack of objective parameters for assessing the developing brain. In a previous study, we reported that an ipsilateral corticospinal projection associated with brain injury, as manifested in the paretic hand of a CP patient, had never been observed in individuals aged > 2 years. In this case report, we present an instance of ipsilateral motor evoked potential (iMEP) in a girl whose traumatic brain injury occurred at the age of 4 years. This case is the oldest in which brain injury occurred and iMEP was maintained. In conclusion, iMEP can be a valuable indicator of motor system plasticity in the developing brain.

Clinical Practice Guideline for Stroke Rehabilitation in Korea-Part 1: Rehabilitation for Motor Function (2022).

This clinical practice guideline (CPG) is the fourth edition of the Korean guideline for stroke rehabilitation, which was last updated in 2016. The development approach has been changed from a consensus-based approach to an evidence-based approach using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) method. This change ensures that the guidelines are based on the latest and strongest evidence available. The aim is to provide the most accurate and effective guidance to stroke rehabilitation teams, and to improve the outcomes for stroke patients in Korea. Fifty-five specialists in stroke rehabilitation and one CPG development methodology expert participated in this development. The scope of the previous clinical guidelines was very extensive, making it difficult to revise at once. Therefore, it was decided that the scope of this revised CPG would be limited to Part 1: Rehabilitation for Motor Function. The key questions were selected by considering the preferences of the target population and referring to foreign guidelines for stroke rehabilitation, and the recommendations were completed through systematic literature review and the GRADE method. The draft recommendations, which were agreed upon through an official consensus process, were refined after evaluation by a public hearing and external expert evaluation.

High-order harmonics from elliptically polarized laser for classification of topological states in 2D Chern insulators and 2D topological insulators.

High-order harmonics (HH) have drawn attention in the field of condensed matter physics mainly because of the capability of light to encode structural, dynamical, and topological information. In this paper, we address the fundamental question whether HH can map topological information in two-dimensional (2D) quantum materials by studying the interaction between topological materials and an elliptically polarized laser. We use the Haldane model for topological Chern insulators (CIs) and the Kane-Mele model for topological insulators (TIs). In the case of a circularly polarized or nearly circularly polarized driving field in CIs and TIs, the harmonic intensity of the co-rotating orders is increased. This increase in topologically non-trivial materials implies that HH can be used to detect topological transitions in 2D CIs and TIs. Moreover, interference between two spin bands in TIs does not affect the elliptical dependence of co-rotating harmonic orders in the plateau region.

Effects of Home Based Serious Game Training (Brain Talk™) in the Elderly With Mild Cognitive Impairment: Randomized, a Single-Blind, Controlled Trial.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) increases with aging society. Serious games may be effective in improving cognitive function in patients with MCI; however, research on their effects remains insufficient. This study aimed to confirm the efficacy and safety of cognitive rehabilitation training using a serious game (Brain Talk™) for the elderly with MCI. Twenty-four elderly individuals with MCI were randomized into study and control groups. The study group received 12 training sessions (30 min/session, 3 times/week), whereas the control group did not receive training. Blinded evaluations were conducted before and after the training and four weeks after the training. The primary outcome measures were the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) and K-MoCA (Korean Montreal Cognitive Assessment). Secondary outcome measures were the Semantic Verbal Fluency Task (SVFT), Trail-Making Test-B, and 2-back test. In the study group, the K-MMSE, K-MoCA, and SVFT scores after finishing the training and 4 weeks after training showed a significant increase; however, there was no significant change in the control group. No significant differences were observed between the two groups. Cognitive function significantly improved in the study group after training. Home-based serious games are considered helpful in improving cognitive function.

ARBM101 (Methanobactin SB2) Drains Excess Liver Copper via Biliary Excretion in Wilson's Disease Rats.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Excess copper causes hepatocyte death in hereditary Wilson's disease (WD). Current WD treatments by copper-binding chelators may gradually reduce copper overload; they fail, however, to bring hepatic copper close to normal physiological levels. Consequently, lifelong daily dose regimens are required to hinder disease progression. This may result in severe issues due to nonadherence or unwanted adverse drug reactions and also due to drug switching and ultimate treatment failures. This study comparatively tested bacteria-derived copper binding agents-methanobactins (MBs)-for efficient liver copper depletion in WD rats as well as their safety and effect duration. METHODS: Copper chelators were tested in vitro and in vivo in WD rats. Metabolic cage housing allowed the accurate assessment of animal copper balances and long-term experiments related to the determination of minimal treatment phases. RESULTS: We found that copper-binding ARBM101 (previously known as MB-SB2) depletes WD rat liver copper dose dependently via fecal excretion down to normal physiological levels within 8 days, superseding the need for continuous treatment. Consequently, we developed a new treatment consisting of repetitive cycles, each of ∼1 week of ARBM101 applications, followed by months of in-between treatment pauses to ensure a healthy long-term survival in WD rats. CONCLUSIONS: ARBM101 safely and efficiently depletes excess liver copper from WD rats, thus allowing for short treatment periods as well as prolonged in-between rest periods.

Conversion between Metavalent and Covalent Bond in Metastable Superlattices Composed of 2D and 3D Sublayers.

Reversible conversion over multimillion times in bond types between metavalent and covalent bonds becomes one of the most promising bases for universal memory. As the conversions have been found in metastable states, an extended category of crystal structures from stable states via redistribution of vacancies, research on kinetic behavior of the vacancies is highly in demand. However, it remains lacking due to difficulties with experimental analysis. Herein, the direct observation of the evolution of chemical states of vacancies clarifies the behavior by combining analysis on charge density distribution, electrical conductivity, and crystal structures. Site-switching of vacancies of Sb2Te3 gradually occurs with diverged energy barriers owing to their own activation code: the accumulation of vacancies triggers spontaneous gliding along atomic planes to relieve electrostatic repulsion. Studies on the behavior can be further applied to multiphase superlattices composed of Sb2Te3 (2D) and GeTe (3D) sublayers, which represent superior memory performances, but their operating mechanisms were still under debate due to their complexity. The site-switching is favorable (suppressed) when Te-Te bonds are formed as physisorption (chemisorption) over the interface between Sb2Te3 (2D) and GeTe (3D) sublayers driven by configurational entropic gain (electrostatic enthalpic loss). Depending on the type of interfaces between sublayers, phases of the superlattices are classified into metastable and stable states, where the conversion could only be achieved in the metastable state. From this comprehensive understanding on the operating mechanism via kinetic behaviors of vacancies and the metastability, further studies toward vacancy engineering are expected in versatile materials.

Comparison of intermittent pneumatic compression device and compression stockings for workers with leg edema and pain after prolonged standing: a prospective crossover clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: During prolonged standing, insufficient calf muscle pumping accompanies venous stasis and hypertension in the lower legs, resulting in valve dysfunction, venous wall problems, and sub-sequent inflammation. Compression therapy, which includes medical compression stockings (MCS) and mechanical intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC), is one of the most effective therapeutic interventions for treating chronic venous diseases. This study aimed to compare the therapeutic effect among resting, IPC and MCS alone, and IPC with MCS in long-standing workers (> 8 h daily). METHODS: This crossover trial was conducted with 39 participants with complaints of leg edema and pain whose work involved standing for more than 8 h daily. Four treatment protocols were established for each visit as follows: protocol A (not wear MCS during work and rest without IPC after work), protocol B (wear MCS during work and rest without IPC after work), protocol C (not wear MCS during work and treat with IPC after work), and protocol D (wear MCS during work and treat with IPC after work). The primary outcome was the visual analogue scale (VAS) score for leg pain. The secondary outcomes were leg volume (mL), circumference (cm), extracellular fluid/total body fluid (ECF/TBF), and extracellular water/total body water (ECW/TBW) through bioelectrical impedance analysis. Outcomes were assessed before work (T0), after work (T1), and 60 min after intervention (T2). RESULTS: All four protocols had significantly increased leg pain after work (T0-1) but improved 60 min after intervention (T1-2), particularly protocol C (decreased VAS by 1.9). When leg swelling was compared at T0 and T1, protocols A and C showed significant increases in leg volume and circumference, indicating significant work-induced edema, whereas protocols B and D showed no change or even a decrease. After interventions, leg volume and circumference significantly decreased in protocols A and C, although protocols B and C did not show significant improvement. The ECF/TBF and ECW/TBW of all protocols decreased after interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Leg pain and edema after prolonged standing (T1-T2) in adults were safely and effectively improved by both IPC alone and IPC with MCS. Although the use of MCS during the workday did not show improvement in leg pain immediately after work (T0-T1), both MCS with resting and MCS with IPC decreased leg pain at T1-T2 and prevented leg edema at T0-T1. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial protocol was registered at the Clinical Research Information Service (KCT0005383, the date of first registration: 08/09/2020).