Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of a Single-Pill Combination of Olmesartan/Amlodipine/Hydrochlorothiazide in Korean Patients with Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with hypertension and additional cardiovascular risk factors pose a challenge by requiring more intensive blood pressure (BP) control. Single-pill combination (SPC) therapy can benefit these patients by improving medication adherence. METHODS: This prospective, multicenter observational study assessed the real-world safety and effectiveness of an SPC containing olmesartan, amlodipine, and hydrochlorothiazide (O/A/H) in South Korean patients with hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors. BP control rates, defined as the percentage of patients achieving systolic BP (SBP) < 130 mmHg and diastolic BP (DBP) < 80 mmHg for intensive BP control, and < 140 mmHg and < 90 mmHg, respectively, for standard BP control, were investigated across various cardiovascular risk groups, along with changes in SBP and DBP from baseline to week 24. RESULTS: The most prevalent cardiovascular risk factor was age (≥ 45 years in men, ≥ 55 years in women, 86.1%), followed by cardiovascular diseases (64.4%), dyslipidemia (53.7%), body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 (53.5%), and diabetes mellitus (DM) (46.3%). Switching to O/A/H showed significant BP reduction, with a mean change of - 17.8 mmHg/- 9.3 mmHg in SBP/DBP within 4 weeks. The intensive BP control rate was 41.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 39.5, 43.4), and the standard BP control rate was 73.3% (95% CI 71.5, 75.1), with better control rates in the risk age group (43.1% and 74.1%, respectively) and cardiovascular disease group (42.0% and 73.8%, respectively). The DM group had relatively lower control rates (37.5% for intensive control and 69.4% for standard control). Common adverse drug reactions included dizziness (2.91%), hypotension (1.51%), and headaches (0.70%). CONCLUSION: The SPC therapy of O/A/H caused a rapid and sustained reduction in SBP/DBP in patients' hypertension and additional cardiovascular risk factors. The therapy was safe and well tolerated. STUDY REGISTRATION NUMBER: KCT0003401 ( https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/detailSearch.do/20795 ).

Stem cell laden nano and micro collagen/PLGA bimodal fibrous patches for myocardial regeneration.

BACKGROUND: Although the use of cardiac patches is still controversial, cardiac patch has the significance in the field of the tissue engineered cardiac regeneration because it overcomes several shortcomings of intra-myocardial injection by providing a template for cells to form a cohesive sheet. So far, fibrous scaffolds fabricated using electrospinning technique have been increasingly explored for preparation of cardiac patches. One of the problems with the use of electrospinning is that nanofibrous structures hardly allow the infiltration of cells for development of 3D tissue construct. In this respect, we have prepared novel bi-modal electrospun scaffolds as a feasible strategy to address the challenges in cardiac tissue engineering . METHODS: Nano/micro bimodal composite fibrous patch composed of collagen and poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (Col/PLGA) was fabricated using an independent nozzle control multi-electrospinning apparatus, and its feasibility as the stem cell laden cardiac patch was systemically investigated. RESULTS: Nano/micro bimodal distributions of Col/PLGA patches without beaded fibers were obtained in the range of the 4-6% collagen concentration. The poor mechanical properties of collagen and the hydrophobic property of PLGA were improved by co-electrospinning. In vitro experiments using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) revealed that Col/PLGA showed improved cyto-compatibility and proliferation capacity compared to PLGA, and their extent increased with increase in collagen content. The results of tracing nanoparticle-labeled as well as GFP transfected BMSCs strongly support that Col/PLGA possesses the long-term stem cells retention capability, thereby allowing stem cells to directly function as myocardial and vascular endothelial cells or to secrete the recovery factors, which in turn leads to improved heart function proved by histological and echocardiographic findings. CONCLUSION: Col/PLGA bimodal cardiac patch could significantly attenuate cardiac remodeling and fully recover the cardiac function, as a consequence of their potent long term stem cell engraftment capability.

Gender-specific differences in central blood pressure and optimal target blood pressure based on the prediction of cardiovascular events.

Background: Hypertension (HBP) is a common disease among both men and women. Central blood pressure (CBP) is a method of evaluating aorta pressure that can assess the intrinsic BP of an individual patient that more closely correlates with cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes than peripheral BP parameters. We evaluated gender-specific differences in CBP and optimal target BP based on a composite outcome of CVD, heart failure (HF), and hypertensive complications in patients with HBP. Method: Patients were enrolled from June 2011 to December 2015 and were followed through December 2019. CBP was measured using radial tonometry. The primary endpoint was a composite outcome. Result: The median follow-up period for enrolled patients was 6.5 years. Out of a total of 2,115 patients with an average age of 57.9 ± 13.6 years, 266 patients (12.6%) had events of primary end points during the follow-up period. There was no difference in the lowest BP level between men and women in the incidence of CVD. Among the women (49.6%), 78.1% were postmenopausal. In a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model, CBP and systolic BP showed an increase in risk of 10 and 11%, respectively, with every 10 mmHg increase, and there was a similar trend of 12 and 13%, respectively, in postmenopausal women. However, PP showed an increase in risk of about 2% every 10 mmHg increase, but a tendency to increase risk by 19% in postmenopausal women. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that postmenopausal women will continue to show increased risk for CVD at BP higher than the optimal level. Conversely, there was no increase in CV risk due to menopause at BP values below the optimal level. Therefore, well-controlled BP is more important in postmenopausal women.

Prediction of cardiovascular events by central blood pressure using radial tonometry in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

BACKGROUND: High blood pressure (BP) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are major causes of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and heart failure (HF). Central blood pressure (CBP) is more predictive of ASCVD than is brachial BP; however, an association of CBP with ASCVD has not been found in T2DM patients. We evaluated the impact of CBP and the association between optimal level of noninvasively measured CBP and office BP in T2DM patients based on composite outcome of ASCVD, HF, and complications of hypertension. METHODS: Patients were enrolled from June 2011 to December 2015 and were followed up through December 2019. CBP was measured using radial tonometry. The primary endpoints were composite outcome of ASCVD, HF, and hypertension-induced complications such as left ventricular hypertrophy, retinopathy, and proteinuria. RESULTS: During the 6.5-year follow-up period, 515 patients were enrolled in the study. A total of 92 patients (17.9%) developed primary endpoints. The mean age of subjects was 61.3 ± 12.1 years and 55% (n = 283) were male. Patients who developed primary endpoints were older (65.3 ± 9.5 years vs. 60.5 ± 12.4 years) and had lower high-density lipoprotein (36.6 ± 9.4 mg/dL vs. 41.8 ± 11.1 mg/dL), higher CBP (123.6 ± 20.6 mmHg vs. 118.0 ± 20.6 mmHg), and higher pulse pressure (61.3 ± 16.6 mmHg vs. 56.5 ± 15.1 mmHg) than subjects without primary endpoint development. After adjustment for various risk factors, CBP was an independent predictor for primary endpoints (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.27; P = 0.016). In addition, the association of CBP and primary endpoints showed a U-shaped curve with the lowest incidence at CBP 118 mmHg and systolic BP about 128 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: We show the importance of CBP measurements in T2DM patients and present a cutoff value for ASCVD events and hypertension-induced complications.

Impact of hypoglycemia at the time of hospitalization for heart failure from emergency department on major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with and without type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the association between hypoglycemic episodes among people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) at the time of hospitalization for heart failure (HF) and cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: From March 2016 to June 2018, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate hypoglycemia during HF hospitalization in the emergency department, three-point major adverse cardiovascular events (3P-MACE), and all-cause mortality; these were followed up through June 2021. HF hospitalization was defined according to American Heart Association criteria. Hypoglycemia was defined as a glucose level < 3.9 mmol/L at the time of HF hospitalization. We classified the enrolled patients into three groups (reference group, those without T2DM or hypoglycemia; those diagnosed with T2DM without hypoglycemia; and those with hypoglycemia and T2DM). We used Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to investigate the association between the three groups and the development of the first occurrence of 3P-MACE and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: During a median of 25 months of follow-up, a total of 783 patients admitted due to HF were analyzed. In total, 159 (20.3%) cases of 3P-MACE were identified, and the mortality rate was 20.2% (n = 158). The median age of patients was 76.0 (65.0-82.0) years, and 49.0% were men. Patients with 3P-MACE had a lower body mass index (22.6 [20.4-25.1] vs. 23.8 [21.3-26.7]), higher frequency of previous history of HF (24.5% vs. 15.7%), T2DM (64.2% vs. 47.3%), higher rates of hypoglycemia at the time of HF hospitalization (19.5% vs. 7.7%), and lower eGFR levels (61.1 [36.0-80.7] mL/min/1.73 m2 vs. 69.2 [45.8-89.5] mL/min/1.73 m2) than those without 3P-MACE. The multivariable adjusted HR of 3P-MACE was as follows: group with hypoglycemia and T2DM: HR, 2.29; 95% CI: 1.04-5.06; group with T2DM without hypoglycemia: HR: 1.42; 95% CI: 0.86-2.33; and all-cause mortality group with hypoglycemia and T2DM: HR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.26-5.31, group with T2DM without hypoglycemia: HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 0.81-2.16; compared to the reference group (group without T2DM or hypoglycemia). CONCLUSIONS: T2DM and hypoglycemia are independent risk factors for 3P-MACE and all-cause mortality compared to those without hypoglycemia during HF hospitalization.

Clinical implications of central blood pressure measured by radial tonometry and automated office blood pressure measured using automatic devices in cardiovascular diseases.

Objective: Central aortic systolic blood pressure (CBP) measured by carotid-femoral pulse wave analysis (cfPWA) is a gold standard method to estimate true arterial pressure. However, the impact of the CBP level measured by radial PWA on cardiovascular (CV) risk assessment is unclear. This study aimed to determine the impact on CV outcome assessment and the association between the optimal levels of non-invasively measured CBP and automated office blood pressure (OBP) in clinical practice. Materials and methods: A total of 2,115 patients underwent non-invasive semiautomated radial artery applanation tonometry (Omron HEM-9000AI) in the Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, from July 2011 to December 2015. The patients were followed for at least 5 years, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular (ASCVD) outcomes were collected. Results: Among 2,115 patients (mean age 58 ± 14 years, 50.4% men) who were followed up, the median follow-up period was 52 months (range: 1-104 months). The total number of patients with ASCVD events was 163 (7.70%). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, a CBP of more than 125 mmHg and an automated OBP of more than 131 mmHg were independently associated with a significant increase in ASCVD outcomes. After adjusting for confounding factors, the hazard ratio for ASCVD events increased by 12.5, 11.7, and 12.7%, for every 10 mmHg increase in automated OBP, CBP, and central pulse pressure (PP), respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the automated OBP measured using the method used in real clinical practice and CBP measured by radial tonometry were associated with an increased risk for adverse ASCVD outcomes.

A Prospective Randomized, Double-Blind, Multi-Center, Phase III Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Olmesartan/Amlodipine plus Rosuvastatin Combination Treatment in Patients with Concomitant Hypertension and Dyslipidemia: A LEISURE Study.

BACKGROUND: This study was a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of an olmesartan/amlodipine single pill plus rosuvastatin combination treatment for patients with concomitant hypertension and dyslipidemia. METHODS: Patients with both hypertension and dyslipidemia aged 20-80 were enrolled from 36 tertiary hospitals in Korea from January 2017 to April 2018. Patients were randomized to three groups in a 1:1:0.5 ratio, olmesartan/amlodipine single pill plus rosuvastatin (olme/amlo/rosu) or olmesartan plus rosuvastatin (olme/rosu) or olmesartan/amlodipine single pill (olme/amlo) combination. The primary endpoints were change of sitting systolic blood pressure (sitSBP) from baseline in the olme/amlo/rosu vs. olme/rosu groups and the percentage change of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) from baseline in the olme/amlo/rosu vs. olme/amlo groups after 8 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: A total of 265 patients were randomized, 106 to olme/amlo/rosu, 106 to olme/rosu and 53 to olme/amlo groups. Baseline characteristics among the three groups did not differ. The mean sitSBP change was significantly larger in the olme/amlo/rosu group with -24.30 ± 12.62 mmHg (from 153.58 ± 10.90 to 129.28 ± 13.58) as compared to the olme/rosu group, -9.72 ± 16.27 mmHg (from 153.71 ± 11.10 to 144.00 ± 18.44 mmHg). The difference in change of sitSBP between the two groups was -14.62± 1.98 mmHg with significance (95% CI -18.51 to -10.73, p < 0.0001). The mean LDL-C reduced significantly in the olme/amlo/rosu group, -52.31 ± 16.63% (from 154.52 ± 30.84 to 72.72 ± 26.08 mg/dL) as compared to the olme/amlo group with no change, -2.98 ± 16.16% (from 160.42 ± 32.05 to 153.81 ± 31.57 mg/dL). Significant difference in change was found in LDL-C between the two groups with -50.10 ± 2.73% (95% CI -55.49 to -44.71, p < 0.0001). Total adverse drug reaction rates were 10.48%, 5.66% and 3.7% in the olme/amlo/rosu, olme/rosu and olme/amlo groups, respectively with no statistical significance among the three groups. Serious adverse drug reactions did not occur. CONCLUSIONS: Olmesartan/amlodipine single pill plus rosuvastatin combination treatment for patients with both hypertension and dyslipidemia is effective and safe as compared to either olmesartan plus rosuvastatin or olmesartan plus amlodipine treatment.

Real-world evidence on the strategy of olmesartan-based triple single-pill combination in Korean hypertensive patients: a prospective, multicenter, observational study (RESOLVE-PRO).

BACKGROUND: In this prospective, multicenter, non-comparative observational study, the effectiveness and safety of the triple single-pill combination (SPC) of olmesartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide (OM/AML/HCTZ) were evaluated in a real clinical practice setting in Korean patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: A total of 3752 patients were enrolled and followed for 12 months after administration of OM/AML/HCTZ. Primary endpoint was change from baseline to month 6 in the mean systolic blood pressure (SBP). Secondary endpoints included changes from baseline in the mean SBP at month 3, 9, 12 and the mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at month 3, 6, 9, 12; changes in the mean SBP/DBP according to age and underlying risk factors; and blood pressure control rate (%) at different time points. Adherence to and satisfaction with OM/AML/HCTZ treatment among patients and physicians were assessed by medication possession ratio (MPR) and numeric rating scale, respectively, as exploratory endpoints. Safety was evaluated by the incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs) as well as the discontinuation rate due to AEs. RESULTS: OM/AML/HCTZ administration led to significant reductions in the mean SBP/DBP by 11.5/6.6, 12.3/7.0, 12.3/7.2, and 12.8/7.4 mmHg from baseline to month 3, 6, 9 and 12, respectively (P < 0.0001). The BP reductions were maintained throughout the 1-year observation period in all patients with different age groups and risk factors (diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and renal disease). The BP control rate (%) of < 140/90 mmHg was 65.9, 67.9, 68.9, and 70.6% at month 3, 6, 9, and 12, respectively. The mean MPR during the observation period was 0.96. The safety results were consistent with the previously reported safety profile of OM/AML/HCTZ. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with the triple SPC of OM/AML/HCTZ demonstrated significant effectiveness in reducing SBP/DBP and achieving target BP control with high adherence over the 1-year observation period in Korean hypertensive patients and was well-tolerated. TRIAL REGISTRATION: CRIS, KCT0002196 , Registered 3 May 2016.

Accelerated diastolic dysfunction in premenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Disturbances of diastolic function precede systolic heart failure and, although clinically silent, represent the earliest sign of cardiac involvement. Diastolic dysfunction (DD) is associated with age, gender (female), and hypertension. However, little is known about the age-specific incidence rates and risk factors for DD in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: We used standard two-dimensional/Doppler echocardiography to screen for the presence of diastolic dysfunction in 61 patients with RA and 107 healthy subjects. All participants were premenopausal women with no history of hypertension. DD includes an impaired relaxation with or without increased left ventricular (LV) filling pressures, pseudonormal filling, and restrictive filling based on parameters measured using echocardiography. RESULTS: The two groups were similar with respect to age (P=0.269). Patients with RA had significantly higher LV mass index, LV filling pressure, and lower E/A velocity than controls. All patients had preserved ejection fraction (EF ≥50%). DD was more common in patients with RA at 47% compared to 26% in the controls (P=0.004). Women with RA in the 30- to 49-year age range were over 3.5 times more likely to have DD than those of similar age in the control group (OR=3.54; 95% CI 1.27 to 9.85). Among patients with RA, high CRP levels were independently associated with DD even after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors (P=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: In premenopausal women with RA, DD is much more common and the age of onset is reduced. Early screening of myocardial function may provide an opportunity for preventing future cardiovascular disease.

Single-pill Combination Therapy of Azilsartan Medoxomil/Chlorthalidone for Treatment of Hypertension: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to review recent clinical studies of azilsartan medoxomil (AZL-M) and chlorthalidone (CLD), a combined angiotensin receptor blocker and thiazide-like diuretic, and its role in recently published guidelines. This review explores the role of AZL-M/CLD in treating patients with hypertension. METHODS: A systematic review of literature published from 1990 to 2018 was performed by using the following key words: Edarbyclor, azilsartan, chlorthalidone, pharmacokinetic, and hypertension. Available English-language data from reviews, abstracts, presentations, and clinical trials regarding the use of AZL-M/CLD therapy specifically detailing effects of lowering blood pressure (BP) and outcomes on cardiovascular disease in humans and rats were reviewed. FINDINGS: One study compared a single-pill combination of AZL-M/CLD with co-administration of AZL-M and hydrochlorothiazide and found a greater reduction in clinic systolic BP with AZL-M/CLD (-35.1 mm Hg vs -29.5 mm Hg) than for AZL-M and hydrochlorothiazide. Another study of 153 patients with chronic kidney disease who received AZL-M/CLD or other single-pill combination agents found that AZL-M/CLD was more effective in lowering BP, achieving superior adherence. According to new guidelines, an increase in the prevalence of resistant hypertension can occur as a result of trying to lower target BP. IMPLICATIONS: A powerful and effective medication that can increase patient compliance is essential to reduce the incidence of resistant hypertension. AZL-M/CLD is a powerful and safe antihypertensive medication that has been thoroughly studied in patients with hypertension.

Right Ventricular Analysis Using Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography for Preload Dependency.

BACKGROUND: The importance of the right ventricle (RV) has been increasingly recognized, and accurate RV measurement has become necessary. However, assessment of the RV with two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography has several limitations. As the development of novel methods for RV measurement continues, we can expect more accordant values related to RV geometry. METHODS: Fifty-eight subjects who were examined by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) immediately before and after hemodialysis (HD) were enrolled. Real-time, full-volume, three-dimensional (3D) echocardiographic images were acquired and analyzed using dedicated software. Conventional RV parameters for RV size and function were measured for comparison with pre-HD and post-HD values by both 2D-TTE and 3D-TTE. RESULTS: 3D RV volumes and ejection fractions were significantly decreased after HD. The values of the 3D image-derived RV dimensions, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), fractional area change (FAC), and longitudinal strain were also affected by acute preload changes (TAPSE pre-HD: 22.4 ± 4.0 mm, post-HD: 19.0 ± 4.2 mm, p < 0.001; FAC pre-HD: 49.6% ± 5.9%, post-HD: 46.4% ± 5.5%, p < 0.001; septal longitudinal strain pre-HD: -20.1% ± 3.7%, post-HD: -16.8% ± 3.8%, p < 0.001). With the exception of FAC, most 2D RV parameters were well correlated with the 3D values. CONCLUSIONS: Various parameters representing RV anatomy and function were acquired easily and more accurately from 3D echocardiographic images than from 2D images but were affected by acute preload changes. 3D TTE could be a new modality for assessing RV function and size, but each value from 3D TTE should be interpreted with caution while considering the loading condition of the patients.

A Case of a 50-Year-Old Woman with Typical Fabry Disease Who Showed Serial Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic Changes over a 17-Year Period.

Fabry disease (FD) is a progressive, X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of α-galactosidase A activity. Affected individuals accumulate globotriaosylceramide and glycosphingolipids in the lysosomes and cytoplasm of cells throughout the body, leading to major organ failure and premature death. Cardiac involvement includes left ventricular hypertrophy, arrhythmia, endothelial dysfunction at vascular wall, and cardiomyopathy. The diagnosis of FD can be difficult and there is often a long lag time between symptoms and diagnosis. Here, we present a case of a 50-year-old woman with typical Fabry disease who showed serial electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes over 17 years prior to diagnosis with Fabry disease.

Association of the plasma aldosterone concentration, left atrial deformation and ambulatory blood pressure in never-treated early hypertensive patients.

Left atrial (LA) strain is known to exhibit an early progressive reduction in hypertensive patients with diastolic dysfunction. However, an association of the renin-angiotensin-*aldosterone system (RAAS) with LA deformation has not been found in these patients. We aimed to investigate the association of plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) with LA and left ventricle (LV) deformation in never-treated early hypertensive patients. This cross-sectional study included 101 never-treated subjects who were registered in a working group at The Catholic University of Korea. The patients were divided into a hypertension group (n = 71), which was defined as having a systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥130 mm Hg and/or a diastolic BP ≥80 mm Hg based on ABPM, and a control group (n = 30). Enrolled patients underwent conventional and speckle tracking echocardiography, ABPM, and measurement of pulse wave velocity, PAC, and plasma renin activity. Compared with the control group, the hypertension group had significantly increased PAC, global longitudinal strain (GLS), atrial reservoir strain, atrial pump strain, and atrial systolic strain rate. LA pump strain was independently associated with nighttime systolic BP. PAC was correlated with GLS but not LA deformation in hypertensive patients without clinically apparent target organ damage. The raised LV pressure secondary to the nocturnal systemic pressure overload might be more strongly associated with LA deformation than with the RAAS.

The impact of preload on 3-dimensional deformation parameters: principal strain, twist and torsion.

BACKGROUND: Strain analysis is feasible using three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography. This approach provides various parameters based on speckle tracking analysis from one full-volume image of the left ventricle; however, evidence for its volume independence is still lacking. METHODS: Fifty-eight subjects who were examined by transthoracic echocardiography immediately before and after hemodialysis (HD) were enrolled. Real-time full-volume 3D echocardiographic images were acquired and analyzed using dedicated software. Two-dimensional (2D) longitudinal strain (LS) was also measured for comparison with 3D strain values. RESULTS: Longitudinal (pre-HD: -24.57 ± 2.51, post-HD: -21.42 ± 2.15, P < 0.001); circumferential (pre-HD: -33.35 ± 3.50, post-HD: -30.90 ± 3.22, P < 0.001); and radial strain (pre-HD: 46.47 ± 4.27, post-HD: 42.90 ± 3.61, P < 0.001) values were significantly decreased after HD. The values of 3D principal strain (PS), a unique parameter of 3D images, were affected by acute preload changes (pre-HD: -38.10 ± 3.71, post-HD: -35.33 ± 3.22, P < 0.001). Twist and torsion values were decreased after HD (pre-HD: 17.69 ± 7.80, post-HD: 13.34 ± 6.92, P < 0.001; and pre-HD: 2.04 ± 0.86, post-HD:1.59 ± 0.80, respectively, P < 0.001). The 2D LS values correlated with the 3D LS and PS values. CONCLUSION: Various parameters representing left ventricular mechanics were easily acquired from 3D echocardiographic images; however, like conventional parameters, they were affected by acute preload changes. Therefore, strain values from 3D echocardiography should be interpreted with caution while considering the preload conditions of the patients.

Identification of a Novel GLA Mutation (L206 P) in a Patient with Fabry Disease.

We report a new α-Galactosidase A (αGal-A) mutation in a 39-year-old Korean born, male Fabry disease patient. Fabry disease is a devastating, progressive inborn error of metabolism caused by X-linked genetic mutations. In this case, the first clinical symptom to occur was in childhood consisting of a burning pain originating in the extremities then radiating inwards to the limbs. This patient also stated to have ringing in his ears, angiokeratomas on his trunk, and cornea verticillata. He visited an outpatient cardiologist due to intermittent and atypical chest discomfort at the age of 39. Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic examination showed left ventricular hypertrophy. A physical examination revealed proteinuria without hematuria. The patient's plasma αGal-A activity was markedly lower than the mean value of the controls. After genetic counseling and obtaining written informed consent, we identified one hemizygous mutation in exon 4 of galactosidase alpha, c.617T>C (p.Leu206 Pro). He was eventually diagnosed as having Fabry disease.

Is Carotid Artery Ultrasound Still Useful Method for Evaluation of Atherosclerosis?

Carotid ultrasound is an imaging modality that allows non-invasive assessment of vascular anatomy and function. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) has been shown to predict cardiovascular (CV) risk in multiple large studies. However, in 2013, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines designated that the carotid IMT as class III evidence level was not recommended for use in clinical practice as a routine measurement of risk assessment for a first atherosclerotic CV event. Following the announcement of this guideline, combined common carotid IMT and plaque, including plaque tissue characterization and plaque burden, using 3D ultrasound was reported to be better than either measurement alone in a variety of studies. Moreover, changes in the intima thickness were related to aging and early atherosclerosis, and remodeling of the media thickness was associated with hypertension. Separate measurement is useful for evaluating the effects of different atherosclerotic risk factors on the arterial wall; however, a more detailed and elaborate technique needs to be developed. If so, separate measurement will play an important role in the assessment of atherosclerosis and arterial wall change according to a variety of risk factors, such as metabolic syndrome. In addition, although carotid blood flow velocity is a useful tool for risk classification and prediction in clinical practice, further clinical research is needed. The value of carotid IMT by ultrasound examination for risk stratification remains controversial, and groups developing future guidelines should consider the roles of plaque presence and burden and hemodynamic parameters in additional risk stratification beyond carotid IMT in clinical practice.

Findings of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy after 16 Years.

A 58-year-old man had been diagnosed with non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCMP) according to echocardiography findings 16 years ago. Echocardiography showed ischemic cardiomyopathy (CMP)-like features with decreased systolic function but a non-dilated chamber. Coronary angiography was performed but showed a normal coronary artery. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multifocal transmural and subepicardial delayed-enhancing areas at the anteroseptal, septal, and inferoseptal left ventricular (LV) wall, and wall thinning and decreased motion of the anteroseptal LV wall. Findings of ischemic CMP-like features by echocardiography suggested microvascular dysfunction. This late stage of HCMP carries a high risk of sudden death. Cardiac MRI evaluation may be necessary in cases of ischemic CMP-like features in HCMP. In this case, the diagnosis of end-stage HCMP with microvascular dysfunction was confirmed by using cardiac MRI after a follow-up period of more than 16 years.