Correlation Between Serum Transaminase Levels and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate After Living-Donor Kidney Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: There is a risk of hypoperfusion during kidney transplantation surgery owing to patients' underlying disease and ischemia-reperfusion injury; further, hypoperfusion may cause injury to major organs. We hypothesized that the decrease in blood pressure after ischemia-reperfusion injury during kidney transplantation may be associated with indicators of liver injury and kidney graft function. METHODS: Data regarding living-donor kidney transplantations performed at our institution between 2018 and 2022 were retrospectively evaluated. Exclusion criteria included pediatric recipients or donors aged <18 years, multiple organ transplantation, and elevated postoperative serum transaminase levels. Correlations among blood pressure, serum transaminase levels on postoperative days 3 to 5, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on postoperative days 7 and 14 were analyzed. Further, a subgroup analysis was performed based on eGFR. RESULTS: A total of 276 patients were included in the final analysis. Serum transaminase levels were significantly negatively correlated with eGFR (partial correlation coefficient-0.26, P < .001). The postreperfusion decrease in blood pressure was not correlated with serum transaminase levels. However, the postreperfusion decrease in blood pressure and baseline blood pressure correlated with the eGFR (partial correlation coefficient = -0.18, P = .004). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate a correlation between intraoperative liver injury and kidney graft function, suggesting the importance of intraoperative management of organ perfusion. Since postreperfusion blood pressure changes did not significantly correlate with liver injury indicators, it is important to consider other causative factors for hypoperfusion in major organs during living-donor kidney transplantation, including microcirculatory failure and organ congestion-related ischemia/reperfusion.

Decomposition analysis of racial and ethnic differences in receipt of immediate postpartum, long-acting, reversible, and permanent contraception.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the factors contributing to racial and ethnic disparities in the use of immediate postpartum, long-acting reversible contraception (IPP LARC) and permanent contraception among Medicaid recipients. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional study using 3 years of national Medicaid claims data to examine the rates of IPP LARC use alone and a composite measure of postpartum permanent contraception and IPP LARC within 7 days of delivery by race and ethnicity. We used a Blinder-Oaxaca model to quantify the extent to which medical complexity, age, rurality, mode of delivery, and year explained differences in outcomes among different minoritized groups in comparison to non-Hispanic White women. RESULTS: Our study sample contained 1,729,663 deliveries occurring from 2016 through 2018 among 1,605,199 people living in 16 states. IPP LARC use rates were highest among Black (2.2%), followed by American Indian and Alaska Native at 2.1% and Hawaiian/Pacific Islander beneficiaries at 1.9%, Hispanic (all races) at 1.2%, and Asian at 1.0%. IPP LARC was lowest among White beneficiaries (0.8%). Medical complexity, age, rurality, year, and mode of delivery explained only 12.3% of the difference in IPP LARC rates between Black and White beneficiaries. Postpartum permanent contraception was highest among White (7.6%), Hispanic (7.2%), and American Indian and Alaska Native (6.8%), followed by Black (6.3%), Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (5.1%) and lowest among Asian women (4.1%). When we examined the use of IPP LARC or postpartum permanent contraception together, these same factors explained 94.4% of the differences between Black and White beneficiaries. CONCLUSIONS: While differences in the use of IPP LARC by race and ethnicity were identified, our findings suggest that overall use of inpatient highly effective contraception are similar across racial and ethnic groups. IMPLICATIONS: When IPP LARC and postpartum permanent contraception are examined jointly, their use is similar across racial and ethnic groups.

Medicaid Policy Change and Immediate Postpartum Long-Acting Reversible Contraception.

Importance: Improving access to the choice of postpartum contraceptive methods is a national public health priority, and the need is particularly acute within the Medicaid population. One strategy to ensure individuals have access to the full range of contraceptive methods is the provision of a method prior to hospital discharge following a birth episode. Beginning in 2016, some states changed their Medicaid billing policy, allowing separate reimbursement for intrauterine devices and contraceptive implants to increase the provision of long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods immediately postpartum (IPP). Objective: To assess the association of a change in Medicaid billing policy with use of IPP LARC. Design, Setting, and Participants: The cohort study of postpartum Medicaid recipients in 9 treatment and 6 comparison states was conducted from January 2016 to October 2019. Data were analyzed from August 2023 to January 2024. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was use of IPP LARC. Results: The final sample included 1 378 885 delivery encounters for 1 197 287 Medicaid enrollees occurring in 15 states. Mean age of beneficiaries at delivery was 27 years. The IPP LARC billing policy was associated with a mean increase of 0.74 percentage points (95% CI, 0.30-1.18 percentage points) in the immediate receipt of IPP LARC, with a prepolicy baseline rate of 0.54%. The IPP LARC billing policy was also associated with an overall increase of 1.48 percentage points (95% CI, 0.43-2.73 percentage points) in LARC use by 60 days post partum. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, changing Medicaid billing policy to allow for separate reimbursement of LARC devices from the global fee was associated with increased use of IPP LARC, suggesting that this may be a strategy to improve access to the full range of postpartum contraceptive methods.

Enhancing Honey Bee Health: Evaluating Pollen Substitute Diets in Field and Cage Experiments.

Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) play vital roles as agricultural pollinators and honey producers. However, global colony losses are increasing due to multiple stressors, including malnutrition. Our study evaluated the effects of four pollen substitute diets (Diet 1, Diet 2, Diet 3, and Control) through field and cage experiments, analyzing 11 parameters and 21 amino acids. Notably, Diet 1 demonstrated significantly superior performance in the field experiment, including the number of honey bees, brood area, consumption, preference, colony weight, and honey production. In the cage experiment, Diet 1 also showed superior performance in dried head and thorax weight and vitellogenin (vg) gene expression levels. Canonical discriminant and principle component analyses highlighted Diet 1's distinctiveness, with histidine, diet digestibility, consumption, vg gene expression levels, and isoleucine identified as key factors. Arginine showed significant correlations with a wide range of parameters, including the number of honey bees, brood area, and consumption, with Diet 1 exhibiting higher levels. Diet 1, containing apple juice, soytide, and Chlorella as additive components, outperformed the other diets, suggesting an enhanced formulation for pollen substitute diets. These findings hold promise for the development of more effective diets, potentially contributing to honey bee health.

Differences in healthcare utilization between enrollees of fully integrated dual eligible special needs plans versus non-fully integrated plans.

BACKGROUND: Policymakers advocate care integration models to enhance Medicare and Medicaid service coordination for dually eligible individuals. One rapidly expanding model is the fully integrated dual eligible (FIDE) plan, a sub-type of the dual eligible special needs plan (D-SNP) in which a parent insurer manages Medicare and Medicaid spending for dually eligible individuals. We examined healthcare utilization differences among dually eligible individuals aged 65 years or older enrolled in D-SNPs by plan type (FIDE vs non-FIDE). METHODS: Using 2018 Medicare Advantage encounters and Medicaid claims of FIDE and non-FIDE enrollees in six states (AZ, CA, FL, NY, TN, WI), we compared healthcare utilization between plan types, adjusting for enrollee characteristics and county indicators. We applied propensity score weighting to address differences between FIDE and non-FIDE plan enrollees. RESULTS: In our main analysis, which included all dually eligible individuals in our sample, we observed no significant difference in healthcare utilization between FIDE and non-FIDE plan enrollees. However, we identified some differences in healthcare utilization between FIDE and non-FIDE plan enrollees in subgroup analyses. For example, among home and community-based service (HCBS) users, FIDE plan enrollees had 6.0 fewer hospitalizations per 1000 person-months (95% CI: -7.9, -4.0) and were 7.0 percentage points more likely to be discharged to home (95% CI: 2.6, 11.5) after hospitalization, compared to non-FIDE plan enrollees. CONCLUSION: While we found no differences in healthcare utilization between FIDE and non-FIDE plan enrollees when considering all dually eligible individuals in our sample, some differences emerged when focusing on subgroups. For example, HCBS users with FIDE plans had fewer hospitalizations and were more likely to be discharged to their home following hospitalization, compared to HCBS users with non-FIDE plans. These findings suggest that FIDE plans may improve care coordination for specific subsets of dually eligible individuals.

The Effects of Artificial Diets on the Expression of Molecular Marker Genes Related to Honey Bee Health.

Honey bees are commonly used to study metabolic processes, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying nutrient transformation, particularly proteins and their effects on development, health, and diseases, still evoke varying opinions among researchers. To address this gap, we investigated the digestibility and transformation of water-soluble proteins from four artificial diets in long-lived honey bee populations (Apis mellifera ligustica), alongside their impact on metabolism and DWV relative expression ratio, using transcriptomic and protein quantification methods. Diet 2, characterized by its high protein content and digestibility, was selected for further analysis from the other studied diets. Subsequently, machine learning was employed to identify six diet-related molecular markers: SOD1, Trxr1, defensin2, JHAMT, TOR1, and vg. The expression levels of these markers were found to resemble those of honey bees who were fed with Diet 2 and bee bread, renowned as the best natural food. Notably, honey bees exhibiting chalkbrood symptoms (Control-N) responded differently to the diet, underscoring the unique nutritional effects on health-deficient bees. Additionally, we proposed a molecular model to elucidate the transition of long-lived honey bees from diapause to development, induced by nutrition. These findings carry implications for nutritional research and beekeeping, underscoring the vital role of honey bees in agriculture.

Elective Joint Replacement Among Medicaid Beneficiaries: Utilization and Postoperative Adverse Events by Racial and Ethnic Groups.

Hip and knee replacement have been marked by racial and ethnic disparities in both utilization and postoperative adverse events among Medicare beneficiaries, but limited knowledge exists regarding racial and ethnic differences in joint replacement care among Medicaid beneficiaries. To close this gap, this study used Medicaid claims in 2018 and described racial and ethnic differences in the utilization and postoperative adverse events of elective joint replacements among Medicaid beneficiaries. Among the 2,260,272 Medicaid beneficiaries, 5987 had an elective joint replacement in 2018. Asian (0.05%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.03%-0.07%) and Hispanic beneficiaries (0.12%, 95% CI: 0.07%-0.18%) received joint replacements less frequently than American Indian and Alaska Native (0.41%, 95% CI: 0.27%-0.55%), Black (0.33%, 95% CI: 0.19%-0.48%), and White (0.37%, 95% CI: 0.25%-0.50%) beneficiaries. Black patients demonstrated the highest probability of 90-day emergency department visits (34.8%, 95% CI: 32.7%-37.0%) among all racial and ethnic groups and a higher probability of 90-day readmission (8.0%, 95% CI: 6.9%-9.0%) than Asian (3.4%, 95% CI: 0.7%-6.0%) and Hispanic patients (4.4%, 95% CI: 3.4%-5.3%). These findings indicate evident disparities in postoperative adverse events across racial and ethnic groups, with Black patients demonstrating the highest probability of 90-day emergency department visits. This study represents an initial exploration of the racial and ethnic differences in joint replacement care among Medicaid beneficiaries and lay the groundwork for further investigation into contributing factors of the observed disparities.

Considerations regarding anesthesia for renal transplantation.

Renal transplantation is a complex surgical procedure requiring meticulous anesthetic planning to ensure patient safety and optimal graft function. In this comprehensive review, we examined various aspects of anesthesia management during renal transplantation, including preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care. Preoperative optimization involves the identification and management of risks to mitigate perioperative complications. Treatment with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents is recommended to correct anemia in transplant recipients with hemoglobin levels below 9-10 g/dl. Intraoperative management focuses on hemodynamic monitoring, maintenance of intravascular volume, and careful selection of anesthetic techniques. Neuromuscular monitoring and the appropriate use of neuromuscular blocking and reversal agents are considered essential. Further, hemodynamic goals include maintaining the mean arterial pressure within the range of 80-110 mmHg. In addition, attention should be paid to perioperative glycemic control, temperature management, and diuretic use. In postoperative management, multimodal analgesia and the prevention of postoperative delirium contribute to optimal recovery. The implementation of enhanced recovery after surgery principles can further improve outcomes. Collaborative efforts among surgical teams, anesthesiologists, and healthcare professionals are crucial for achieving successful renal transplantation outcomes.

Trend in Respite Use by Race Among Caregivers for People Living with Dementia.

BACKGROUND: Respite care provides short-term relief for caregivers. Despite efforts to promote respite use among Black caregivers, little is known if disparities in respite use between Black and White dementia caregivers have decreased over time. We examined a trend nationally to see if more recent efforts may have helped reduce disparities in respite use. METHODS: We used a repeated cross-sectional design, with the data from 2015, 2017, and 2021 of the National Health and Aging Trends Study and National Study of Caregiving. Our study sample included 764 (in 2015), 839 (in 2017) and 521 (in 2021) non-Hispanic White and Black caregivers who provided care to older adults living with dementia, representing weighted 5,157,569 (2015), 5,877,997 (2017), and 4,712,144 (2021) dementia caregivers nationally. We conducted logistic regression models to assess the differences in respite use between White and Black caregivers over time. RESULTS: In 2015, Black dementia caregivers had a respite care use rate 11.6 percentage points (95% CI: -16.9 to -6.4) lower than that of White dementia caregivers. However, both in 2017 and 2021, the difference in the use of respite was not statistically significant, leading to a reduced or no gap in respite use between White and Black dementia caregivers. However, respite use remained low in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although the gap in respite use between Black and White dementia caregivers had been gradually narrowed over time, more efforts are needed to encourage more respite use among both groups through targeted efforts to address factors that hinder respite use.

Comparative Study of the Effect of Pollen Substitute Diets on Honey Bees during Early Spring.

The nutritional quality of a colony significantly affects its health and strength, particularly because it is required for population growth in the early spring. We investigated the impact of various artificial pollen substitute diets on colony performance in the Republic of Korea during early spring, a critical period for colony health and growth. The colonies were provided with different diets, including the commercial product Megabee (positive control), our developed diet Test A, and four upgraded versions (Diet 1, Diet 2, Diet 3, and Diet 4) of Test A. The negative control group received no supplementary feed. Over 63 days, we observed 24 experimental colonies and assessed various parameters at the colony and individual levels. The results revealed that Diet 2 had the highest consumption and had the most positive impact on population growth, the capped brood area, colony weight, honey bees' weight, and vitellogenin levels. These findings suggested that Diet 2 is most attractive to honey bees and thus holds great promise for improving colony maintenance and development during the crucial early spring period.

Gut Microbiota of Apis mellifera at Selected Ontogenetic Stages and Their Immunogenic Potential during Summer.

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are pollinating agents of economic importance. The role of the gut microbiome in honeybee health has become increasingly evident due to its relationship with immune function, growth, and development. Although their dynamics at various developmental stages have been documented, their dynamics during the era of colony collapse disorder and immunogenic potential, which are connected to the antagonistic immune response against pathogens, need to be elucidated. Using 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing, the results indicated changes in the gut microbiota with the developmental stage. The bacterial diversity of fifth stage larva was significantly different among the other age groups, in which Fructobacillus, Escherichia-Shigella, Bombella, and Tyzzerella were unique bacteria. In addition, the diversity of the worker bee microbiome was distinct from that of the younger microbiome. Lactobacillus and Gilliamella remained conserved throughout the developmental stages, while Bifidobacterium colonized only worker bees. Using an in silico approach, the production potential of lipopolysaccharide-endotoxin was predicted. Forager bees tend to have a higher abundance rate of Gram-negative bacteria. Our results revealed the evolutionary importance of some microbiome from the larval stage to the adult stage, providing insight into the potential dynamics of disease response and susceptibility. This finding provides a theoretical foundation for furthering the understanding of the function of the gut microbiota at various developmental stages related to probiotic development and immunogenic potential.

Korean clinical practice guidelines for diagnostic and procedural sedation.

Safe and effective sedation depends on various factors, such as the choice of sedatives, sedation techniques used, experience of the sedation provider, degree of sedation-related education and training, equipment and healthcare worker availability, the patient's underlying diseases, and the procedure being performed. The purpose of these evidence-based multidisciplinary clinical practice guidelines is to ensure the safety and efficacy of sedation, thereby contributing to patient safety and ultimately improving public health. These clinical practice guidelines comprise 15 key questions covering various topics related to the following: the sedation providers; medications and equipment available; appropriate patient selection; anesthesiologist referrals for high-risk patients; pre-sedation fasting; comparison of representative drugs used in adult and pediatric patients; respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and sedation depth monitoring during sedation; management of respiratory complications during pediatric sedation; and discharge criteria. The recommendations in these clinical practice guidelines were systematically developed to assist providers and patients in sedation-related decision making for diagnostic and therapeutic examinations or procedures. Depending on the characteristics of primary, secondary, and tertiary care institutions as well as the clinical needs and limitations, sedation providers at each medical institution may choose to apply the recommendations as they are, modify them appropriately, or reject them completely.

Perspectives on advance care planning needs of persons with advanced dementia from their surrogates and clinicians.

Objectives: This study was designed to understand the experience and needs surrounding advance care planning (ACP) discussions for surrogate decision-makers of persons with advanced dementia (PWAD). Methods: Semi-structured qualitative interviews based on end-of-life communication models with a convenience sample of 17 clinicians, and 15 surrogates of PWAD. We used a hybrid approach of deductive and inductive thematic analysis. Results: Two main themes emerged. 1)Deficits in communication: Often surrogates did not fully comprehend the disease trajectory or medical treatments, like the likelihood of pneumonia and use of mechanical ventilation, nor concepts related to ACP, particularly legal documents and orders such as Do Not Hospitalize, which made decision-making challenging as perceived by clinicians. 2)Decision-making conflicts: Clinicians perceived a disconnect between surrogates' understanding of their loved one's preferences and knowing how or when to operationalize them. Conclusions: Significant gaps in knowledge surrounding disease trajectory and complications, such as pneumonia, and aspects of ACP, exist. These gaps create decision-making challenges for surrogates and clinicians alike. Innovation: This study assessed both clinicians and surrogate decision-makers' perspectives on communication and decision-making concerning care preferences, goals, and ACP. The study findings from a national cohort can inform decision-support interventions for clinicians and surrogate decision-makers of PWAD.

Anesthetic management for surgery in a nemaline myopathy patient with difficult airway: A CARE-compliant case report.

RATIONALE: Nemaline myopathy (NM) is a congenital disease characterized by nonprogressive or slowly progressing muscle weakness and may increase the risk of anesthesia in case of respiratory muscle or cardiac involvement. Care should be taken to prevent respiratory failure after surgery. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 35-year-old man with NM, who had difficult airway, restrictive ventilatory pattern, and pulmonary hypertension, required general anesthesia for surgery because of limited mouth opening. DIAGNOSES: The patient was diagnosed with NM (ACTA1 mutation) and coronoid hyperplasia. INTERVENTIONS: Awake fiberoptic nasal intubation was performed following preparations for analgesia. General anesthesia was maintained using inhalational anesthetics and opioids without using neuromuscular blocking agents. OUTCOMES: General anesthesia remained well maintained during surgery, with no movement or spontaneous breathing of the patient and he recovered from anesthesia uneventfully without complications. LESSONS: This report highlights the safe performance of anesthesia induction and recovery in a case where anesthesia management is necessary for surgery in a patient of NM at a high risk of anesthesia-related complications.

State-Level Adverse Outcomes Among Long-Term Services and Supports Users With Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias.

Home- and community-based services (HCBS) users, on average, experience hospitalizations more frequently than nursing facility residents. However, little is known about state-level variation in such adverse events among these groups. Using 2018 Medicare and Medicaid claims for dual-eligible beneficiaries with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, we described hospitalization and emergency department (ED) visit rates among HCBS users and nursing facility residents and observed substantial state-level variation. In addition, consistent with prior evidence, we found more frequent hospitalizations and ED visits among HCBS users than nursing facility residents. The magnitude of this difference varied considerably across states, and the degree of variation was greatest among beneficiaries with six or more comorbid conditions. Our findings represent a crucial initial exploration of the state-level variation in adverse events among HCBS users and nursing facility residents, paving the way for further investigations into factors that contribute to this variability.

Suspected Malignant Hyperthermia in a Brain-Dead Donor During Anesthesia for Organ Procurement Surgery: A Case Report.

We report an unusual case of highly suspected malignant hyperthermia after inducing anesthesia in a brain-dead 18-year-old male patient undergoing organ procurement surgery. The patient was administered desflurane (3 vol%) and rocuronium bromide (50 mg) to induce and maintain general anesthesia. He experienced hypercapnia and tachycardia within 5 minutes of anesthesia induction; however, his body temperature rapidly rose only after 15 minutes. The volatile anesthetic was discontinued, and dantrolene was administered at a low dose (1 mg/kg) to avert possible hepatotoxic effects on the donor liver. Fortunately, the clinical course of the brain-dead donor until the organs were harvested and the liver transplantation outcome of the recipient was favorable. A comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of brain death, organ transplantation, and malignant hyperthermia is essential to respond promptly and appropriately. Based on our experience, low-dose dantrolene may be clinically used in brain-dead donors while accounting for its potential hepatotoxic effects.

Anesthetic management of the traumatic brain injury patients undergoing non-neurosurgery.

This article describes the anesthetic management of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) undergoing non-neurosurgery, primarily targeting intraoperative management for multiple-trauma surgery. The aim of this review is to promote the best clinical practice for patients with TBI in order to prevent secondary brain injury. Based on the current clinical guidelines and evidence, anesthetic selection and administration; maintenance of optimal cerebral perfusion pressure, oxygenation and ventilation; coagulation monitoring; glucose control; and temperature management are addressed. Neurological recovery, which is critical for improving the patient's quality of life, is most important; therefore, future research needs to be focused on this aspect.

Slow advancement of the endotracheal tube during fiberoptic-guided tracheal intubation reduces the severity of postoperative sore throat.

Although fiberoptic-guided tracheal intubation is a gentler method than using a direct laryngoscope, injury may occur owing to impingement between the distal edge of the endotracheal tube and the glottis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of endotracheal tube advancement speed during fiberoptic-guided intubation on airway symptoms postoperatively. We randomized patients scheduled for laparoscopic gynecological surgery to either Group C or S. When advancing the tube over the bronchoscope, the operator advanced the tube at a normal speed in Group C and at a slower speed in Group S. The speed in Group S was approximately half that in Group C. The target outcomes were the severity of postoperative sore throat, hoarseness, and cough. Patients in Group C experienced a more severe sore throat than those in Group S at 3 and 24 h postoperatively (p = 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively). However, the severity of hoarseness and cough postoperatively were not significantly different between the groups. In conclusion, the slow advancement of the endotracheal tube during fiberoptic-guided intubation can reduce sore throat severity.

Effects of remote ischemic postconditioning on hepatic injury in lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemic rats.

BACKGROUND: Remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPoC) is induced by several cycles of brief, reversible, mechanical blood flow occlusion, and reperfusion of the distal organs thereby protecting target organs. We investigated if RIPoC ameliorated liver injury in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemic rats. METHODS: Protocol 1) Rats were administered LPS and samples collected at 0, 2, 6, 12, and 18 h. 2) After RIPoC at 2, 6, and 12 h (L+2R+18H, L+6R+18H, and L+12R+18H), samples were analyzed at 18 h. 3) RIPoC was performed at 2 h, analysis samples at 6, 12, 18 h (L+2R+6H, L+2R+12H, L+2R+18H), and RIPoC at 6 h, analysis at 12 h (L+6R+12H). 4) Rats were assigned to a control group while in the RIPoC group, RIPoC was performed at 2, 6, 10, and 14 h, with samples analyzed at 18 h. RESULTS: Protocol 1) Liver enzyme, malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) levels increased while superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels decreased over time. 2) Liver enzyme and MDA levels were lower while SOD levels were higher in L+12R+18H and L+6R+18H groups when compared with L+2R+18H group. 3) Liver enzyme and MDA levels were lower while SOD levels were higher in L+2R+6H and L+6R+12H groups when compared with L+2R+12H and L+2R+18H groups. 4) Liver enzyme, MDA, TNF-α, and NF-κB levels were lower while SOD levels were higher in RIPoC group when compared with control group. CONCLUSIONS: RIPoC attenuated liver injury in the LPS-induced sepsis model by modifying inflammatory and oxidative stress response for a limited period.