Screening and prevention strategies and endoscopic management of early esophageal cancer.

Esophageal cancer is the 8th most common cancer worldwide and the 6th most common cause of cancer-related death. Its two main subtypes, esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), have varying incidences globally, but recent decades have seen a demonstrated rise of EAC in Western countries whereas ESCC remains highly prevalent in Eastern Africa, Central Asia, and China. Screening interventions have focused on using endoscopy to identify Barrett's esophagus (BE) as a precursor to EAC, and squamous cell dysplasia prior to onset of ESCC. However, additional cost-effective screening interventions that can be applied to larger populations at risk for esophageal cancer are needed. Advances in endoscopic ablative techniques and endoscopic resection via endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) have proven to be effective in eradicating dysplasia and early stage cancer. Preventive strategies involving reduction in tobacco and alcohol consumption as well as regular use of proton pump inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are aimed at reducing the incidence of dysplasia and esophageal cancer, but require further study before being recommended for widespread use.

The clinical impact of a false-positive urine cocaine screening result on a patient's pain management.

BACKGROUND: The urine of a patient admitted for chest and epigastric pain tested positive for cocaine using an immunoassay-based drug screening method (positive/negative cutoff concentration 150 ng/mL). Despite the patient's denial of recent cocaine use, this positive cocaine screening result in conjunction with a remote history of drug misuse impacted the patient's recommended pain therapy. Specifically, these factors prompted the clinical team to question the appropriateness of opioids and other potentially addictive therapeutics during the treatment of cancer pain from previously undetected advanced pancreatic carcinoma. OBJECTIVE: After pain management and clinical pathology consultation, it was decided that the positive cocaine screening result should be confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) testing. RESULTS: This more sensitive and specific analytical technique revealed that both cocaine and its primary metabolite benzoylecgonine were undetectable (i.e., less than the assay detection limit of 50 ng/mL), thus indicating that the positive urine screening result was falsely positive. With this confirmation, the pain management service team was reassured in offering intrathecal pump (ITP) therapy for pain control. ITP implantation was well tolerated, and the patient eventually achieved excellent pain relief. However, ITP therapy most likely would not have been utilized without the GC-MS confirmation testing unless alternative options failed and extensive vigilant monitoring was initiated. CONCLUSION: As exemplified in this case, confirmatory drug testing should be performed on specimens with unexpected immunoassay-based drug screening results. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a false-positive urine cocaine screening result and its impact on patient management.

Trigger-specific risk factors and response to therapy in long QT syndrome type 2.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac events in patients with long QT syndrome type 2 (LQT2) are predominately associated with sudden arousal. However, exercise-induced events also occur in this population. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that risk factors show a trigger-specific association with cardiac events in LQT2 patients. METHODS: The study population consisted of 634 genetically confirmed LQT2 patients from the U.S. portion of the International LQTS Registry. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to determine the independent contribution of clinical and genetic risk factors to the first occurrence of trigger-specific cardiac events, categorized as arousal, exercise-induced, and nonarousal/nonexercise, from birth through age 40 years. RESULTS: Study patients experienced 204 cardiac events during follow-up, of which 44% were associated with arousal triggers, 13% with exercise activity, and 43% with nonexercise/nonarousal triggers. Risk factors for arousal-triggered cardiac events included gender (female:male > 13 years: hazard ratio [HR] 9.10, P < .001) and the presence of pore-loop mutations (HR 2.19, P = .009). In contrast, non-pore-loop transmembrane mutations were the predominant risk factor for exercise-triggered events (HR 6.84, P < .001), whereas gender was not a significant risk factor for this endpoint. Nonexercise/nonarousal events were associated with heterogeneous causes. Risk factors for this endpoint included gender, mutation location and type, and prolonged QTc (≥ 500 m) Beta-blocker therapy was associated with a pronounced reduction in the risk for exercise-triggered events (HR 0.29, P < .01) but had a nonsignificant effect on the risk for arousal and nonexercise/nonarousal events. CONCLUSION: The study findings suggest that management of patients with the LQT2 genotype should use a trigger-specific approach to risk assessment and medical therapy.