Correlation of diffusion tensor tractography with obstructive sleep apnea severity.

INTRODUCTION: Using correlation tractography, this study aimed to find statistically significant correlations between white matter (WM) tracts in participants with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and OSA severity. We hypothesized that changes in certain WM tracts could be related to OSA severity. METHODS: We enrolled 40 participants with OSA who underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) using a 3.0 Tesla MRI scanner. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), and quantitative anisotropy (QA)-values were used in the connectometry analysis. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) is a representative measure of the severity of OSA. Diffusion MRI connectometry that was used to derive correlational tractography revealed changes in the values of FA, MD, AD, RD, and QA when correlated with the AHI. A false-discovery rate threshold of 0.05 was used to select tracts to conduct multiple corrections. RESULTS: Connectometry analysis revealed that the AHI in participants with OSA was negatively correlated with FA values in WM tracts that included the cingulum, corpus callosum, cerebellum, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, fornices, thalamic radiations, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, superior and posterior corticostriatal tracts, medial lemnisci, and arcuate fasciculus. However, there were no statistically significant results in the WM tracts, in which FA values were positively correlated with the AHI. In addition, connectometry analysis did not reveal statistically significant results in WM tracts, in which MD, AD, RD, and QA values were positively or negatively correlated with the AHI. CONCLUSION: Several WM tract changes were correlated with OSA severity. However, WM changes in OSA likely involve tissue edema and not neuronal changes, such as axonal loss. Connectometry analyses are valuable tools for detecting WM changes in sleep disorders.

Temporal Muscle Thickness and Sarcopenia Components in Healthy Adults, Validated through Allgeun Diagnostic Tool.

Sarcopenia, characterized by progressive muscle loss and functional decline, poses significant risks, including falls, impaired daily activities, and increased mortality. We developed Allgeun, a novel device that measures handgrip strength, muscle mass, and physical performance. This study aimed to investigate whether temporal muscle thickness (TMT) could be used as a sarcopenia marker and to evaluate the usability of Allgeun. This prospective study enrolled 28 participants without medical or neurological disorders. They underwent three-dimensional T1-weighted imaging using a 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner. TMT was measured based on T1-weighted images by a board-certified neuroradiologist. Allgeun was used to measure the following three key components of sarcopenia: muscle strength (handgrip strength), muscle mass (calf and thigh circumference), and physical performance (five times the chair stand test). Correlation analysis was conducted between TMT and the results of the handgrip strength, calf and thigh circumferences, and chair stand tests. There were moderate positive correlations between TMT and calf circumference (r = 0.413, p = 0.029), thigh circumference (r = 0.486, p = 0.008), and handgrip strength (r = 0.444, p = 0.018). However, no significant correlation was observed between TMT and physical performance (r = -0.000, p = 0.998). Our findings underscore TMT's potential as an indicator of sarcopenia, particularly regarding muscle mass and strength. Additionally, we demonstrated that the new device, Allgeun, is useful for screening and diagnosing the severity of sarcopenia.

Sarcopenia and anti-seizure medication response in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate the presence of sarcopenia in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) and the association between sarcopenia and response to anti-seizure medication (ASM) in patients with JME. METHODS: We enrolled 42 patients with JME and 42 healthy controls who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging with three-dimensional T1-weighted imaging. We measured the temporal muscle thickness (TMT), a radiographic marker for sarcopenia, using T1-weighted imaging. We compared the TMT between patients with JME and healthy controls and analyzed it according to the ASM response in patients with JME. We also performed a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to evaluate how well the TMT differentiated the groups. RESULTS: The TMT in patients with JME did not differ from that in healthy controls (9.630 vs. 9.956 mm, p = .306); however, ASM poor responders had a lower TMT than ASM good responders (9.109 vs. 10.104 mm, p = .023). ROC curve analysis revealed that the TMT exhibited a poor performance in differentiating patients with JME from healthy controls, with an area under the ROC curve of .570 (p = .270), but good performance in differentiating between ASM good and poor responders, with an area under the ROC curve of .700 (p = .015). CONCLUSION: The TMT did not differ between patients with JME and healthy controls; however, it was reduced in ASM poor responders compared to ASM good responders, suggesting a link between ASM response and sarcopenia in patients with JME. TMT can be used to investigate sarcopenia in various neurological disorders.

Sarcopenia in patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluating of sarcopenia is important for promoting healthy aging, preventing functional decline, reducing the risk of falls and fractures, and improving overall quality of life. This study aimed to investigate sarcopenia in patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) using temporal muscle thickness (TMT) measurement. METHODS: This investigation was retrospectively conducted at a single tertiary hospital. We recruited patients diagnosed with isolated RBD confirmed by polysomnography and clinical history and healthy participants as controls. Patients with isolated RBD and healthy controls underwent brain MRI scans, including three-dimensional T1-weighted imaging. We measured TMT, a radiographic marker of sarcopenia, based on the T1-weighted imaging. We compared the TMT between the groups and performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to evaluate how well the TMT differentiated patients with isolated RBD from healthy controls. We also conducted a correlation analysis between the TMT and clinical factors. RESULTS: Our study included 28 patients with isolated RBD and 30 healthy controls. There was a significant difference in the TMT of both groups. The TMT was reduced in patients with isolated RBD than in healthy controls (11.843 vs. 10.420 mm, p = 0.002). In the ROC curve analysis, the TMT exhibited good performance in differentiating patients with isolated RBD from healthy controls, with an area under the curve of 0.708. Furthermore, age was negatively correlated with TMT in patients with isolated RBD (r = -0.453, p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that TMT is reduced in patients with isolated RBD compared with healthy controls, confirming sarcopenia in patients with isolated RBD. The result suggests an association between neurodegeneration and sarcopenia. TMT can be used to evaluate sarcopenia in sleep disorders.

Cerebellar volumes and the intrinsic cerebellar network in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

PURPOSE: This research aimed to explore changes in both cerebellar volume and the intrinsic cerebellar network in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS: Newly diagnosed OSA patients and healthy controls were included in the study. All participants underwent three-dimensional T1-weighted imaging using a 3-T MRI scanner. Cerebellar volumes, both overall and subdivided, were quantified using the ACAPULCO program. The intrinsic cerebellar network was assessed using the BRAPH program, which applied graph theory to the cerebellar volume subdivision. Comparisons were drawn between the patients with OSA and healthy controls. RESULTS: The study revealed that the 26 patients with OSA exhibited a notably lower total cerebellar volume compared to the 28 healthy controls (8.330 vs. 9.068%, p < 0.001). The volume of the left lobule VIIB was reduced in patients with OSA compared to healthy controls (0.339 vs. 0.407%, p = 0.001). Among patients with OSA, there was a negative correlation between the volume of the left lobule X and apnea-hypopnea index during non-rapid eye movement sleep (r = - 0.536, p = 0.005). However, no significant differences were observed in the intrinsic cerebellar network between patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSION: This study established that patients with OSA exhibited decreased total cerebellar volumes and particularly reduced volumes in subdivisions such as the left lobule VIIB compared to healthy controls. These findings suggest potential involvement of the cerebellum in the underlying mechanisms of OSA.

Multilayer network changes in patients with migraine.

INTRODUCTION: To investigate changes in the multilayer network in patients with migraine compared to healthy controls. METHODS: This study enrolled 82 patients with newly diagnosed migraine without aura and 53 healthy controls. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was conducted using a 3-tesla MRI scanner, including three-dimensional T1-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). A gray matter layer matrix was created with a morphometric similarity network using T1-weighted imaging and the FreeSurfer program. A white matter layer matrix was also created with structural connectivity using the DTI studio (DSI) program. A multilayer network analysis was then performed by applying graph theory using the BRAPH program. RESULTS: Significant changes were observed in the multilayer network at the global level in patients with migraines compared to the healthy controls. The multilayer modularity (0.177 vs. 0.160, p = .0005) and average multiplex participation (0.934 vs. 0.924, p = .002) were higher in patients with migraines than in the healthy controls. In contrast, the average multilayer clustering coefficient (0.406 vs. 0.461, p = .0005), average overlapping strength (56.061 vs. 61.676, p = .0005), and average weighted multiplex participation (0.847 vs. 0.878, p = .0005) were lower in patients with migraine than in the healthy controls. In addition, several regions showed significant changes in the multilayer network at the nodal level, including multiplex participation, multilayer clustering coefficients, overlapping strengths, and weighted multiplex participation. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated significant changes in the multilayer network in patients with migraines compared to healthy controls. This could aid an understanding of the complex brain network in patients with migraine and may be associated with the pathophysiology of migraines. Patients with migraine show multilayer network changes in widespreading brain regions compared to healthy controls, and specific brain areas seem to play a hub role for pathophysiology of the migraine.

Glymphatic system dysfunction in patients with occipital lobe epilepsy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the glymphatic system function in patients with occipital lobe epilepsy (OLE) and healthy controls using diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index. METHODS: We retrospectively included 23 patients with OLE and 30 healthy controls. The participants underwent brain MRI, which was normal, and diffusion tensor imaging. We used the DSI Studio for data preprocessing, obtained the fiber orientation and diffusivities, and calculated the DTI-ALPS index from the diffusivity values associated with the projection and association fibers in the left hemisphere. RESULTS: There were no differences in mean age (31.6 years [range: 13-58] vs. 31.3 years [range: 20-57], p = .912) and male sex ratio (10/23 [43.5%] vs. 15/30 [50.0%]) between the groups. Compared to healthy controls, the diffusivities in patients with OLE were higher along the Y-axis in the projection fiber and along the Z-axis in the association fiber and lower along the Y-axis in the association fiber. The DTI-ALPS index in patients with OLE was lower than that in the healthy controls (1.421 ± 0.171 vs. 1.667 ± 0.271, p < .001, 95% confidence interval of difference = 0.117-0.376, Test statistic t = 3.823). We found no association between the DTI-ALPS index and clinical characteristics in OLE. CONCLUSION: The DTI-ALPS index in patients with OLE was significantly lower than that in healthy controls, suggesting glymphatic system dysfunction in OLE. The DTI-ALPS index could help assess the glymphatic system function in patients with epilepsy.

Alterations of Limbic Structure Volumes in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the change in limbic structure volumes and intrinsic limbic network in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) compared to healthy controls. METHODS: We enrolled 26 patients with OSA and 30 healthy controls. They underwent three-dimensional T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on a 3 T MRI scanner. The limbic structures were analyzed volumetrically using the FreeSurfer program. We examined the intrinsic limbic network using the Brain Analysis with Graph Theory program and compared the groups' limbic structure volumes and intrinsic limbic network. RESULTS: There were significant differences in specific limbic structure volumes between the groups. The volumes in the right amygdala, right hippocampus, right hypothalamus, right nucleus accumbens, left amygdala, left basal forebrain, left hippocampus, left hypothalamus, and left nucleus accumbens in patients with OSA were lower than those in healthy controls (right amygdala, 0.102 vs. 0.113%, p = 0.004; right hippocampus, 0.253 vs. 0.281%, p = 0.002; right hypothalamus, 0.028 vs. 0.032%, p = 0.002; right nucleus accumbens, 0.021 vs. 0.024%, p = 0.019; left amygdala, 0.089 vs. 0.098%, p = 0.007; left basal forebrain, 0.020 vs. 0.022%, p = 0.027; left hippocampus, 0.245 vs. 0.265%, p = 0.021; left hypothalamus, 0.028 vs. 0.031%, p = 0.016; left nucleus accumbens, 0.023 vs. 0.027%, p = 0.002). However, there were no significant differences in network measures between the groups. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that the volumes of several limbic structures in patients with OSA are significantly lower than those in healthy controls. However, there are no alterations to the intrinsic limbic network. These findings suggest that OSA is one of the risk factors for cognitive impairments.

Diagnostic usefulness of deep learning methods for Helicobacter pylori infection using esophagogastroduodenoscopy images.

Background and Aims: We aimed to assess the diagnostic potential of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) for detecting Helicobacter pylori infection in patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy and Campylobacter-like organism tests. Methods: We categorized a total of 13,071 images of various gastric sub-areas and employed five pretrained DCNN architectures: ResNet-101, Xception, Inception-v3, InceptionResnet-v2, and DenseNet-201. Additionally, we created an ensemble model by combining the output probabilities of the best models. We used images of different sub-areas of the stomach for training and evaluated the performance of our models. The diagnostic metrics assessed included area under the curve (AUC), specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Results: When training included images from all sub-areas of the stomach, our ensemble model demonstrated the highest AUC (0.867), with specificity at 78.44%, accuracy at 80.28%, positive predictive value at 82.66%, and negative predictive value at 77.37%. Significant differences were observed in AUC between the ensemble model and the individual DCNN models. When training utilized images from each sub-area separately, the AUC values for the antrum, cardia and fundus, lower body greater curvature and lesser curvature, and upper body greater curvature and lesser curvature regions were 0.842, 0.826, 0.718, and 0.858, respectively, when the ensemble model was used. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that the DCNN model, designed for automated image analysis, holds promise for the evaluation and diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection.

Glymphatic system dysfunction in patients with cluster headache.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate alterations of the glymphatic system function in patients with cluster headache. METHODS: We enrolled patients with cluster headache and healthy controls, and they underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We used the MRIcron and DSI studio programs for DTI preprocessing and DTI analysis with perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index calculation. RESULTS: Fourteen patients with cluster headache and 23 healthy controls were enrolled. The DTI-ALPS indexes of the groups were significantly different. The DTI-ALPS index for the patients with cluster headache was lower than that for the healthy controls (1.586 vs. 1.786, p = 0.044). There was a significant negative correlation between the DTI-ALPS index and age in the patients with cluster headache (r = -0.549, p = 0.042). However, the DTI-ALPS index was not associated with other clinical characteristics, including disease duration and headache intensity (r = -0.405, p = 0.150; r = -0.048, p = 0.869, respectively). CONCLUSION: Patients with cluster headache had a lower DTI-ALPS index than the healthy controls; this might indicate glymphatic system dysfunction in the patients with cluster headache. Further research is required to determine whether glymphatic system dysfunction is related to the pathophysiology of cluster headache.

Brain networks in patients with isolated or recurrent transient global amnesia.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate differences in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and functional networks between transient global amnesia (TGA) patients with a single event and those with recurrent events using arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI. METHODS: We enrolled patients with TGA and classified them into two groups according to the number of TGA events: TGA patients with a single event and those with recurrent events. MRI scans were performed within 24 h after TGA ictal onset in all patients. We quantified CBF and analyzed the functional network based on CBF using graph theory, and determined the differences in CBF and functional networks between the groups. RESULTS: We enrolled 44 patients with TGA. Among them, 6 patients had recurrent TGA events, whereas 38 patients had a single TGA event. No regions had significantly different CBFs between TGA patients with recurrent events and those with a single event. The global functional network analysis found that the eccentricity was significantly higher in TGA patients with recurrent events than in those with a single event (5.829 vs. 4.657, p = .001). The local functional network analysis showed that several regions had significantly different betweenness centrality and eccentricity measures between TGA patients with recurrent events and those with a single event. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the differences in the functional network based on CBF using graph theory according to recurrence in patients with TGA. These findings suggest that TGA is a network disease, and functional network alterations in TGA are related to clinical symptoms.

Effects of education methods on self-efficacy of smoking cessation counseling among medical students.

BACKGROUND: Medical students need to receive training in providing smoking cessation counseling to provide effective smoking cessation interventions to smokers when they become doctors. This study examined the smoking cessation education curricula and factors affecting counseling self-efficacy (CSE) in smoking cessation treatment among medical students. METHODS: In a multicenter cross-sectional study, we obtained demographic information, personal history of tobacco use and intention to quit smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke in the school premises during the past week, the experience of learning about tobacco in each medical school, tobacco-related medical knowledge, and self-efficacy in smoking cessation counseling on medical students of four Korean medical schools. RESULTS: Among 1,416 medical students eligible, 313 (22.1%) students completed a self-administered questionnaire. Only 20.3% of the students reported positive CSE on smoking cessation. The factors affecting positive CSE were scores of ≥ 60 on tobacco-related medical knowledge, smoking experience, and blended learning (p = 0.014, 0.005, and 0.015, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study shows that high scores in tobacco-related medical knowledge and blended learning are correlated with positive CSE for smoking cessation counseling.

Relationship between Decreased Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate and Sarcopenic Obesity among Postmenopausal Women: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2011).

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that body composition is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and perimenopause is associated with increased fat mass and decreased lean body mass. Muscle wasting is common among patients with CKD. Sarcopenic obesity (SO) refers to excess adiposity with decreased muscle mass. However, little is known about the relationship between SO and renal function decline. Here, we identified the relationship between SO and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in postmenopausal women. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study based on the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2011). We analyzed 4,560 postmenopausal women who underwent dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Sarcopenia was defined based on weight-adjusted appendicular skeletal muscle mass. Obesity was defined based on body mass index. The eGFR was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Subjects were classified into four groups: normal, obese, sarcopenic, and sarcopenic obese. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between SO and decreased eGFR. The results were adjusted for variable confounders. RESULTS: In the unadjusted model, the odds ratio (OR) of decreased eGFR for SO was 1.67 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-2.26). The obese and sarcopenic groups had ORs of 0.67 (95% CI, 0.44-1.03) and 0.70 (95% CI, 0.44-1.10), respectively. After controlling for confounding variables, there was also a significant association between SO and decreased eGFR (adjusted OR, 1.48; 95% Cl, 1.05-2.07). CONCLUSION: SO was independently associated with decreased eGFR in postmenopausal Korean women.

Association between Sarcopenic Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-sectional Study Based on the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys from 2008 to 2011.

BACKGROUND: Menopause contributes to an increase in visceral fat mass and a decrease in muscle protein synthesis. Therefore, we performed this study to examine their relationship how effect the changes of body composition as obesity and sarcopenia on metabolic syndrome (MS) as a predictor of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2008 to 2011, we estimated that 4,183 postmenopausal women underwent dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. Sarcopenia was defined as an appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by body weight that was less than 1 standard deviation below the sex specific mean for the young reference group. After classification into four groups, the results were adjusted with menopausal age and hormonal treatment. The relationship between sarcopenic obesity (SO) and MS in postmenopausal women was analyzed by logistic regression analysis in a complex sampling. RESULTS: In an unadjusted model, the odds ratio (OR) of MS for sarcopenia was 1.94 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52-2.49); the obesity group had an OR of 4.55 (95% CI, 3.63-5.71); and distinctly, the SO group had an OR of 6.26 (95% CI, 5.10-7.70). Even though there was controlling for variable adjustment, no definite difference was seen in the results. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia and obesity were associated with MS independent of other metabolic impairment risk factors in both early menopausal and postmenopausal women. The results showed that, in particular, the prevalence of MS has increased more in postmenopausal women compared with previous research.

Procalcitonin as a potential predicting factor for prognosis in bacterial meningitis.

We investigated the potential role of serum procalcitonin in differentiating bacterial meningitis from viral meningitis, and in predicting the prognosis in patients with bacterial meningitis. This was a retrospective study of 80 patients with bacterial meningitis (13 patients died). In addition, 58 patients with viral meningitis were included as the disease control groups for comparison. The serum procalcitonin level was measured in all patients at admission. Differences in demographic and laboratory data, including the procalcitonin level, were analyzed between the groups. We used the mortality rate during hospitalization as a marker of prognosis in patients with bacterial meningitis. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that high serum levels of procalcitonin (>0.12ng/mL) were an independently significant variable for differentiating bacterial meningitis from viral meningitis. The risk of having bacterial meningitis with high serum levels of procalcitonin was at least 6 times higher than the risk of having viral meningitis (OR=6.76, 95% CI: 1.84-24.90, p=0.004). In addition, we found that high levels of procalcitonin (>7.26ng/mL) in the blood were an independently significant predictor for death in patients with bacterial meningitis. The risk of death in patients with bacterial meningitis with high serum levels of procalcitonin may be at least 9 times higher than those without death (OR=9.09, 95% CI: 1.74-47.12, p=0.016). We found that serum procalcitonin is a useful marker for differentiating bacterial meningitis from viral meningitis, and it is also a potential predicting factor for prognosis in patients with bacterial meningitis.

Procalcitonin as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Factor for Tuberculosis Meningitis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We investigated the potential role of serum procalcitonin in differentiating tuberculosis meningitis from bacterial and viral meningitis, and in predicting the prognosis of tuberculosis meningitis. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 26 patients with tuberculosis meningitis. In addition, 70 patients with bacterial meningitis and 49 patients with viral meningitis were included as the disease control groups for comparison. The serum procalcitonin level was measured in all patients at admission. Differences in demographic and laboratory data, including the procalcitonin level, were analyzed among the three groups. In addition, we analyzed the predictive factors for a prognosis of tuberculosis meningitis using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) at discharge, and the correlation between the level of procalcitonin and the GCS score at discharge. RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that a low level of procalcitonin (≤1.27 ng/mL) independently distinguished tuberculosis meningitis from bacterial meningitis. The sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing tuberculosis meningitis from bacterial meningitis were 96.2% and 62.9%, respectively. However, the level of procalcitonin in patients with tuberculosis meningitis did not differ significantly from that in patients with viral meningitis. In patients with tuberculosis meningitis, a high level of procalcitonin (>0.4 ng/mL) was a predictor of a poor prognosis, and the level of procalcitonin was negatively correlated with the GCS score at discharge (r=-0.437, p=0.026). CONCLUSIONS: We found that serum procalcitonin is a useful marker for differentiating tuberculosis meningitis from bacterial meningitis and is also valuable for predicting the prognosis of tuberculosis meningitis.

Association between Obesity and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status in Korean Adolescents Based on the 2013 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey.

BACKGROUND: An increase in the obese adolescent population is being recognized as a serious medical and social problem. The present study aimed to examine the association between neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity in Korean adolescents based on total available resources and local social inequality models. METHODS: The present study used data from the 2013 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey in analyzing 72,438 Korean adolescents aged 12-18. The analysis investigated obesity odds ratio (OR) according to neighborhood SES adjusted for age and individual SES indices, which included family affluence scale (FAS), education level of parents, cohabitation with parents, and weekly allowance. Obesity OR was investigated according to neighborhood SES by FAS, and according to FAS by neighborhood SES. RESULTS: After adjusting for age and individual SES variables, there was no significant association between neighborhood SES and adolescent obesity for either boys or girls. However, girls in the high FAS group showed a pattern of lower neighborhood SES being associated with a significant increase in risk of obesity; in the high neighborhood SES group, boys showed a pattern of higher FAS being associated with a significant increase in risk of obesity, whereas girls show a pattern of decrease. CONCLUSION: Although limited, the present study demonstrated that some girl groups exhibited a pattern of lower neighborhood SES being associated with an increase in risk of obesity, as well as a gender-based difference in risk of obesity by individual SES. Therefore, measures to prevent adolescent obesity should be established with consideration for differences in risk according to individual and neighborhood SES.

Estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria in Korean population evaluated for cardiovascular risk.

PURPOSE: This study's purpose was to examine established cardiovascular risk prediction model scores for their associations with albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in Korean population. METHODS: We calculated the 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk estimated score, Korean coronary heart disease risk prediction score (KRS), and the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III risk score for 9733 South Koreans, aged 40-79 years, who were not diagnosed with stroke, angina pectoris, or myocardial ischemia using data from the 2011-2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. RESULTS: The associations between cardiovascular risk model scores and the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and eGFR tended to be stronger for the ASCVD risk score than for the other risk scores. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for increased albuminuria (UACR ≥ 30 mg/g) and decreased eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) was significantly higher for the ASCVD risk score than for the ATP III risk score and the KRS (except for increased albuminuria in women). CONCLUSIONS: The ASCVD risk score had a stronger relationship with and better predicted albuminuria and eGFR than did the KRS and ATP III risk score.

The Relationship between Body Fat Percent and Bone Mineral Density in Korean Adolescents: The Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1), 2010.

BACKGROUND: The relationships of total and regional body fat percent with bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean adolescents were examined using the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1), 2010. METHODS: Body fat percent at whole body (WBFP), trunk (TBFP), and extremities (both upper and lower extremities fat mass/body weight, EBFP), ratio of trunk fat mass to extremities fat mass (TEFR), and BMD at whole body, total femur, and lumbar spine were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in a population-based sample of 433 boys and 362 girls, aged 12 to 18 years. The analyses were conducted using linear regression analysis with complex sampling design. RESULTS: After adjusting for confounders such as age, height, weight, serum 25-(OH) vitamin D concentration, energy intake, calcium intake, physical activity, and menarche status for girls, WBFP, TBFP, and EBFP were inversely associated with whole and regional BMD in both sexes (P < 0.05). TEFR was positively associated with whole and regional BMD in boys after adjusting for confounders, while it was negatively associated in girls (P < 0.05). However, the associations were non-significant when bone mass-free lean mass was adjusted instead of bodyweight except for a positive association between TEFR and BMD in boys. CONCLUSION: In Korean adolescents, total and regional body fat percent is not independently associated with BMD after adjusting for bone mass-free lean mass but higher fat in trunk as compared to extremities may be protective for BMD in boys.

Negative-tone block copolymer lithography by in situ surface chemical modification.

Negative-tone block copolymer (BCP) lithography based on in situ surface chemical modification is introduced as a highly efficient, versatile self-assembled nanopatterning. BCP blends films consisting of end-functionalized low molecular weight poly(styrene-ran-methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene-block-Poly(methyl methacylate) can produce surface vertical BCP nanodomains on various substrates without prior surface chemical treatment. Simple oxygen plasma treatment is employed to activate surface functional group formation at various substrates, where the end-functionalized polymers can be covalently bonded during the thermal annealing of BCP thin films. The covalently bonded brush layer mediates neutral interfacial condition for vertical BCP nanodomain alignment. This straightforward approach for high aspect ratio, vertical self-assembled nanodomain formation facilitates single step, site-specific BCP nanopatterning widely useful for various substrates. Moreover, this approach is compatible with directed self-assembly approaches to produce device oriented laterally ordered nanopatterns.