Mid-term to Long-term Follow-up Results of Reconstruction for Thumb Radial Polydactyly.

BACKGROUND: Preaxial or radial polydactyly is one of the most common hand congenital anomalies in newborns. Contemporary reconstruction methods include ligament reconstruction, excision of the polydactylous thumb, osteotomy, and other surgical techniques according to the type of polydactyly. The purpose of this study was to report mid-term to long-term reconstruction results for thumb (radial) polydactyly. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent reconstruction surgery for preaxial polydactyly. Clinical outcomes, including the range of motion (ROM), pain, and complications, were evaluated. We assessed the final radiographs of the reconstructed thumb to identify the potential development of arthritis or other remaining deformities. After excluding cases without a simple radiograph and cases with a short follow-up period of fewer than 5 years, 26 thumbs were included. The surgical technique followed including excision of polydactylout thumb was tailored to the type of polydactyly. If the nail size of the thumbs was similar, the Bilhaut-Cloquet method was preferred. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients at the surgery and final follow-up was 14.9 months (range: 8 to 30 mo) and 11.9 years (range: 5.8 to 19.3 y), respectively. The mean follow-up was 128.8 months years (range: 60 to 219 mo), and the mean ROM of the thumb was 32.7 and 57.5 degrees in the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) and metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint, respectively. Ulnar or radial side instability was prominent in 7 patients in the involved joints (26.9%). One patient underwent interphalangeal (IP) fusion for extension lag with pain. The radiologic evaluation revealed that 2 patients developed radiographic evidence of IP joint arthritis (7.7%). Radial deviation of the MP or IP joint existed in 13 cases (range: 5 to 40 degrees) (50.0%), and ulnar deviation of the MP or IP joint existed in 2 cases (range: 19 to 20 degrees) (7.7%). CONCLUSIONS: In mid-term to long-term experience, sequelae such as joint instability, joint stiffness, and remaining deformity cannot be neglected. An unstable MP joint may result if the DIP joint remains stiff or has a lower ROM. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-therapeutic studies.

Retained Foreign Body Which Should be Suspected as a Cause of Retractable Chronic Hand Inflammation and Diagnostic Capacity of Ultrasonography.

Background: Foreign bodies in the hand are common but easily and often missed in the initial evaluation of injury. Diagnosing retained foreign bodies is difficult due to radiolucent foreign bodies. Purpose of this study is to emphasize the need of consideration of foreign bodies in patients with chronic synovitis in hand. Methods: Twenty-five patients who had retained foreign body in soft tissue of hand with chronic inflammation symptoms were included. Ultrasonography was conducted in all of the patients. Patient age, sex, localization of foreign body, duration of symptom, history of injury, follow up period, complication, and biopsy results were recorded and reviewed. Also, patients' demographics and clinical results were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Nine of the 25 patients diagnosed with a foreign body in the hand did not remember the initial presentation of injury. The average symptom duration (from injury to hospitalization) was 10.5 months (range 1-96 months). The middle finger and the proximal interphalangeal joint were the most common site of a retained foreign body (10 patients). All patients were diagnosed via ultrasonography and underwent surgery. Biopsy results showed mainly chronic inflammation, fibrosis, granuloma, and foreign bodies. Conclusions: Patient with symptoms of cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and palpable mass in hand for over a month without a diagnosis should be suspected of retained FBs.

Modified Transosseous Wiring Technique for Neglected Fracture-Dislocation of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint.

BACKGROUND: Fracture-dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint of the finger is challenging due to the high risk of stiffness. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical and radiological results of a modified transosseous wiring technique for the management of chronic fracture-dislocations of the PIP joint. METHODS: Ten patients (nine men and one woman; mean age, 38.3 years; range, 21 to 69 years) with neglected fracture-dislocation of the PIP joint were included. The mean duration from injury to operation was 14.7 weeks (range, 3 to 66 weeks). The dorsolateral approach and extension block pinning were used to reduce dislocation. After thorough debridement of the scar tissues in the dorsal dead space and the fracture site, the reduction was maintained with transosseous wiring. Radiologic evaluations of bone union and arthritic changes and clinical evaluations (range of motion of the PIP joint and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand [DASH] score) were performed. The mean follow-up period was 12.9 months (range, 12 to 19 months). RESULTS: All patients demonstrated evidence of radiographic healing within a mean healing time of 6 weeks (range, 4 to 10 weeks); however, one had a widened gap and one had an early arthritic change. The mean range of motion in the PIP joint was 81° (range, 50° to 105°). The mean DASH score was 21.6 (range, 7.5 to 35.8). CONCLUSIONS: For chronic fracture-dislocation of the PIP joint, transosseous wiring with direct curettage and optimal bone purchase can provide satisfying outcome.

Results of Abductor Pollicis Longus Suspension Ligamentoplasty for Treatment of Advanced First Carpometacarpal Arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Suspension ligamentoplasty using abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendon without bone tunneling, was introduced as one of the techniques for treatment of advanced first carpometacarpal (CMC) arthritis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiologic and clinical results of APL suspension ligamentoplasty. METHODS: The medical records of 19 patients who underwent APL suspension ligamentoplasty for advanced first CMC arthritis between January 2008 and May 2012 were reviewed retrospectively. The study included 13 female and 6 male patients, whose mean age was 62 years (range, 43 to 82 years). For clinical evaluation, we assessed the grip and pinch power, radial and volar abduction angle, thumb adduction (modified Kapandji index), including visual analogue scale (VAS) and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scores. Radiologic evaluation was performed using simple radiographs. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 36 months (range, 19 to 73.7 months). Mean power improved from 18.3 to 27 kg for grip power, from 2.8 to 3.5 kg for tip pinch, and from 4.3 to 5.4 kg for power pinch. All patients showed decreased VAS from 7.2 to 1.7. Radial abduction improved from 71° preoperatively to 82° postoperatively. The modified Kapandji index showed improvement from 6 to 7.3, and mean DASH was improved from 41 to 17.8. The height of the space decreased from 10.8 to 7.1 mm. Only one case had a complication involving temporary sensory loss of the first dorsal web space, which resolved spontaneously. CONCLUSIONS: The APL suspension ligamentoplasty for treatment of advanced first CMC arthritis yielded satisfactory functional results.

Intratendinous Ganglion of the Extensor Tendon of the Hand.

Ganglion is a common benign lesion that usually arises adjacent to the joints or tendons of the hand. However, an intratendinous ganglion is a rare condition. We report two cases of intratendinous ganglion of the extensor tendon of the hand which were treated with excision.

Surgical release of the first extensor compartment for refractory de Quervain's tenosynovitis: surgical findings and functional evaluation using DASH scores.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated surgical outcomes in patients with refractory de Quervain's disease using validated outcome measures. We assessed the clinical outcomes of dorsal release of the first extensor compartment for the treatment of de Quervain's disease using the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score. METHODS: From October 2003 to May 2009, we retrospectively evaluated 33 patients (3 men and 30 women) who underwent surgical treatment for de Quervain's disease. All patients had a positive Finkelstein test and localized tenderness over the first dorsal compartment. All operations were performed under local anesthesia. A 2-cm-long transverse skin incision was made over the first extensor compartment and the dorsal retinaculum covering the extensor pollicis brevis was incised longitudinally. Preoperative and postoperative clinical evaluation included the use of DASH score, Finkelstein test, and visual analogue scale (VAS) score. RESULTS: In 18 patients (55%), the extensor pollicis brevis tendon compartment was separated from the abductor pollicis longus compartment. Eight patients had intracompartmental ganglia in the extensor pollicis brevis subcompartment. All patients except one had negative sign on Finkelstein test at the last follow-up. The average VAS score decreased from 7.42 preoperatively to 1.33 postoperatively (p < 0.05), and DASH score was improved from 53.2 to 3.45 (p < 0.05). There were no postoperative complications such as subluxation of the tendon of the first dorsal compartment or injury to the sensory branch of the radial nerve. CONCLUSIONS: Intracompartment ganglia and the separate septum of extensor pollicis brevis are often related to de Quervain's disease. The release of the first extensor compartment for refractory de Quervain's disease resulted in good clinical outcomes with minimal morbidity.

Transtendinous wiring of mallet finger fractures presenting late.

PURPOSE: To determine if transtendinous wiring was an effective late treatment for bony mallet injuries. METHODS: Between 2005 and 2011, 19 consecutive patients (13 men, 6 women) with a mean age of 29 years (range, 13-52 y) were treated late for mallet finger fractures. The mean interval from injury to initial operation was 57 days (range, 28-141 d). RESULTS: Fifteen of 18 mallet fractures demonstrated evidence of radiographic healing after an average of 6 weeks (range, 5-10 wk). One patient developed ankylosis, and 3 patients failed to achieve bone union at the final follow-up. The mean motion of the distal interphalangeal joint was 73° (range, 35°-95°), and the mean extension lag was 7° (range, 0°-25°). CONCLUSIONS: Transtendinous wiring was an effective late treatment for mallet fractures, demonstrating satisfactory fixation, allowing early mobilization, and showing good functional results while avoiding salvage operations. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

Current approaches for carpal tunnel syndrome.

With advancement in biomechanical and biological research on idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome, the insight on the pathophysiology of carpal tunnel syndrome has gained much clinical relevance. Open carpal tunnel release is still a gold standard procedure for carpal tunnel syndrome, which has evolved into mini-open procedure with development of new devices. Endoscopic carpal tunnel release has become popular in recent practice of hand surgery with an advantage of early recovery of hand function with minimal morbidity. However, endoscopic carpal tunnel release has its own limitation such as long learning curve with obvious surgical risk reported in the literature. In this review article, various treatment protocols for idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome are presented with special highlight on endoscopic carpal tunnel release, which is gaining popularity in current practice.

Tension wire fixation for mallet fracture after extension block pinning failed.

INTRODUCTION: Various surgical treatments such as extension block pinning have been proposed for acute bony mallet finger. We evaluated the clinical results of tension wire fixation technique for the treatment of nonunion of mallet fracture after failed mallet finger surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine male patients were treated with open tension wire fixation for chronic nonunion of mallet fracture after extension block pinning surgery failed. The mean age was 29.3 years (range 18-47). We assessed bone union in simple radiographs. Crawford's and Bischoff functional score was used to assess the functional outcome. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 45.8 months (range 18-74). Clinical and radiographic bone unions were achieved in eight of nine patients with average time of 31 days (range 23-41). Mean extension lag at final follow-up was 7° (range 0-25). Four patients showed excellent, three patients showed good and two patients showed fair results on the Crawford's score scale. With Bischoff functional score, all patients were categorized as excellent. CONCLUSIONS: Tension wire fixation can be a good second-line reconstructive surgery for the treatment of mallet fracture after extension block failed, so that patients can avoid arthrodesis or complex tendon transfer as a salvage procedure.

Nail-preserving excision for subungual glomus tumour of the hand.

Subungual glomus tumours can cause excruciating pain and nail deformity. Conventional surgical excision requires nail removal and, therefore, nail deformity often occurs. Because nail preservation prevents further damage to the nail bed, it is beneficial for patients from the perspectives of pain and cosmesis. Here, the authors introduce a nail-preserving transungual approach for subungual glomus tumours. Between 1996-2010, 34 patients were treated using this nail-preserving transungual approach for the excision of a subungual glomus tumour and were followed up. Preoperatively, all patients complained of pain (mean visual analogue scale (VAS) 8.9), and seven of the 34 patients presented concomitant nail deformities. During surgeries, nails were elevated after incising nail folds, and tumours were excised after a longitudinal nail bed incision. Elevated nails were relocated to their original position after nail bed repair. Thirty-two of the 34 patients achieved complete recovery without sign of recurrence. Mean postoperative pain was reduced (VAS 0.9, range = 0-2), and preoperative nail deformity was also improved. The nail preserving transungual approach provides several advantages, that is, better nail bed exposure, resulting in easier tumour excision, and less damage to the nail bed with less deformity of the nail.

Osseous microarchitecture of the scaphoid: Cadaveric study of regional variations and clinical implications.

Bone strength and structure are closely associated with fracture and screw fixation, however osseous micro architecture on scaphoid has not been clearly addressed. We conducted histomorphometric study of the scaphoid using micro CT to find regional variations and differences in the scaphoid to provide better understanding of fracture mechanism and suggest optimal screw position. We divided scaphoid into eight regions and collected regional data from eleven different cadaveric scaphoids. A computer program was used to measure parameters, which includes mean subchondral bone thickness, bone mineral density for bone density parameters, and tissue mineral density, trabecular thickness, trabecular spacing, trabecular number and bone volume fraction for bone quality parameters. All bone strength parameters were measured the maximum value in the regions where scaphoid articulates with radius. Articular regions presented higher bone strength parameters and thicker subchondral bone. The minimum value of trabecular number was in midcarpal side of waist portion. There was trend of higher subchondral bone thickness in the scaphoid which articulates with capitate and radius. This histomorphometric study showed regional variation of the scaphoid in terms of bone density and quality parameters. Waist portion presented thick subchondral and trabecular bone for high cross section moment of inertia against bending. Three point bending for scaphoid fracture and vertical screw placement are suggested based on these variations.

Surgical treatment and clinical implication for posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow: Osborne-Cotterill lesion of the elbow.

BACKGROUND: An osteochondral fracture in the posterolateral margin of the capitellum is recognized as being a cause of posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI). METHODS: Five patients who presented with chronic PLRI of the elbow were associated with an osteochondral fracture in the posterolateral margin of the capitellum (Osborne-Cotterill lesion). All presented instability and deficient radiocapitellar articulation at extension. Ligament reconstruction was performed in the first three cases, and combined ligament and osseous reconstruction was performed in the other two cases. RESULTS: Simple excision and ligament reconstruction resulted in one failure out of three, and combined ligament and osseous reconstruction resulted in no failure out of two. CONCLUSIONS: Osteochondral defect in the posterolateral aspect of the capitellum is an important indicator of PLRI; however, the result of this study suggests ligament reconstruction for those with a large bone defect may not be always successful.

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the shoulder in elite wheelchair tennis players.

CONTEXT: Wheelchair tennis has been identified as a high-risk sport for shoulder injury, so understanding shoulder pathology in these athletes is important. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the incidence and pattern of shoulder injuries in wheelchair tennis players using high-resolution ultrasonography. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: International Wheelchair Tennis Open. PARTICIPANTS: 33 elite-level wheelchair tennis players. OUTCOME MEASURES: Wheelchair tennis players completed a self-administered questionnaire, and shoulders of each athlete were investigated using high-resolution ultrasonography (linear probe 7.5 MHz). RESULTS: The most common pathology in the dominant shoulder was acromioclavicular pathology, in 21 players (63.6%). Full-thickness rotator-cuff tears involving the supraspinatus were found in 8 dominant shoulders and 6 nondominant shoulders. There were no correlations between identified shoulder pathology and the different variables studied, such as age, training time per day, length of wheelchair use, and length of career as a wheelchair tennis player. CONCLUSION: High prevalence of rotator-cuff and acromioclavicular pathology was found by ultrasonographic examination in the elite wheelchair tennis players in both dominant and nondominant shoulders. A high index of suspicion of these pathologies in wheelchair athletes is required.

An anatomic study on the junctura tendinum in the 4th intermetacarpal space and its clinical implication.

We report results of anatomic study in the fourth intermetacarpal space, focusing on the pattern of junctura tendinum and variations of extensor tendons of the little finger with its clinical implication on snapping of the little finger. Fifty unpaired cadaveric hands were dissected from the wrist to the middle phalanx of the ring and little fingers. The type of junctura tendinum was judged based on Von Schroder's classification and the relationship with EDC were recorded. EDC to the little finger and EDM were dissected and the numbers were recorded. Forty six hands (92%) exhibited a junctura tendinum in the fourth intermetacarpal space and it was Type III in 42 hands (84%). The EDC-little finger was absent in 76% (38 of 50 hands). When present, EDC-little finger originated most commonly as single thin tendon. The absence of an EDC-little finger was associated with increased incidence of Type III junctura tendinum (37 of 38 hands). An EDM was present in all 50 hands running from the fifth dorsal compartment. Based on these clinical and anatomic studies, we considered that the snapping of the little finger is more likely subluxation of junctura tendinum rather than subluxation/dislocation of EDC of the little finger.

Analysis of early failure of the locking compression plate in osteoporotic proximal humerus fractures.

BACKGROUND: Although there has been continuous evolution in the management of fracture fixation, treatment for osteoporotic proximal humerus fractures is still challenging to trauma surgeons. The purpose of this study was to report early failure of the locking compression plate (LCP) in the treatment of osteoporotic proximal humerus fracture and characterize the mode of failure. METHODS: Nine patients, older than 65 years, underwent internal fixation with the use of a locking compression plate and had early failure within 4 weeks postoperatively. According to Neer's classification, five were included in a two-part surgical neck fracture, three in a three-part fracture, and one in a four-part fracture. RESULTS: All failures occurred with back-out of the plate-screw construct, leading to varus displacement in eight patients and plate breakage in one. Revision surgery was performed in six patients using replating and tension band wiring with a bone graft, and three patients underwent hemiarthroplasty. The average UCLA score was 25 points for the hemiarthroplasty group and 30 points for the reconstruction group. CONCLUSIONS: Early postoperative failure of the LCP developed within 4 weeks with a presentation of en bloc back-out of the plate-screw construct and plate breakage. Possible risk factors included malreduction, loss of medial support, and negligence of tension band sutures on the tuberosities.

Percutaneous screw fixation for scaphoid fracture: a comparison between the dorsal and the volar approaches.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the position of the screws and find the difference of clinical and radiologic outcome between the volar approach and the dorsal approach groups in percutaneous screw fixation for acute scaphoid fractures. METHODS: Forty-one consecutive patients with an acute scaphoid fracture, who had percutaneous fixation via either the volar approach or the dorsal approach, were evaluated at an average of 30 months after the surgery. The volar approach was used in 19 patients and the dorsal approach in 22 patients. By using a computerized digital image program, angles between the Herbert screw with respect to the long axis of the scaphoid and the fracture line were measured with plain radiographs in the posteroanterior, lateral, and the 45 degrees semipronated oblique views. RESULTS: The screws showed no significant difference between the 2 groups in posteroanterior and lateral views; however, screws in the dorsal approach group were observed to be placed more parallel to the long axis of the scaphoid in the semipronated oblique view. The screws in the dorsal approach group were positioned more perpendicular to the fracture lines of the scaphoid compared with those of the volar approach group for all 3 different radiographic views. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 treatment groups regarding fracture healing. According to the Mayo wrist score system, excellent results were recorded in 18 patients in the dorsal approach group and 15 patients in the volar approach group. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that screws are placed more parallel to the long axis of the scaphoid and perpendicular to the fracture line via the dorsal approach; however, there was no significant difference with regard to functional outcome and bone union. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

Surgical management of unstable elbow dislocation without intra-articular fracture.

The purpose of this study was to describe soft tissue injury patterns and report the clinical results of primary ligament repair with use of protected early mobilisation in unstable elbow dislocations with pure capsulo-ligamentous injuries. Twenty-four patients who presented with traumatic unstable elbow dislocation without associated intra-articular fracture were reviewed. Anatomical repair was performed using metal anchor screws and the bone tunnel method. Ligament avulsion was noted in 55% for the medial collateral ligament, 80% for the lateral collateral ligament, 60% for the flexor tendon and 80% for the extensor tendon. The overall mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 93.2. Brachial artery injuries occurred in two elbows. Heterotopic calcification was noted in 14 patients and there was one severe traumatic arthrosis. This study showed a high incidence of reattachable avulsion injuries to ligaments, tendon/muscle and capsule in unstable elbow dislocations. Primary ligament repair coupled with early rehabilitation provided satisfactory outcomes at two to four years postoperatively.

Clinical result of operative treatment for scaphoid non-union in the skeletally immature: percutaneous versus open procedure.

This article is a retrospective study of 13 cases of scaphoid non-union in skeletally immature patients. For the fracture fixation, three cases of stable fibrous union with minimal sclerosis, without deformity or cystic changes were considered for the percutaneous Herbert screw fixation. Ten cases were managed with the open reduction and internal fixation with or without bone grafting. The average union time was 10.5 weeks post-operatively. The average union time was lesser in percutaneous Herbert screw fixation group (nine weeks) than open procedure group (11.5 weeks). All cases achieved union without any supplemental procedures. According to Cooney's clinical scoring, 12 cases were rated excellent result and one good result. The percutaneous Herbert screw fixation for scaphoid non-union in skeletally immature patients can be a good treatment option when it is fibrous union with no deformity.

Primary ligament repair for elbow dislocation.

Few have been reported on the role of early primary ligament repair for acute unstable elbow dislocation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcome of early primary ligament repair for unstable elbow dislocation followed by protected early joint mobilization exercise. Thirteen patients who underwent operative treatment due to unstable elbow dislocation without associated fracture were retrospectively reviewed. There were 11 male and 2 female with average age of 37 years (range; 18-72 years). Surgical indications of the unstable elbow were subluxation or non-congruent elbow joint on the radiographs following closed reduction. Elbow dislocation which required extension block splint over 45 degrees to maintain reduction was considered as unstable elbow dislocation. In ten patients, full stability was restored only after both medial and lateral structures were re-attached. In two patients, only lateral structure (LCLC and common extensor tendon) was repaired and in one patient, only medial structure (MCL and flexor pronator tendon) was repaired for stability. Overall mean functional Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 93.5 (range; 70-100). No elbow was dislocated or subluxated after operation. All ten patients returned to previous work level in average of 3.5 months. Heterotopic calcification was noted in six patients and three had mild ulnar nerve symptoms after operation. In conclusion, primary ligament repair in acute unstable elbow dislocation were successful, because surgery achieved sufficient stability to allow early exercise.