Photochemical and Patternable Synthesis of 2D Covalent Organic Framework Thin Film Using Dynamic Liquid/Solid Interface.

2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are highly porous crystalline materials with promising applications in organic electronics. Current methods involve either on-surface synthesis (solid surface) or interfacial synthesis (liquid/liquid, liquid/gas interface) to create thin films for these applications, each with its drawbacks. On-surface synthesis can lead to contamination from COF powder or unreacted chemicals, while interfacial synthesis risks damaging the film during post-transfer processes. These challenges necessitate the development of alternative synthesis methods for high-quality 2D COF films. This study presents a novel approach for synthesizing homogeneous 2D COF thin films by combining photochemistry and a liquid-flowing system. Leveraging previous work on liquid flow systems to prevent contamination during solvothermal synthesis, this approach to the photochemical method, resulting in the synthesis of high-crystalline 2D COF films with tunable thickness is adopted. The photochemical approach offers spatially controllable energy sources, enabling patternable COF synthesis. Notably, it is successfully fabricated ultrasmooth patterned 2D COF films on hexagonal boron nitride, offering a streamlined process for optoelectronic device fabrication without additional pre, post-processing steps.

Critical Role of Surface Termination of Sapphire Substrates in Crystallographic Epitaxial Growth of MoS2 Using Inorganic Molecular Precursors.

A highly reproducible route for the epitaxial growth of single-crystalline monolayer MoS2 on a C-plane sapphire substrate was developed using vapor-pressure-controllable inorganic molecular precursors MoOCl4 and H2S. Microscopic, crystallographic, and spectroscopic analyses indicated that the epitaxial MoS2 film possessed outstanding electrical and optical properties, excellent homogeneity, and orientation selectivity. The systematic investigation of the effect of growth temperature on the crystallographic orientations of MoS2 revealed that the surface termination of the sapphire substrate with respect to the growth temperature determines the crystallographic orientation selectivity of MoS2. Our results suggest that controlling the surface to form a half-Al-terminated surface is a prerequisite for the epitaxial growth of MoS2 on a C-plane sapphire substrate. The insights on the growth mechanism, especially the significance of substrate surface termination, obtained through this study will aid in designing efficient epitaxial growth routes for developing single-crystalline monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides.

Effect of Quality Control Program in Surgical Management of Early Cervical Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Regular assessments of clinical performance in gynecologic cancer surgery is important for the safety of patients. We evaluated the effects of quality control (QC) program on the treatment pattern and clinical outcomes of early cervical cancer. METHODS: Medical records of cervical cancer patients who received operation in our institution from January 2007 to December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Cases were divided into 2 groups, before and after the initiation of QC program, group 1 (2007-2013) and group 2 (2014-2018), based on the operation date. Two groups were compared in clinicopathologic variables, surgical methods, operative details, adjuvant treatments, recurrence and survival. RESULTS: A total of 305 cervical cancer patients were included in the analysis, 210 in group 1 and 95 in group 2. In group 2, minimally invasive surgery (MIS) was more frequently performed (60.0% vs. 76.8%, P = 0.004), especially in earlier stages (stage IA, 72.6% vs. 100.0%; stage IB, 52.2% vs. 69.5%). However, the median tumor size treated by MIS was decreased in stage IB (20 mm vs. 17 mm, P = 0.015). Frequency of adjuvant treatment was also reduced in stage IB (56.5% vs. 37.3%, P = 0.016). Recurrence within 3 years, 3-year disease free survival and overall survival did not show significant difference; however, 3-year recurrence after MIS was significantly reduced in stage IB. CONCLUSION: QC program enforced stricter patient selection criteria for MIS and positively affected clinical outcomes in cervical cancer patients who underwent surgery. Systemic monitoring should be considered for patient safety.

Disparities between Uptake of Germline BRCA1/2 Gene Tests and Implementation of Post-test Management Strategies in Epithelial Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal Cancer Patients.

BACKGROUND: To assess the rate of germline BRCA gene tests in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients and uptake of post-test risk management strategies in BRCA1/2-mutated patients. METHODS: Institutional databases were searched to identify patients who were diagnosed with epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer (EOC) between 2009 and 2019 in two academic hospitals. Retrospective review on medical records was performed to collect clinico-pathologic variables, including performance of germline BRCA gene test and its results, as well as conduct of breast cancer screening tests and cascade testing. If annual mammography +/- breast ultrasonography was performed, it was considered that regular breast cancer surveillance was done. RESULTS: A total of 840 women with EOC were identified during the study period. Of these, 454 patients (54.0%) received BRCA gene testing and 106 patients (106/454, 23.3%) were positive for BRCA1/2 mutations. The rate of BRCA tests has markedly increased from 25.8% in 2009-2012 to 62.7% in 2017-2019. Among the 93 patients with BRCA1/2 mutation without previous personal breast cancer history, 20 patients (21.5%) received annual mammography with or without breast ultrasonography for regular surveillance. Among the 106 BRCA1/2-mutated EOC patients, cascade testing on family members was performed only in 13 patients (12.3%). CONCLUSION: Although BRCA1/2 gene tests have been substantially expanded, the uptake of post-test risk management strategies, including breast cancer screening for BRCA1/2-mutated patients and cascade testing for family members, has remained low. Strategies to increase its uptake and education about the importance of post-test risk managements are needed.

Modulated electro-hyperthermia with weekly paclitaxel or cisplatin in patients with recurrent or persistent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal carcinoma: The KGOG 3030 trial.

The present study (KGOG 3030) aimed to evaluate the safety of modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) therapy with weekly administration of paclitaxel or cisplatin in female patients with recurrent or persistent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal carcinoma. A total of 12 patients were randomized into the paclitaxel or cisplatin arm at a 1:1 ratio. Patients received weekly administration of paclitaxel (70 mg/m2) or cisplatin (40 mg/m2) intravenously on days 1, 8 and 15, and underwent mEHT therapy for 1 h on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 15, 18, 21 and 24 for each 4-week cycle. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). The secondary endpoints were treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), objective response rate, carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) response rate, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). In total, 16 patients were recruited, but four patients dropped out. None of the 12 remaining patients (6 each in the two arms) experienced DLT. Overall, 0 and 4 grade 3 TEAEs (anemia, nausea, neutrophil count decreased and platelet count decreased) occurred in the paclitaxel and cisplatin arm, respectively. Furthermore, one confirmed partial response and two CA125 responses were observed in the cisplatin arm. The median PFS time in the paclitaxel and cisplatin arms was 3.0 months (range, 1.7-4.6 months) and 6.8 months (range, 3.9-11.8 months), respectively, while the median OS time was 11.5 months (range, 8.4-28.8+ months) and not reached (range, 3.9-38.5+ months), respectively. In conclusion, mEHT therapy with weekly paclitaxel or cisplatin appeared safe and warrants further investigation. The present trial was registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov on January 22, 2015 (trial registration no. NCT02344095).

Minimally invasive surgery for radical hysterectomy in women with cervical cancer: Korean Society of Gynecologic Oncology, Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Korean Society of Gynecologic Endoscopy and Minimally Invasive Surgery position statement.

On the basis of emerging data and the current understanding of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for radical hysterectomy (RH) in women with cervical cancer, the Korean Society of Gynecologic Oncology, Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Korean Society of Gynecologic Endoscopy and Minimally Invasive Surgery support the following recommendations: According to the recently published phase III Laparoscopic Approach to Cervical Cancer (LACC) trial-a prospective randomized clinical trial-disease-free survival and overall survival rates of MIS RH are significantly lower than those of open RH. Gynecologic oncologists should be aware of the emerging data on MIS RH for early-stage cervical cancer. The results of the LACC trial, together with institutional data, should be discussed with patients before choosing MIS RH. MIS RH should be performed for optimal candidates according to the current practice guidelines by gynecologic oncologists who are skilled at performing MIS.

Serum anti-GAPDH autoantibody levels reflect the severity of cervical lesions: A potential serum biomarker for cervical cancer screening.

Recent studies have indicated that a certain level of autoantibodies may be essential for maintaining good health as well as preventing cancer development, and that the levels of serum autoantibodies can decline during malignant progression. The aim of the present study was to identify such an autoantibody-based biomarker for screening cervical lesions. An autoantigen reactive with healthy female sera was detected in the cytosolic fraction of HeLa cells, a cervical cancer cell line, and identified. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig)-G and IgM levels against the purified autoantigen in normal, cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CINs) I, II and III, and cervical cancer were compared using ELISAs. The autoantigen in HeLa cells was identified to be GAPDH. The serum levels of anti-HeLa-GAPDH IgG decreased with increasing severity of cervical lesions, and similar decreases in IgM levels were revealed. Notably, the anti-HeLa-GAPDH IgG level was discovered to discriminate cervical cancer from normal samples with 80.0% sensitivity and 96.6% specificity. The serum anti-HeLa-GAPDH autoantibody level, as a single parameter, is a promising serum biomarker for screening cervical lesions.

The 34th Annual Meeting of the Korean Society of Gynecologic Oncology 2019: meeting report.

The 34th Annual Meeting of Korean Society of Gynecologic Oncology (KSGO) was held in Busan, Korea from 26 to 27 April. Around 460 Korean and international clinicians gathered in Busan to share and discuss their latest work and key issues of gynecologic oncologic research and treatment. The scope of this meeting included recent clinical trials and updates in gynecologic oncology, advances in ovarian cancer treatment, targeted therapy and immunotherapy in gynecologic cancer, management of hereditary gynecologic cancer, and newly revised staging of cervical cancer. As expected, the ongoing debate regarding the recent clinical trial on minimally invasive surgery for early-stage cervical cancer was addressed throughout the congress and the initial outline of the KSGO position statement was open for discussion. The meeting was an opportunity for all participants to come together and explore scientific insights of gynecologic cancer.

Reinterpretation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants of uncertain significance in patients with hereditary breast/ovarian cancer using the ACMG/AMP 2015 guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Although BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) genetic testing plays an important role in determining treatment modalities in patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, sequence variants with unknown clinical significance or variant of uncertain significance (VUS) have limited use in medical decision-making. With vast quantities of gene-related data being updated, the clinical significance of VUS may change over time. We reinterpreted the sequence variant previously reported as BRCA1/2 VUS results in patients with breast or ovarian cancer and assessed whether the clinical significance of VUS was changed. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 423 breast or ovarian cancer patients who underwent BRCA1/2 genetic testing from 2010 to 2017. The VUSs in BRCA1/2 were reanalyzed using the 2015 American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology standards and guidelines (ACMG/AMP 2015 guidelines) and the VUS was reclassified into five categories: "pathogenic", "likely pathogenic", "VUS", "likely benign", and "benign". RESULTS: A total of 75 patients (48 sequence types of VUS) were identified as carrying either one or more VUS in BRCA1/2. Among the 75 patients, two patients (2.7%) were reclassified as "likely pathogenic", 30 patients (40.0%) were reclassified as either "benign" or "likely benign", and the remaining 43 patients (57.3%) were still classified as VUS category. CONCLUSIONS: Since the clinical significance of VUS in BRCA1/2 may vary from time to time, reinterpretation of the VUS results could contribute to clinical decision-making.

Asian Society of Gynecologic Oncology International Workshop 2018.

The Asian Society of Gynecologic Oncology International Workshop 2018 on gynecologic oncology was held in the Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea on the 24th to 25th August 2018. The workshop was an opportunity for Asian doctors to discuss the latest findings of gynecologic cancer, including cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers, as well as the future of fertility-sparing treatments, minimally invasive/radical/debulking surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Clinical guidelines and position statement of Asian countries were presented by experts. Asian clinical trials for gynecologic cancers were reviewed and experts emphasized the point that original Asian study is beneficial for Asian patients. In Junior session, young gynecologic oncologists presented their latest research on gynecologic cancers.

SPSB1 enhances ovarian cancer cell survival by destabilizing p21.

SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 1 (SPSB1) is an E3 ligase adaptor protein with unknown functions in cancer cells. In this study, we found that SPSB1 knockdown markedly decreased the viability and migration of ovarian cancer cells, while ectopic SPSB1 overexpression in IL-3-dependent Ba/F3 cells significantly increased their proliferation rate compared with empty vector-transfected cells. SPSB1 knockdown significantly elevated p21 protein and mRNA levels and induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells, as evidenced by increased levels of cleaved PARP and decreased levels of Bcl-2. Notably, mechanistic investigations revealed that SPSB1 accelerated p21 destabilization by directly interacting with p21 and promoting its ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. Taken together, our findings provide novel insights into the role of SPSB1 in ovarian cancer cells.

Profiling of serum antibodies against human papillomavirus antigens in Korean women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer.

Sero-epidemiological studies of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been undertaken over the last two decades. In this study, the prevalences of nine serum antibodies (anti-E6, E7 and L1 antibodies of HPV types 16, 18, and 58) were evaluated in normal (control) Korean women and women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, CIN II, CIN III, and cervical cancer. The frequencies of all types of anti-HPV antibodies were higher in the CIN stages and cervical cancer than in normal women, and those of anti-HPV16 E6 and E7, anti-HPV18 E6 and E7, and anti-HPV58 E7 antibodies were higher in the cervical cancer group than in the CIN stages. The frequencies of antibodies against HPV16, 18, and 58 E7 tended to increase with increasing severity of cervical lesions. However, there were few differences in the frequencies of antibodies against the L1 antigens of HPV16, 18 and 58 in cervical cancer versus CIN stages. The anti-HPV antibodies were detected in 26.5% of normal, 46.3% of CIN I, 62.5% of CIN II, 51.6% of CIN III, and 75% of cancers when any of the nine antigens was used as a criterion. Correlations between HPV DNA positivity and seropositivity for anti-HPV E6, E7, or L1 antibodies were found only in HPV16 DNA-positive cervical cancers for anti-HPV16 E6 and L1 antibodies. In addition, strong positive correlations in seropositivity were found between anti-HPV16 E7 and anti-HPV58 E7 antibodies, and between anti-HPV18 E6 and anti-HPV58 E6 antibodies. These findings should advance global profiling of the seroprevalences of antibodies against HPV antigens.

Use of protein-based biomarkers of exfoliated cervical cells for primary screening of cervical cancer.

There has been no attempt to apply protein-based markers of exfoliated cervical cells (ECCs) for primary screening of cervical cancer. In the present study, the levels of six tumor-associated protein [TAPs: Sialyl Lewis A (SLeA), Cancer Antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), p53, heat shock protein (Hsp)70, Hsp27 and squamous cervical carcinoma antigen (SCCA)]and of two human papillomavirus (HPV) viral proteins (HPV16 E7 and HPV16 L1) of ECCs lysates were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).The wells of 96-well plates were coated with the ECCs lysates from normal, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, CIN II, CIN III and cancer groups, and candidate proteins were detected by relevant antibodies. SLeA level decreased with increasing severity of lesions, whereas the levels of other candidate proteins increased. SLeA, HPV16 L1 and p53 levels appeared more useful for detecting cervical lesions than the other candidates. The combination of ELISA-SLeA and ELISA-HPV16 L1 could efficiently detect cervical lesions from normal. The combination of ELISA-SLeA and ELISA-p53 could powerfully discriminate cancer from normal with 91.3% sensitivity and 96.7% specificity. The protein levels of ECCs have great potential as biomarkers for primary screening of cervical cancer.

Src is the primary target of aripiprazole, an atypical antipsychotic drug, in its anti-tumor action.

Aripiprazole (ARP) is an atypical anti-psychotic drug widely used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The pharmacological effects of ARP on cancer cells are still poorly understood. In this study, anti-cancer effects of ARP on various malignant tumor cells and its molecular mechanism were further carefully examined by using cell proliferation assay, xenograft mouse model, immunoblotting analysis, migration assay, luciferase reporter gene assay, kinase assay, and overexpression strategy. Treatment with ARP induced cytotoxicity in U251 glioma cells, MKN-1 gastric adenosquamous carcinoma cells, and CT26 colon carcinoma cells. ARP suppressed cell proliferation of LN428, MDA-MB-231, and HEK293 cells. Pro-apoptotic factors active caspase-3, -8, and -9, as well as p53, were upregulated, whereas the protein and mRNA levels of anti-apoptotic factor B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) decreased. In agreement with the in vitro results, ARP compound also significantly suppressed the growth of tumor masses formed by injecting CT26 colon cancer cells into mice. ARP treatment also effectively decreased the migratory ability of U251 glioma cells by downregulating metalloproteinase-9. Levels of phosphorylated Src, phosphorylated phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were significantly decreased following ARP treatment. ARP compound reduced the kinase activity of Src. Our studies suggest that Src may be an important target molecule linked to the antitumor effects of ARP.

Profiling of Serum Metabolites Using MALDI-TOF and Triple-TOF Mass Spectrometry to Develop a Screen for Ovarian Cancer.

PURPOSE: We sought to develop a matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF)-based, ovarian cancer (OVC), low-mass-ion discriminant equation (LOME) and to evaluate a possible supportive role for triple-TOF mass analysis in identifying metabolic biomarkers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 114 serum samples from patients with OVC and benign ovarian tumors were subjected to MALDI-TOF analysis and a total of 137 serum samples from healthy female individuals and patients with OVC, colorectal cancer, hepatobiliary cancer, and pancreatic cancer were subjected to triple-TOF analysis. An OVC LOME was constructed by reference to the peak intensity ratios of discriminatory low-mass ion (LMI) pairs. Triple-TOF analysiswas used to select and identify metabolic biomarkers for OVC screening. RESULTS: Three OVC LOMEs were finally constructed using discriminatory LMI pairs (137.1690 and 84.4119 m/z; 496.5022 and 709.7642 m/z; and 524.5614 and 709.7642 m/z); all afforded accuracies of > 90%. The LMIs at 496.5022 m/z and 524.5614 m/z were those of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) 16:0 and LPC 18:0. Triple-TOF analysis selected seven discriminative LMIs; each LMI had a specificity > 90%. Of the seven LMIs, fourwith a 137.0455 m/z ion atretention times of 2.04-3.14 minuteswere upregulated in sera from OVC patients; the ion was identified as that derived from hypoxanthine. CONCLUSION: MALDI-TOF-based OVC LOMEs combined with triple-TOF-based OVC metabolic biomarkers allow reliable OVC screening; the techniques are mutually complementary both quantitatively and qualitatively.

14-3-3ζ Overexpression is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Ovarian Cancer.

PURPOSE: 14-3-3ζregulates cell signaling, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis, and its overexpression is associated with disease recurrence and poor clinical outcomes in some solid tumors. However, its clinicopathological role in ovarian cancer is unknown. Our goal was to investigate whether 14-3-3ζis associated with ovarian cancer prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 14-3-3ζexpression by immunohistochemistry in ovarian cancer tissues obtained from 88 ovarian cancer patients. The examined tissues were of various histologies and stages. 14-3-3ζexpression was also analyzed by western blot in seven ovarian cancer cell lines and a primary ovary epithelial cell line. Cell viability was measured using an MTS-based assay following cisplatin treatment. RESULTS: Among the ovarian cancer samples, 53.4% (47/88) showed high 14-3-3ζexpression, and 14-3-3ζoverexpression was positively correlated with more advanced pathologic stages and grades. 14-3-3ζoverexpression was also significantly associated with poor disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of ovarian cancer patients. Median DFS and OS were 1088 and 3905 days, respectively, in the high 14-3-3ζexpression group, but not reached in the low 14-3-3ζexpression group (p=0.004 and p=0.033, log-rank test, respectively). Downregulating 14-3-3ζby RNA interference in ovarian cancer cells led to enhanced sensitivity to cisplatin-induced cell death. CONCLUSION: 14-3-3ζoverexpression might be a potential prognostic biomarker for ovarian cancer, and the inhibition of 14-3-3ζcould be a therapeutic option that enhances the antitumor activity of cisplatin.

Aberrant single-minded homolog 1 methylation as a potential biomarker for cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility of using the methylation status of single-minded homolog 1 (SIM1) as a diagnostic biomarker for cervical cancer. METHODS: All the patient and normal specimens including the normal cervix (n = 10), cervical cancer tissues (n = 45), blood (n = 45), and cervical brush specimens (n = 110) were retrospectively obtained. Quantitative methylation-specific PCR was performed to detect SIM1 methylation in primary tumors, cervical brush specimens, and plasma circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA). SIM1 expression was detected by western blot analysis. RESULTS: We found that SIM1 was highly methylated in the majority of the cervical cancer tissues that we tested, but not in any of the normal tissues. Hypermethylation of SIM1 led to a pronounced reduction in SIM1 expression in cervical cancer tissues compared with normal cervix. SIM1 methylation status on cervical brush specimens also distinguished cervical cancer from normal, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 and 2. The degree of SIM1 methylation was significantly associated with the severity of the disease (Ptrend < .0001). We also investigated the possibility of detecting methylated SIM1 in plasma ccfDNA from cervical cancer patients. Methylated SIM1 was detected in 36.6% (15/41) of ccfDNA samples, and concordance rate with the matched cancer tissues was 41.5% (17/41) with sensitivity 38.5% and specificity 100%. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that SIM1 is frequently hypermethylated in cervical cancer, compared with normal cervix tissue, CIN1 and 2 samples, suggesting that the methylation status of SIM1 could be a potential diagnostic biomarker for cervical cancer.