Prediction of the composition of urinary stones using deep learning.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to predict the composition of urolithiasis using deep learning from urinary stone images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We classified 1,332 stones into 31 classes according to the stone composition. The top 4 classes with a frequency of 110 or more (class 1: calcium oxalate monohydrate [COM] 100%, class 2: COM 80%+struvite 20%, class 3: COM 60%+calcium oxalate dihydrate [COD] 40%, class 4: uric acid 100%) were selected. With the 965 stone images of the top 4 classes, we used the seven convolutional neural networks (CNN) to classify urinary stones and compared their classification performances. RESULTS: Among the seven models, Xception_Ir0.001 showed the highest accuracy, precision, and recall and was selected as the CNN model to predict the stone composition. The sensitivity and specificity for the 4 classes by Xception_Ir0.001 were as follows: class 1 (94.24%, 91.73%), class 2 (85.42%, 96.14%), class 3 (86.86%, 99.59%), and class 4 (94.96%, 98.82%). The sensitivity and specificity of the individual components of the stones were as follows. COM (98.82%, 94.96%), COD (86.86%, 99.64%), struvite (85.42%, 95.59%), and uric acid (94.96%, 98.82%). The area under the curves for class 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 0.98, 0.97, 1.00, and 1.00, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the feasibility of deep learning for the diagnostic ability to assess urinary stone composition from images. It can be an alternative tool for conventional stone analysis and provide decision support to urologists, improving the effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment.

Recent Trends in Transurethral Surgeries and Urological Outpatient Procedures: a Nationwide Population-based Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Demographic change and advances in technology affect transurethral surgery and outpatient procedures in the urologic field. There are few population-based studies that accurately assess the trend of transurethral surgery and outpatient procedures including diagnostic tests. We investigated the recent epidemiologic trends in transurethral surgeries and urological outpatient procedures from 2009 to 2016 in Korea using the entire population-based cohort. METHODS: We analyzed medical service claim data of transurethral surgery, urological outpatient procedures submitted by medical service providers from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service from 2009 to 2016. RESULTS: Transurethral ureter surgery increased by 134.9% from 14,635 in 2009 to 34,382 in 2016 (B = 2,698; R² = 0.98; P < 0.001). The transurethral bladder surgery increased by 65.5% from 12,482 in 2009 to 20,658 in 2016 (B = 1,149; R² = 0.97; P < 0.001). Over the 8-years period, there were not significant changes in transurethral prostate (B = 43; R² = 0.04; P = 0.617) and urethral surgery (B =-12; R² = 0.18; P = 0.289). The significantly increasing trends in cystoscopy (B = 5,260; R² = 0.95; P < 0.001) and uroflowmetry (B = 53,942; R² = 0.99; P < 0.001) were observed during the 8-year period. There was no difference in bladder catheterization during the 8-year period. Urodynamic study (UDS: B =-2,156; R² = 0.77; P = 0.003) and electrical stimulation treatment (EST: B =-1,034; R² = 0.87; P < 0.001) significantly decreased. CONCLUSION: In Korea, transurethral ureter surgery and transurethral bladder surgery have been continuously increasing. Transurethral prostate surgery and transurethral urethral surgery remained constant with no increase or decrease. Cystoscopy and uroflowmetry continue to increase, while UDS and EST continue to decrease.

The Suppressive Effect of Leucine-Rich Glioma Inactivated 3 (LGI3) Peptide on Impaired Skin Barrier Function in a Murine Model Atopic Dermatitis.

This study aimed to restore the skin barrier function from atopic dermatitis (AD) via treatment with leucine-rich glioma inactivated 3 (LGI3) peptide. Male NC/Nga mice (7 weeks, 20 g) were randomly allocated into three groups (control, AD, and LGI3 group). After induction of AD skin lesions with Dermatophagoides farinae ointment, mice were treated with LGI3. The clinical score of AD was the highest and the dorsal skin thickness was the thickest in the AD group. In contrast, LGI3 treatment improved the clinical score and the dorsal skin thickness compared to the AD model. LGI3 treatment suppressed histopathological thickness of the epithelial cell layer of the dorsal skin. LGI3 treatment could indirectly reduce mast cell infiltration through restoring the barrier function of the skin. Additionally, the filaggrin expression was increased in immunohistochemical evaluation. In conclusion, the ameliorating effect and maintaining skin barrier homeostasis in the AD murine model treated with LGI3 could be attributed to complete re-epithelialization of keratinocytes. Hence, LGI3 might be considered as a new potential therapeutic target for restoring skin barrier function in AD.

Factors affecting rotator cuff integrity after arthroscopic repair for medium-sized or larger cuff tears: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: We wished to identify the preoperative prognostic factors associated with structural integrity after repair of medium-sized and larger rotator cuff tears and to determine the cutoff values using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. METHODS: The study included 180 patients with medium-sized and larger rotator cuff tears. Each had a minimum 2-year postoperative follow-up by magnetic resonance imaging. We assessed several patient-related and disease-related preoperative factors using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. To determine the cutoff value for the significant variables, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed. RESULTS: Retears occurred in 28 of the 180 patients (15.6%). Univariate analysis found that retear was significantly affected by the type of work and pattern of tear. The rate of retear was significantly increased in diabetes and with increasing tear size, extent of retraction, delamination, and fatty infiltration. Furthermore, reduced remnant tendon length, distance from the musculotendinous junction to the face of the glenoid, occupation ratio, and acromiohumeral interval were also significant risk factors. In the multivariate analysis, body mass index, diabetes, dyslipidemia, extent of retraction, delamination, distance from musculotendinous junction to face of glenoid, occupation ratio, fatty infiltration of infraspinatus, and acromiohumeral interval remained significant risk factors. The extent of retraction (22.2 mm) and the occupation ratio (53.5%) showed highly accurate cutoff values for predicting retear. CONCLUSION: Multiple factors influenced the healing process after rotator cuff repair. The best predictors were the extent of retraction and occupation ratio, which could help assist in determining the prognosis after rotator cuff repairs.

Cytokine responses induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with HIV-1 infection and tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: Tuberculosis (TB) is an important opportunistic infection in HIV patients. Immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV/TB patients were evaluated. METHODS: Fifteen patients with HIV/TB, ten with HIV, four with TB, and five controls were enrolled. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and stimulated with mycobacterial antigen (PPD). Interferon (IFN)-gamma and TNF-alpha in culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production after PPD stimulation was markedly decreased in HIV patients, but not in HIV/TB patients. In HIV patients with a CD4 cell count of less than 200/mm3, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production after PPD stimulation was higher in HIV/TB patients than in HIV patients. Cytokine responses to M. tuberculosis reconstituted after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and were prominent in HIV/TB patients. CONCLUSIONS: Cytokine responses to M. tuberculosis were retained in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis, even in patients with a CD4 cell count of less than 200/mm3, and reconstituted after HAART.

Disseminated erythematous papules in a renal transplant recipient: a case of disseminated tuberculosis.

The incidence of tuberculosis in renal transplant patients has been reported to be fairly low and disseminated tuberculosis presenting with cutaneous manifestations has not been reported previously in these patients. We report the case of a 62-y-old kidney transplant recipient with a long-term history of chronic immunosuppressive therapy who presented with high fever, rapidly progressing respiratory failure and disseminated erythematous pustular cutaneous lesions.