Impact of residual entry tears in the descending aorta after type-A dissection.

BACKGROUND: Aggressive resection/exclusion of the primary entry in the descending aorta remains controversial in older patients with acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD). We investigated the effect of residual primary entry in the descending aorta in younger and older groups. METHODS: Patients with ATAAD who underwent emergency surgery (n=1103) were divided into younger (< 70 years; n=681) and older (≥ 70 years; n=422) cohorts. Each cohort was further divided into groups with or without residual primary entry in the descending aorta. After propensity score matching, 179 and 71 matched pairs were obtained in the younger and older cohorts, respectively. Surgical outcomes were compared between the residual and non-residual groups in each age cohort. RESULTS: In the younger cohort, the cumulative incidence rate of distal aortic events was significantly higher in the residual than in the non-residual group (10-year: 35 [95% CI, 27-44] % vs. 22 [15-31] %, P=.001). However, in the older group, residual or non-residual primary entry did not affect the rates (10-year:11 [5-20] % vs. 9 [4-17] %, P=.75). Multivariate analysis identified age < 70 years (P<.001; HR, 2.188; 95% CI, 1.493, 3.205) and residual primary entry at the descending aorta (P<.001; HR, 2.142; 95% CI, 1.559-2.943) as significant predictors for distal aortic events. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive resection/exclusion of the primary entry in the descending aorta should be considered for patients aged < 70 years to avoid distal aortic events; however, it might not always be appropriate for the older patients ≥ 70 years.

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair for acute aortic dissection complicated by mesenteric malperfusion: an evaluation by computational fluid dynamics.

Computational fluid dynamics was performed to simulate haemodynamics of type B aortic dissection complicated by mesenteric malperfusion caused by dynamic obstruction in a 70-year-old man. Streamline analysis showed disappearance of antegrade flow in the false lumen of the descending aorta and attenuation of intermittent flap-induced disruption of visceral vessel perfusion after entry coverage. Quantitative analysis showed endovascular repair increased perfusion volume of the coeliac artery and superior mesenteric artery by 55.6% and 77.4%, respectively. Entry closure with thoracic endovascular prosthesis improved mesenteric malperfusion by attenuating the intermittent flap-induced perfusion disruption.

Appropriate sizing of the frozen elephant trunk: How to predict proximal descending aortic diameter prior to dissection?

OBJECTIVE: The predissection aortic diameter is the best reference for determining the size of the frozen elephant trunk in aortic dissection. We aimed to develop a new prediction method to estimate the predissection diameter of proximal descending aorta. Furthermore, we evaluated the accuracy of the estimated predissection proximal descending aortic diameters calculated using 3 prediction methods. METHODS: A total of 39 patients with acute type A aortic dissection who underwent predissection computed tomography were included in derivation sets. We measured the aortic dimensions at 3 levels of the proximal descending aorta: 5, 10, and 15 cm from zone 2. We developed a new prediction method-postdissection aortic diameter divided by 1.13 (AoDNew factor)-and estimated the predissection aortic diameter using the new and previously proposed methods by Rylski (AoDRylski) and Yamauchi (EquationYamauchi). Furthermore, we validated the new prediction method using a validation dataset with 24 patients. RESULTS: The rate of bias ≤2 mm was significantly greater with EquationYamauchi and AoDNew factor than with AoDRylski in the derivation group at each level of the proximal descending aorta (P < .001). In the validation group, the rate of bias ≤2 mm was significantly greater with EquationYamauchi and AoDNew factor than with AoDRylski at 10 cm and 15 cm from zone 2 (10 cm: P = .014, 15 cm: P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the new prediction method can be used as a simple and accurate estimation method for the predissection aortic diameter at the proximal descending aorta.

The effect of balloon-expandable stent and self-expanding stent on changes in mitral annular motion after aortic valve replacement in patients with aortic stenosis.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of decalcification and existence of stent at the aortic annulus on mitral annular motion after surgery. METHODS: Patients receiving Inspiris (Edwards, CA, USA, n = 117), Intuity (Edwards, n = 36), Perceval (Corcym, London, UK, n = 36), Evolut (Medtronics, MN, USA, n = 81) and Sapien 3 (Edwards, n = 250) were included in the study. Mitral annular motion was evaluated by E', using tissue doppler imaging. RESULTS: After surgery, a significant increase in E' was observed in patients receiving Inspiris (Before: 4.2 ± 1.21 cm/s vs. Discharge: 5.0 ± 1.23 cm/s, p < 0.001). Mid-term echocardiogram performed at 11.8 ± 2.2 months after the surgery, showed a significant increase in E' in patients receiving Inspiris (Before: 4.2 ± 1.21 cm/s vs. Mid-term: 5.2 ± 1.20 cm/s, p < 0.001) and Perceval (Before: 3.9 ± 1.34 cm/s vs. Mid-term: 4.5 ± 1.24 cm/s, p = 0.008). Univariable analysis showed a higher increase in E' in patients with decalcified annulus compared to those without decalcified annulus (Decalcification: 0.15 ± 1.321 cm/s vs. No Decalcification: 0.66 ± 1.420 cm/s, p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed that balloon-expandable stent (ß = - 0.6960, p < 0.001) and self-expanding stent (r = - 0.3592, p = 0.042) were independent limiting factors for an increase in E' at discharge. However, balloon-expandable stent (ß = - 0.8382, p < 0.001), and not self-expanding stent (ß = - 0.3682, p = 0.089), was a remaining independent factor associated with E' at mid-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Decalcification was associated with improvement in E' after surgery. Balloon-expandable stent was an independent limiting factor for improvement in E' up to 1 year after the surgery, while self-expanding stent was not a significant factor after 1 year.

Left ventricular remodeling and long-term outcomes of aortic stenosis patients receiving 19 mm Mosaic.

Mosaic valve shows higher pressure gradient after aortic valve replacement compared to other same size labeled prostheses in postoperative echocardiogram. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mid-term echocardiogram findings and long-term clinical outcomes of patients receiving a 19 mm Mosaic. Forty-six aortic stenosis patients receiving 19 mm Mosaic and 112 patients receiving either 19 mm Magna or Inspiris, who underwent mid-term follow-up echocardiogram were included in the study. Mid-term hemodynamic measurements evaluated by trans-thoracic echocardiogram and long-term outcomes were compared. Patients receiving Mosaic were significantly older (Mosaic: 76 ± 5.1 years vs. Magna/Inspiris: 74 ± 5.5 years, p = 0.046) and had smaller body surface area (Mosaic: 1.40 ± 0.114m2 vs. Magna/Inspiris: 1.48 ± 0.143m2, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in comorbidities and medications. Post-operative echocardiogram performed at 1 week after the surgery showed higher maximum pressure gradient in patients receiving Mosaic (Mosaic: 38 ± 13.5 mmHg vs. Magna/Inspiris: 31 ± 10.7 mmHg, p = 0.002). Furthermore, mid-term echocardiogram follow-up performed at median duration of 53 ± 14.9 months after the surgery continuously showed higher maximum pressure gradient in patients receiving Mosaic (Mosaic: 45 ± 15.6 mmHg vs. Magna/Inspiris: 32 ± 13.0 mmHg, p < 0.001). However, there were no significant difference in changes in left ventricular mass from baseline in both groups. Kaplan-Meyer curve also showed no difference in long-term mortality and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event between the two groups. Although the pressure gradient across the valve evaluated by echocardiogram was higher in 19 mm Mosaic compared to 19 mm Magna/Inspiris, there were no significant differences in left ventricular remodeling and long-term outcomes between the two groups.

[Non-A Non-B Aortic Dissection Complicated with Right Aortic Arch Treated by Extended Thoracic Aortic Repair].

A 44-year old man with a history of Stanford type B acute aortic dissection was admitted for the treatment of acute aortic dissection. Computed tomography( CT) scan showed a descending entry-type non-A non-B aortic dissection with a maximum diameter of 65 mm occurring in a patient with Edwards typeⅢ right aortic arch whose left subclavian artery was obliterated. The patient was initially treated conservatively and underwent one-stage extended aortic repair from the ascending aorta to the descending thoracic aorta via median sternotomy 22 days after the symptom onset. Although the patient suffered from right empyema postoperatively, he was discharged from the hospital on postoperative day 64 after 4 weeks antibiotics therapy. The patient was also complicated by right recurrent nerve palsy, hoarseness improved over the 8 months after surgery.

Association between Plasma Ascorbic Acid Levels and Postoperative Delirium in Older Patients Undergoing Cardiovascular Surgery: A Prospective Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of delirium is high in older patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Intraoperative tissue hypoperfusion and re-reperfusion injury, which generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), are suggested to induce delirium. Ascorbic acid is an excellent antioxidant and may reduce organ damage by inhibiting the production of ROS. This prospective observational study aimed to measure pre- and postoperative plasma ascorbic acid levels and examine their association with delirium. METHODS: Patients older than 70 years of age scheduled for elective cardiovascular surgery using CPB were enrolled. From September 2020 to December 2021, we enrolled 100 patients, and the data of 98 patients were analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 31 patients developed delirium, while 67 did not. Preoperative plasma ascorbic acid levels did not differ between the non-delirium and delirium groups (6.0 ± 2.2 vs. 5.5 ± 2.4 µg/mL, p = 0.3). Postoperative plasma ascorbic acid levels were significantly different between the groups (2.8 [2.3-3.5] vs. 2.3 [1.6-3.3] µg/mL, p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: In patients who undergo cardiovascular surgery with CPB, lower postoperative plasma ascorbic acid levels may be associated with the development of delirium.

Association between frailty and long-term outcomes among patients undergoing thoracic aortic surgery via median sternotomy.

OBJECTIVE: Preoperative assessment of frailty is important for predicting postoperative outcomes. This study investigated the association between frailty and late outcomes among patients who underwent thoracic aortic surgery via median sternotomy. METHODS: A total of 1010 patients underwent thoracic aortic surgery via median sternotomy between April 2008 and December 2016. Patients < 65 years of age, those who underwent urgent or emergent surgery, and those with incomplete data were excluded; as such, 374 patients were ultimately included in the present study. Frailty was evaluated using an index comprising history of dementia, body mass index < 18.5 kg/m2, and hypoalbuminemia. A frailty score from 0 to 3 was determined by assigning 1 point for each criterion met. Frailty was defined as a score ≥ 1. Patients were categorized into of 2 groups: frail (n = 52) and non-frail (n = 322). The mean follow-up was 6.1 ± 3.1 years. RESULTS: Overall in-hospital mortality did not differ between the frail and non-frail groups. However, the incidence of re-exploration for bleeding and discharge to a health care facility was higher in the frail group than in the non-frail group. Multivariable analysis revealed that preoperative frailty was an independent predictor of late mortality during follow-up [hazard ratio 3.71 (95% confidence interval 2.16-6.37); P < 0.001]. CONCLUSION: Preoperative frailty was associated with late mortality after thoracic aortic surgery. Assessment of preoperative frailty using a simple frailty index may be useful in the decision-making process for elderly patients.

The effect of stent and decalcification on mitral annular motion after aortic valve replacement.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in mitral annular motion after surgery in patients with aortic stenosis. METHODS: Patients receiving Edwards (Edwards) valves were included in the study. Echocardiographic findings were compared among the three treatments postoperatively, at discharge, and at 1 year after the surgery. Mitral annular motion was evaluated by e prime, using tissue doppler imaging. RESULTS: There were 111 patients receiving Inspiris, 30 patients receiving Intuity and 241 patients receiving Sapien 3. The patients receiving Sapien 3 were significantly older, (Inspiris: 71 ± 6.7 years vs. Intuity: 75 ± 5.2 years vs. Sapien 3: 84 ± 5.1 years, p < .001), and prevalence of hemodialysis were significantly higher in patients receiving Intuity (Inspiris: 11.7% vs. Intuity: 46.7% vs. Sapien 3: 0.0%, p < .001). There was a significant improvement in mean pressure gradient in all groups (Inspiris: 55 ± 21.2-13 ± 5.2 mmHg, p < .001; Intuity: 48 ± 17.6-12 ± 4.9 mmHg, p < .001, Sapien 3: 55 ± 16.6-14 ± 5.2 mmHg, p < .001). Decalcification was associated with increase in e prime after surgery (no decalcification: 0.10 ± 1.280 cm/s vs. decalcification: 0.68 ± 1.405 cm/s, p < .001) Further, existence of stent was associated with less increase in e prime after surgery (no stent: 0.83 ± 1.210 cm/s vs. stent: 0.10 ± 1.356; p < .001). Multivariate analysis showed that existence of stent but not decalcification of the aortic valve was independently associated with changes in e prime after surgery (ß: -.4679, 95% confidence interval: -0.93389 to -0.00200, p = .049). CONCLUSIONS: Although improvement in pressure gradient was achieved in all treatments, existence of stent inhibited mitral annular motion after surgery.

False lumen/true lumen wall pressure ratio is increased in acute non-A non-B aortic dissection.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine whether non-A non-B aortic dissection (AD) differs in morphologic and haemodynamic properties from type B AD. METHODS: We simulated and compared haemodynamics of patients with acute type B or acute non-A non-B AD by means of computational fluid dynamics. Wall pressure and wall shear stress (WSS) in both the true lumen (TL) and false lumen (FL) at early, mid- and late systole were evaluated. Morphology, WSS and the FL/TL wall pressure ratio were compared between groups. RESULTS: Nineteen patients (type B, n = 7; non-A non-B, n = 12) were included. The median age (51 [46, 67] vs 53 [50, 63] years; P = 0.71) and a complicated course (14% vs 33%; P = 0.6) did not differ between the type B group and the non-A non-B group. However, the median entry tear width was increased in the non-A non-B group (9.7 [7.3, 12.7] vs 16.3 [11.9, 24.9] mm; P = 0.010). Streamlines showed, in patients with non-A non-B AD, blood from the TL flowed into the FL via the entry tear. Prevalence of a FL/TL wall pressure ratio >1.0 (type B versus non-A non-B) at early, mid- and late systole was 57% vs 83% (P = 0.31), 43% vs 83% (P = 0.13) and 57% vs 75% (P = 0.62), respectively. WSS did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The increased FL/TL wall pressure ratio observed during systole in non-A non-B AD may beget a complicated presentation.

Effect of nadir hematocrit during cardiopulmonary bypass on the early outcomes after surgical repair of acute type A aortic dissection.

OBJECTIVE: Although hemodilution during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) had been thought to improve microcirculation and reduce blood viscosity, there has been no report investigating the effect of low nadir hematocrit (Hct) values caused by severe hemodilution on the surgical outcomes of patients with acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 112 consecutive patients who emergently underwent emergency surgical repair of ATAAD at our institution. The patients were classified into the high Hct (nadir Hct ≥ 21% during CPB; n = 51) and low Hct (nadir Hct < 21% during CPB; n = 61) groups. After propensity score matching of preoperative characteristics, surgical outcomes were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Although there was no difference in the surgical procedure, longer CPB time and more blood transfusion during surgery were needed in the low Hct group than in the high Hct group. After surgery, estimated glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower (p = .015), lactaic acid was higher (p = .045), and intubation time was longer (p = .018) in the low Hct group than in the high Hct group, although there was no difference in hospital mortality between the groups. The AUC of the nadir Hct during CPB as a prognostic indicator of prolonged postoperative ventilator support was 0.8, with the highest accuracy at 16.7% (sensitivity 88%, specificity 76.9%). In all cohorts, female sex was an independent risk factor for a lower nadir Hct value of <21% during CPB. CONCLUSION: A lower nadir Hct value of <21% during CPB may be associated with postoperative renal dysfunction and prolonged ventilator support in patients with ATAAD.

Bicuspidalization of the Native Tricuspid Aortic Valve: A Porcine in Vivo Model of Bicuspid Aortopathy.

Objective: To examine early histologic changes in the aorta exposed to bicuspid flow. Material and Methods: A porcine bicuspid aortopathy model was developed by suturing aortic cusps. Of nine pigs, eight underwent sham surgery (n=3) or bicuspidalization (n=5); one was used as an intact control. Wall shear stress (WSS) was assessed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Animals were exposed to normal or bicuspid flow for 48 h and were then euthanized for histologic examinations. Results: No animal died intraoperatively. One animal subjected to bicuspidalization died of respiratory failure during postoperative imaging studies. Echocardiography showed the aortic valve area decreased from 2.52±1.15 to 1.21±0.48 cm2 after bicuspidalization, CFD revealed increased maximum WSS (10.0±5.2 vs. 54.0±25.7 Pa; P=0.036) and percentage area of increased WSS (>5 Pa) in the ascending aorta (30.3%±24.1% vs. 81.3%±13.4%; P=0.015) after bicuspidalization. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy showed subintimal edema and detached or degenerated endothelial cells following both sham surgery and bicuspidalization, regardless of WSS distribution. Conclusion: A bicuspid aortic valve appears to increase aortic WSS. The endothelial damage observed might have been related to non-pulsatile flow (cardiopulmonary bypass). Chronic experiments are needed to clarify the relationship between hemodynamic stress and development of bicuspid aortopathy.

A Compressed Collagen Construct for Studying Endothelial-Smooth Muscle Cell Interaction Under High Shear Stress.

The coculture of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) on collagen gels containing smooth muscle cells (SMCs) has been carried out to investigate cellular interactions associated with blood vessel pathophysiology under wall shear stress (WSS) conditions. However, due to a lack of gel stiffness, the previous collagen gel coculture constructs are difficult to use for pathologic higher WSS conditions. Here, we newly constructed a coculture model with centrifugally compressed cell-collagen combined construct (C6), which withstands higher WSS conditions. The elastic modulus of C6 was approximately 6 times higher than that of the uncompressed collagen construct. The level of α-smooth muscle actin, a contractile SMC phenotype marker observed in healthy arteries, was elevated in C6 compared with that of the uncompressed construct, and further increased by exposure to a physiological level WSS of 2 Pa, but not by a pathological level of 20 Pa. WSS conditions of 2 and 20 Pa also induced different expression ratios of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in the C6 coculture model but did not in monocultured ECs and SMCs. The C6 coculture model will be a powerful tool to investigate interactions between ECs and SMCs under pathologically high WSS conditions.

Aortic Agatston score correlates with the progression of acute type A aortic dissection.

Aortic calcification in the tunica media is correlated with aortic stiffness, elastin degradation, and wall shear stress. The study aim was to determine if aortic calcifications influence disease progression in patients with acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD). We retrospectively reviewed a total of 103 consecutive patients who had undergone surgery for ATAAD at our institution between January 2009 and December 2019. Of these, 85 patients who had preoperatively undergone plain computed tomography angiography (CTA) for evaluation of their aortic calcification were included. Moreover, we assessed the progression of aortic dissection after surgery via postoperative CTA. Using a classification and regression tree to identify aortic Agatston score thresholds predictive of disease progression, the patients were classified into high-score (Agatston score ≥ 3344; n  =   36) and low-score (<3344; n  =   49) groups. Correlations between aortic Agatston scores and CTA variables were assessed. Higher aortic Agatston scores were significantly correlated with the smaller distal extent of aortic dissection (p < 0.001), larger true lumen areas of the ascending (p  =  0.009) and descending aorta (p =   0.002), and smaller false lumen areas of the descending aorta (p =  0.028). Patients in the high-score group were more likely to have DeBakey type II dissection (p =  0.001) and false lumen thrombosis (p  =  0.027) than those in the low-score group, thereby confirming the correlations. Aortic dissection in the high-score group was significantly less distally extended (p < 0.001). A higher aortic Agatston score correlates with the larger true lumen area of the ascending and descending aorta and the less distal progression of aortic dissection in patients with ATAAD. Interestingly, the findings before and after surgery were consistent. Hence, aortic Agatston scores are associated with aortic dissection progression and may help predict postoperative residual dissected aorta remodeling.

An increased prothrombin time-international normalized ratio in patients with acute type A aortic dissection: contributing factors and their influence on outcomes.

PURPOSE: We investigated factors contributing to coagulopathy in patients with acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) and coagulopathy's influence on patient outcomes. METHODS: We grouped 420 patients who underwent ATAAD repair-none under anticoagulation therapy or with liver disease-by the prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (PT-INR) at admission: < 1.2 (no coagulopathy, n = 371), 1.2-1.49 (mild coagulopathy, n = 33), or ≥ 1.5 (severe coagulopathy, n = 16). We then compared the clinical presentation, dissection morphology, and outcomes among the groups. We assessed the PT-INR in relation to the preoperative hemodynamics and searched for factors predictive of a PT-INR ≥ 1.2. RESULTS: The transfusion volume and operation time were increased among patients with coagulopathy (P < 0.05). The in-hospital mortality (15.2-37.5% vs. 5.1%, P < 0.001) and 5-year survival (61.1-74.4% vs. 87.6%) were relatively poor for these patients. The median PT-INR was 1.03 (0.97-1.1) for patients with stable hemodynamics (n = 318), 1.11 (1.02-1.21) for those in shock (blood pressure < 80 mmHg) not given cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (n = 81), and 1.1 (1.0-1.54) for those in shock given CPR (n = 21) (P < 0.001). A multivariable analysis identified shock (P < 0.001), a partially thrombosed false lumen (P = 0.006), and mesenteric malperfusion (P = 0.016) as predictive variables. CONCLUSIONS: Shock, a partially thrombosed false lumen, and mesenteric malperfusion appear to be predictive of dissection-related coagulopathy, which influences outcomes negatively.

Evaluation of oversizing in association with conduction disorder after implantation of a rapid deployment valve.

Rapid deployment valve has expanded surgical indication for high-risk patients with aortic stenosis despite its accommodated risk for conduction disorder (CD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of oversizing in association with postoperative CD. During June 2019 to September 2021, 25 patients underwent aortic valve replacement with Edwards INTUITY. Device size selection was evaluated intraoperatively using provided sizers. Oversizing was evaluated retrospectively by measuring the difference of the dimension of the annulus and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) compared to the dimensions of the device used by preoperative-computed tomography. Although there was no incidence of pacemaker implantation, seven patients (28.0%) experienced CD after surgery. There was no difference in device area and annulus area (CD: - 37 ± 22.7 mm2 vs. no CD: - 56 ± 63.6 mm2, p = 0.47), and device circumference and annulus circumference (CD: - 4.4 ± 2.77 mm vs. no CD: - 6.9 ± 5.60 mm, p = 0.26) in patients with and without CD. However, there was a significant difference in area of the device skirt and sub-annular area at the LVOT (CD: 114 ± 28.4 mm2 vs. no CD: - 8 ± 80.0 mm2, p < 0.001), and circumference of device skirt and the LVOT (CD: 3.9 ± 2.08 mm vs. no CD: - 4.6 ± 5.24 mm, p < 0.001) between the two groups. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that an area difference of 77.7 mm2 and circumference difference of 0.91 mm at LVOT were associated with postoperative CD with specificities of 0.83, 0.78 and sensitivity of 1.0, 1.0, respectively. Preoperative measurement of the LVOT may be useful in evaluating the risk of postoperative CD in patients receiving rapid deployment valve.

Impact of prosthesis-patient mismatch on late outcomes after bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement for mitral regurgitation.

Negative impact of prosthesis-patient mismatch on long-term survival after valve replacement has been reported. However, the effect of prosthesis-patient mismatch after bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement has not yet been well examined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of prosthesis-patient mismatch on late outcomes after bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement for mitral regurgitation. A total of 181 patients underwent bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement between April 2008 and December 2016. After excluding patients with mitral stenosis and those with incomplete data, 128 patients were included in the study. Postoperative transthoracic echocardiography was performed before discharge for all patients and the effective orifice area of bioprosthetic mitral valve was calculated using the formula: 220/pressure half-time, and the effective orifice area index was calculated by the formula: effective orifice area/body surface area. Prosthesis-patient mismatch was defined as a postoperative effective orifice area index ≤ 1.2 cm2/m2. The characteristics and outcomes were compared between the groups. There were 34 patients (26.6%) with prosthesis-patient mismatch and 94 patients (73.4%) without prosthesis-patient mismatch. There were no significant differences in the in-hospital mortality and morbidities. Multivariable analysis showed that prosthesis-patient mismatch was an independent predictor of late mortality (hazard ratio 3.38; 95% confidence interval 1.69-6.75; p = 0.001) and death from heart failure (hazard ratio 31.03, 95% confidence interval 4.49-214.40, p < 0.001). Prosthesis-patient mismatch at discharge after mitral valve replacement for mitral regurgitation was associated with long-term mortality and death from heart failure.

Long-term outcomes after aortic valve replacement using a 19-mm bioprosthesis.

OBJECTIVES: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement is known to be associated with improved haemodynamics in patients with aortic stenosis and a small aortic annulus. However, limited benchmark data are available regarding the long-term outcomes in patients treated with surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). We investigated the long-term outcomes of SAVR using a 19-mm bioprosthesis. METHODS: This study included consecutive patients who underwent SAVR using a 19-mm bioprosthesis at our hospital between 2008 and 2012. RESULTS: In a total of 132 patients, moderate and severe prosthesis-patient mismatch occurred in 36 (27.3%) and 7 patients (5.3%), respectively. The median follow-up period was 7.7 years. The overall 5- and 10-year survival rates were 79.4% and 52.9%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year freedom from major adverse valve-related events rates were 89.6% and 74.2%, respectively. Neither moderate nor severe prosthesis-patient mismatch was associated with late mortality, major adverse valve-related events or heart failure. Follow-up echocardiographic data were obtained at a median interval of 4.8 years in 80% of patients who survived ≥6 months postoperatively. Follow-up echocardiographic data showed a significantly increased left ventricular ejection fraction, decreased mean transvalvular/transprosthetic pressure gradients and a decreased mean left ventricular mass. At follow-up, we observed moderate or severe haemodynamic structural valve deterioration in 17 patients; however, structural valve deterioration did not affect late survival or freedom from major adverse valve-related events rates, or heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: SAVR using the 19-mm bioprosthesis was associated with satisfactory long-term clinical and haemodynamic outcomes.

The effect of aortic arch replacement on pulse wave velocity after surgery.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in pulse wave velocity (PWV) after aortic arch repair and to evaluate possible perioperative factors associated with an increase in PWV. METHODS: Eighty-nine patients with preoperative and postoperative PWV measurements who underwent surgical treatment for true aortic arch aneurysm were included in the study. The patients were treated by prosthetic graft replacement with or without the frozen elephant trunk technique or by hybrid surgery with a stent graft. Changes in PWV and perioperative factors were evaluated. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients were treated by prosthetic graft replacement; 22 patients were treated with the frozen elephant trunk procedure; and 16 patients were treated by hybrid surgery. A significant increase in PWV was observed in patients undergoing surgical treatment for aortic arch aneurysm regardless of the types of operations performed (all treatments: before, 1797 ± 397.8 cm/s vs after, 2061 ± 600.4 cm/s, P < 0.001; graft replacement: before, 1769 ± 398.1 cm/s vs after, 1895 ± 459.0 cm/s, P = 0.004; frozen elephant trunk procedure: before, 1911 ± 461.9 cm/s vs after 2307 ± 826.9 cm/s, P = 0.005; hybrid surgery: before, 1732 ± 273.3 cm/s vs after, 2254 ± 484.6 cm/s, P < 0.001). Differences in PWV were largest in patients treated with hybrid surgery and lowest in those treated with graft replacement (P = 0.002). In univariate analysis, an increase in PWV was positively correlated with treatment length (r = 0.41; P < 0.001); the use of a postoperative beta blocker was associated with a smaller increase in postoperative PWV (with: 165.0 ± 371.92 cm/s vs without: 439.4 ± 530.38 cm/s, P = 0.005). Multivariate analysis suggested that treatment length (coefficient 3.31, 95% confidence interval 0.056-6.562, P = 0.046) and postoperative beta blocker (coefficient -220.08, 95% confidence interval -401.972 to -38.183, P = 0.018) were factors independently associated with changes in PWV. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant increase in PWV after aortic arch repair. Treatment length and use of postoperative beta blockers were factors associated with changes in postoperative PWV. Minimizing the treatment length and using postoperative beta blockers may attenuate the effects of prostheses on postoperative PWV.