#workfromhome: how multi-level marketers enact and subvert federal language policy for profit.

This paper analyzes how multi-level marketing companies (MLMs), via direct selling through electronic commerce (e-commerce) and social media, enact and evade federal language policy to maximize profits. Here we describe the federal language policies that govern this type of e-commerce, and in particular, the language policies of the Federal Trade Commission, which dictate what can and cannot be communicated by MLM companies and their contractors. We then illustrate how these federal language policies are enacted, and at times subverted, for financial gain during the COVID-19 economic and health crisis which rendered many people vulnerable. We draw on the discourse analysis of public documents, MLM insider sources via the first author, and over 100,000 public Instagram posts published by MLM independent contractors collected with the third-party Instagram data extraction tool, Phantombuster. We find that MLM independent contractors, although varying widely with respect to their enactment of federal and corporate policy, frequently reference COVID-19 implicitly or explicitly, a practice prohibited by federal policy. We demonstrate that quantitative and qualitative discourse analysis of language policies and practices of MLM social media provides a productive lens for understanding both the communication challenges of and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. This approach reveals the variable ways in which language policies are taken up and discourses recontextualized with new meanings and for new purposes across social media platforms.

Entomology in the 21st Century: Tackling Insect Invasions, Promoting Advancements in Technology, and Using Effective Science Communication-2018 Student Debates.

The 2018 student debates of the Entomological Society of America were held at the Joint Annual Meeting for the Entomological Societies of America, Canada, and British Columbia in Vancouver, BC. Three unbiased introductory speakers and six debate teams discussed and debated topics under the theme 'Entomology in the 21st Century: Tackling Insect Invasions, Promoting Advancements in Technology, and Using Effective Science Communication'. This year's debate topics included: 1) What is the most harmful invasive insect species in the world? 2) How can scientists diffuse the stigma or scare factor surrounding issues that become controversial such as genetically modified organisms, agricultural biotechnological developments, or pesticide chemicals? 3) What new/emerging technologies have the potential to revolutionize entomology (other than Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)? Introductory speakers and debate teams spent approximately 9 mo preparing their statements and arguments and had the opportunity to share this at the Joint Annual Meeting with an engaged audience.

The use of endovenous laser treatment in toddlers.

The use of endovenous laser ablation therapy in children is limited. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is associated with persistent ectatic anomalous veins within the affected extremity, with increased risk of thromboembolism. The present report describes four toddlers (<20 kg) with KTS of the lower extremity who underwent a total of five endovenous laser procedures for treatment of ectatic anomalous marginal venous system, without complications.

Transfer of Bacteroides splanchnicus to Odoribacter gen. nov. as Odoribacter splanchnicus comb. nov., and description of Odoribacter denticanis sp. nov., isolated from the crevicular spaces of canine periodontitis patients.

Numerous novel anaerobic bacteria were isolated from the crevicular spaces of dogs with periodontitis. The phenotypic characteristics of these bacterial isolates indicated that they were similar to members of the genus Porphyromonas. However, comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the isolates indicated that they were related to members of the Bacteroides splanchnicus subgroup. A representative of the novel isolates, strain B106(T), induced alveolar bone loss in a mouse model of experimental periodontal disease. Based on biochemical, morphological, molecular phylogenetic, and pathogenic evidence, it is proposed that the taxonomic subgroup containing these novel isolates and B. splanchnicus should be classified in a new genus, Odoribacter gen. nov., within the family 'Porphyromonadaceae'. In addition, it is proposed that B. splanchnicus should be reclassified as Odoribacter splanchnicus comb. nov., and that the newly identified isolates should be classified as representing Odoribacter denticanis sp. nov., the type strain of which is B106(T) (=ATCC PTA-3625(T)=CNCM I-3225(T)).

Evaluation of a monovalent companion animal periodontal disease vaccine in an experimental mouse periodontitis model.

Periodontal disease in companion animals is clinically similar to that of human periodontal disease. Despite the usage of veterinary procedures and antibiotic therapy, the disease still remains as one of the most highly prevalent disorders seen by veterinarians. The goal of this study was to evaluate the immunogenic properties and vaccine performance of a monovalent canine periodontal disease vaccine in the mouse oral challenge model of periodontitis. Mice vaccinated subcutaneously with inactivated, whole-cell bacterin preparations of Porphyromonas gulae displayed both high titers of anti-P. gulae specific antibodies and significantly reduced alveolar bone loss in response to homologous, heterologous, and cross-species challenge. Based on the results of these studies, a periodontal disease vaccine may be a useful tool in preventing the progression of periodontitis in animals.

Spanish diminutives in mother-child conversations.

The present study examined gender and age patterns of diminutive use in conversations between 32 Spanish-speaking Peruvian mothers and their three- and five-year-old children. Results confirm previous findings concerning both parents' greater use of diminutives with younger children and children's early acquisition of this complex aspect of morphology. However, findings do not support previous studies on gender differences in parental use of diminutives with young children. Results also revealed that mothers' and children's imitations of their interlocutors' diminutized words promoted their interlocutors' overall diminutive use. This finding highlights the acute sensitivity of both speakers to each others' language and the potential role of imitation in older children's language development.