Reciprocal keratin 18 Ser48 O-GlcNAcylation and Ser52 phosphorylation using peptide analysis.

Phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation of keratin 18 (K18) are highly dynamic and involve primarily independent K18 populations. We used in vitro phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation of wild-type, phospho-Ser52, glyco-Ser48, and Ser-to-Ala mutant 17mer peptides (K18 amino acids 40-56), which include the major K18 glycosylation (Ser48) and phosphorylation (Ser52) sites, to address whether each modification blocks the other. The glyco-K18 peptide blocks Ser52 phosphorylation by protein kinase C, an in vivo K18 kinase, while the phospho-K18 peptide blocks its O-GlcNAcylation. Our findings support the reciprocity of these two post-translational modifications. Therefore, regulation of protein Ser/Thr phosphorylation and glycosylation at proximal sites can be interdependent and provides a potential mechanism of counter regulation.

Isoelectric focusing technology quantifies protein signaling in 25 cells.

A previously undescribed isoelectric focusing technology allows cell signaling to be quantitatively assessed in <25 cells. High-resolution capillary isoelectric focusing allows isoforms and individual phosphorylation forms to be resolved, often to baseline, in a 400-nl capillary. Key to the method is photochemical capture of the resolved protein forms. Once immobilized, the proteins can be probed with specific antibodies flowed through the capillary. Antibodies bound to their targets are detected by chemiluminescence. Because chemiluminescent substrates are flowed through the capillary during detection, localized substrate depletion is overcome, giving excellent linearity of response across several orders of magnitude. By analyzing pan-specific antibody signals from individual resolved forms of a protein, each of these can be quantified, without the problems associated with using multiple antibodies with different binding avidities to detect individual protein forms.

The tyrosine phosphatase PRL-1 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitotic spindle and is required for normal mitosis.

PRL-1 is one of three closely related protein-tyrosine phosphatases, which are characterized by C-terminal farnesylation. Recent reports suggest that they are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and transformation. However, their biological function has not yet been determined. Here we show that PRL-1 mRNA is overexpressed in a number of human tumor cell lines, including HeLa cells. Using immunofluorescence we studied the subcellular localization of endogenous PRL-1, and our results demonstrate that PRL-1 exhibits cell cycle-dependent localization; in non-mitotic HeLa cells, PRL-1 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in a farnesylation-dependent manner. In mitotic cells PRL-1 relocalizes to the centrosomes and the spindle apparatus, proximal to the centrosomes, in a farnesylation-independent manner. Conditional expression of a catalytic domain mutant in HeLa cells results in a delay in the progression of cells through mitosis but has no effect on other phases of the cell cycle. Further, expression of a farnesylation site PRL-1 mutant results in mitotic defects, characterized by chromosomal bridges in anaphase and lagging chromosomes, without affecting spindle checkpoint function. Together, these results suggest that PRL-1 function is regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner and implicate PRL-1 in regulating progression through mitosis, possibly by modulating spindle dynamics.