Colon length in pediatric health and constipation measured using magnetic resonance imaging and three dimensional skeletonization.

Recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies showed that colonic volumes in children are different between health and functional constipation. The length of the colon has however been rarely measured and principally using unphysiological colon preparations or cadaver studies. The main objective of this study was to measure the length of the undisturbed colon in children with functional constipation (FC) and healthy controls. Here, the colon of 19 healthy controls (10-18 years old) and 16 children with FC (7-18 years old) was imaged using MRI. Different regions of the colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid-rectum) were first segmented manually on the MRI images. Three-dimensional skeletonization image analysis methods were then used to reduce the regions of interest to a central, measurable line. Total colon length (corrected for body surface area) in healthy controls was 56±2 cm/m2 (mean±SEM). Total colon length was significantly longer in children with FC 69±3 cm/m2 compared to controls (p = 0.0037). The colon regions showing the largest differences between groups were the ascending colon (p = 0.0479) and the sigmoid-rectum (p = 0.0003). In a linear regression model, there was a positive significant correlation between total colon length and age (R = 0.45, p = 0.0064), height (R = 0.49, p = 0.0031), weight (R = 0.46, p = 0.0059) and colon volume (R = 0.4543, p = 0.0061). Our findings showed significant differences in colon lengths between healthy controls and children with constipation. A new objective diagnostic imaging endpoint such as colon length may help to improve knowledge of colon morphology and function and, in turn, understanding of colon functional pathology.

A review of acute pancreatitis in the era of COVID-19.

Acute pancreatitis is uncommon in childhood with an estimated incidence of approximately 1 in 10,000 children per year. It is an important condition, which may escape prompt diagnosis and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Most often, it will result in an acute hospital admission. The course of this disease is unpredictable and ranges from self-resolving mild illness to significantly severe disease with high risk of mortality or complications due to progression to multiorgan failure. Considerable advances have occurred in management which is now focused on multidisciplinary approach with extensive investigation and minimally invasive endoscopic interventions resulting in improved prognosis. In recent years, incidence of acute pancreatitis in children has risen, either due to improved awareness or reflective of true rise. Since 2020 there are emerging data suggesting an association of COVID-19 with acute pancreatitis. The best approach to diagnosis and management of acute pancreatitis in children and young people is largely extrapolated from adult practice. This review presents a brief summary of normal physiology and pathophysiology relating to pancreatitis, a suggested approach to investigation and diagnosis and summarizes available evidence to inform management in children and young people. We will also explore the latest data collected linking COVID-19 to pancreatitis.

Colonic Volume Changes in Paediatric Constipation Compared to Normal Values Measured Using MRI.

BACKGROUND: Functional constipation in children is common. Management of this condition can be challenging and is often based on symptom reports. Increased, objective knowledge of colonic volume changes in constipation compared to health could provide additional information. However, very little data on paediatric colonic volume is available except from methods that are invasive or require unphysiological colonic preparations. OBJECTIVES: (1) To measure volumes of the undisturbed colon in children with functional constipation (FC) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and provide initial normal range values for healthy controls, and (2) to investigate possible correlation of colonic volume with whole gut transit time (WGTT). METHODS: Total and regional (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, and rectum) colon volumes were measured from MRI images of 35 participants aged 7-18 years (16 with FC and 19 healthy controls), and corrected for body surface area. Linear regression was used to explore the relationship between total colon volume and WGTT. RESULTS: Total colonic volume was significantly higher, with a median (interquartile range) of 309 mL (243-384 mL) for the FC group than for the healthy controls of 227 mL (180-263 mL). The largest increase between patients and controls was in the sigmoid colon-rectum region. In a linear regression model, there was a positive significant correlation between total colonic volume and WGTT (R = 0.56, p = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: This initial study shows increased volumes of the colon in children with FC, in a physiological state, without use of any bowel preparation. Increased knowledge of colonic morphology may improve understanding of FC in this age group and help to direct treatment.

Feasibility Study of a New Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mini-capsule Device to Measure Whole Gut Transit Time in Paediatric Constipation.

OBJECTIVE: In England, 27,500 children are referred annually to hospital with constipation. An objective measure of whole gut transit time (WGTT) could aid management. The current standard WGTT assessment, the x-ray radiopaque marker (ROM) test, gives poor definition of colonic anatomy and the radiation dose required is undesirable in children. Our objective was to develop an alternative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) WGTT measure to the x-ray ROM test and to demonstrate its initial feasibility in paediatric constipation. METHODS: With the Nottingham Young Person's Advisory Group we developed a small (8 × 4 mm), inert polypropylene capsule shell filled with MRI-visible fat emulsion. The capsule can be imaged using MRI fat and water in-phase and out-of-phase imaging. Sixteen patients with constipation and 19 healthy participants aged 7 to 18 years old were recruited. Following a common ROM protocol, the participants swallowed 24 mini-capsules each day for 3 days and were imaged on days 4 and 7 using MRI. The number of successful studies (feasibility) and WGTT were assessed. Participants' EuroQoL Visual Analogue Scale were also collected and compared between the day before the taking the first set of mini-capsules to the day after the last MRI study day. RESULTS: The mini-capsules were imaged successfully in the colon of all participants. The WGTT was 78 ±â€Š35 hours (mean ±â€Šstandard deviation) for patients, and 36 ±â€Š16 hours, P < 0.0001 for healthy controls. Carrying out the procedures did not change the EuroQoL Visual Analogue Scale scores before and after the procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Paediatric Constipation was a first-in-child feasibility study of a new medical device to measure WGTT in paediatric constipation using MRI. The study showed that the new method is feasible and is well tolerated.

Reduced skeletal muscle protein balance in paediatric Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: An inability to respond to nutrition could be implicated in low muscle mass in Crohn's disease. We aim to determine skeletal muscle metabolic response to feeding in Crohn's disease and healthy volunteers. METHODS: Twenty asymptomatic Crohn's disease participants (15.6 ± 0.5 yrs; BMI 20.6 ± 0.9 kg/m2); 9 with active disease (faecal calprotectin, 808 ± 225 ug/g and C-reactive protein, 2.2 ± 1.2 mg/dl), 11 in deep remission (faecal calprotectin, 61 ± 12 ug/g and C-reactive protein, 0.3 ± 0.2 mg/dl) and 9 matched healthy volunteers (16.0 ± 0.6 yrs; BMI 20.7 ± 0.6 kg/m2) were recruited. Participants had a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, handgrip dynamometer test, wore a pedometer and completed a food diary. Arterialised hand and venous forearm blood samples were collected concurrently and brachial artery blood flow measured at baseline and every 20 min for 2 hrs after the ingestion of a standardised liquid meal. Net balance of branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and glucose were derived. RESULTS: Controls had a positive mean BCAA balance. CD participants had an initial anabolic response to the meal, with increasing BCAA balance between t = 0 & t = 20, but returned to negative by t = 60. This was associated with reduced FFM z-scores in CD but not with insulin resistance or disease activity. Exploratory analyses suggest that negative postprandial BCAA response seen in CD is predominant in males (p = 0.049), with associated lower appendicular muscle mass (p = 0.034), higher muscle fatigue (p = 0.014) and reduced protein intake (p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: The inability to sustain a positive protein balance postprandially could provide an explanation for the reduced muscle mass seen in CD. Further mechanistic studies will be needed to confirm these findings.

A combination of mutations in AKR1D1 and SKIV2L in a family with severe infantile liver disease.

Infantile cholestatic diseases can be caused by mutations in a number of genes involved in different hepatocyte molecular pathways. Whilst some of the essential pathways have a well understood function, such as bile biosynthesis and transport, the role of the others is not known. Here we report the findings of a clinical, biochemical and molecular study of a family with three patients affected with a severe infantile cholestatic disease. A novel homozygous frameshift germline mutation (c.587delG) in the AKR1D1 gene; which encodes the enzyme Δ 4-3-oxosteroid 5ß-reductase that is required for synthesis of primary bile acids and is crucial for establishment of normal bile flow, was found in all 3 patients. Although the initial bile acid analysis was inconclusive, subsequent testing confirmed the diagnosis of a bile acid biogenesis disorder. An additional novel homozygous frameshift mutation (c.3391delC) was detected in SKIV2L in one of the patients. SKIV2L encodes a homologue of a yeast ski2 protein proposed to be involved in RNA processing and mutations in SKIV2L were recently described in patients with Tricohepatoenteric syndrome (THES). A combination of autozygosity mapping and whole-exome-sequencing allowed the identification of causal mutations in this family with a complex liver phenotype. Although the initial 2 affected cousins died in the first year of life, accurate diagnosis and management of the youngest patient led to successful treatment of the liver disease and disease-free survival.