Increased Soluble Cytoplasmic Bcl-2 Protein Serum Levels and Expression and Decreased Fas Expression in Lymphocytes and Monocytes in Juvenile Dermatomyositis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate soluble Fas antigen (sFas), sFas ligand (sFasL), soluble tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, and soluble cytoplasmic Bcl-2 protein (sBcl-2) serum levels, Fas and Bcl-2 expressions in T and B lymphocytes and monocytes and relations with erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein (CRP), Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale, and manual muscle testing in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). METHODS: Serum levels were determined by ELISA and peripheral cell expressions by flow cytometry for patients with JDM or juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), and healthy controls. RESULTS: Patients with JDM had increased sBcl-2, which correlated with CRP. Expression of Bcl-2 was increased and expression of Fas was decreased in CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T lymphocytes compared with JIA and/or healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Patients with JDM presented a unique apoptosis-related proteins profile, which may contribute to disease development.

Increased serum sFas, sTRAIL, and reduced sFasL in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus.

The aims of this study were to assess serum Fas, FasL, TRAIL, and Bcl-2 levels in patients with juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) and to evaluate their relations with disease activity parameters and nephritis. Forty-eight JSLE patients, 33 juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA, inflammatory controls) patients and 40 healthy controls were enrolled. sFas, sFasL, sTRAIL, and sBcl-2 serum levels were measured by ELISA. Disease activity parameters included SLEDAI score, ESR, anti-dsDNA antibodies, C3, and C4 levels. Thirty-five JSLE patients had nephritis and 32 patients were classified as having active disease (SLEDAI ≥4). Statistical analysis methods included Mann-Whitney test and Spearman's rank test. JSLE patients had significantly increased sFas serum levels compared with healthy controls (median 177.6 vs. 117.5 pg/mL; p = 0.0001), higher sTRAIL (median 484.6 vs 270.8 pg/mL; p = 0.02), and reduced sFasL (median 0.05 vs 0.3 ng/mL; p = 0.0002). The same results were observed for JSLE patients with active disease and for patients with nephritis. Additionally, sFas levels in JSLE patients directly correlated with SLEDAI score (r = 0.40; p = 0.009), and sTRAIL levels were increased in JSLE patients with neuropsychiatric disease compared with those without this involvement (median 667.9 vs. 216.2 pg/mL; p = 0.03). Otherwise, sBcl-2 levels of JSLE patients were similar to healthy controls. JIA patients had sFas, sFasL, sTRAIL, and sBcl-2 serum levels similar to JSLE patients and to healthy controls. In summary, this study characterized in JSLE a distinct profile from adult SLE that comprises increased sFas, sTRAIL, and reduced sFasL, notably in patients with active disease and with nephritis.

Artrodiastase para o tratamento da rigidez do quadril na artrite reumatoide juvenil (ARJ): resultados preliminares / Arthrodiastasis for the treatment of stiffness of the hip in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA): preliminary results

OBJETIVO: Apresentar os resultados preliminares da utilização da artrodiastase do quadril em pacientes portadores de artrite reumatoide juvenil e com comprometimento da articulação coxofemoral. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo de 12 pacientes (seis meninos e seis meninas) com idades entre oito e 18 anos (média de 10,5 anos). Foi utilizado um fixador externo monolateral que permite os movimentos de flexão e de extensão no quadril. O fixador externo foi mantido por um período que variou de 78 a 90 dias, com média de 86 dias. O controle radiográfico foi realizado durante o ato operatório e, semanalmente, durante o período de tração e a cada quatro semanas, quando terminado este período. Na avaliação clínica dos resultados, incluímos a graduação da dor e o grau de movimentação articular, com medidas e avaliações pré e pós-operatórias. O período de acompanhamento variou de 12 a 15 anos, com média de 13 anos. RESULTADOS: O valor médio da escala de dor foi de nove (9) antes da operação e de quatro (4) no período pós-operatório. Em dois pacientes não ocorreu melhora da dor. O arco de movimento do quadril aumentou em todos os pacientes, com exceção de dois. Na avaliação radiográfica evidenciamos um aumento no espaço articular de 2mm, em média, e que se manteve no pós-operatório. Não foram observadas complicações com a utilização da técnica. Apenas verificamos soltura dos pinos de Schanz da região do osso ilíaco em dois pacientes. A técnica operatória não ocasionou resultado satisfatório. CONCLUSÃO: O procedimento de artrodiastase está bem indicado para a recuperação da mobilidade em uma articulação coxofemoral comprometida e rígida, como ocorre em pacientes com artrite reumatoide juvenil.

OBJECTIVE: To present the preliminary results of the use of hip arthrodiastasis in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and involvement of the hip joint. METHODS: A prospective study of 12 patients (six boys and six girls) aged between eight and 18 years (mean 10.5 years). We used a monolateral external fixator that allows flexion and extension at the hip. The external fixator was maintained for a period ranging from 78 to 90 days, with a mean of 86 days. Radiographic control was performed during surgery, weekly during the traction period, and every four weeks once this period was completed. The clinical evaluation of results included the degree of the pain and the degree of joint movement, measured and evaluatedpre-and post-operatively. The follow-up period ranged from 12 to 15 years, with a mean of 13 years. RESULTS: The average pain score was nine (9) before surgery and four (4) in the postoperative period. There was no improvement in pain in two patients. The range of motion of the hip increased in all patients except two. Radiographic evaluation evidenced a2 mm increase in joint space, on average,that has remained postoperatively. There were no complications with this technique. Only a loosening of the Schanz screws in the region of the iliac bone was observed in two patients. The surgical technique did not bring satisfactory results. CONCLUSION: The arthrodiastasis procedure is well suited for recovery of mobility in animpairedand rigid hip joint, as occurs in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

The role of apoptosis proteins and complement components in the etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a prototypical autoimmune disease characterized by the deregulation of T and B cells, tissue infiltration by mononuclear cells, tissue damage and the production of autoantibodies. There is a consensus that accelerated apoptosis of circulating lymphocytes and/or impaired clearance of apoptotic bodies may increase the amount of nuclear antigens presented to T lymphocytes. This process is accompanied by autoimmune responses that can lead to the development of lupus. The dysfunction of apoptosis may be a direct consequence of alterations in proteins/genes such as Fas, Bcl-2 and C1q. Increased expression of Fas antigen could intensify the exposure of hidden antigens. The overexpression of Bcl-2 protein might inhibit the removal of auto-reactive cells, and the lack of C1q could impair the clearance of self-antigens. The complete knowledge of the role of apoptosis components in the etiopathogenesis of lupus could lead to the development of new therapies targeting the apoptotic threshold, which could result in a more specific and effective disease response compared to global immunosuppression. This review summarizes the role of each component of the apoptotic process in the pathogenesis of lupus.

The role of apoptosis proteins and complement components in the etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a prototypical autoimmune disease characterized by the deregulation of T and B cells, tissue infiltration by mononuclear cells, tissue damage and the production of autoantibodies. There is a consensus that accelerated apoptosis of circulating lymphocytes and/or impaired clearance of apoptotic bodies may increase the amount of nuclear antigens presented to T lymphocytes. This process is accompanied by autoimmune responses that can lead to the development of lupus. The dysfunction of apoptosis may be a direct consequence of alterations in proteins/genes such as Fas, Bcl-2 and C1q. Increased expression of Fas antigen could intensify the exposure of hidden antigens. The overexpression of Bcl-2 protein might inhibit the removal of auto-reactive cells, and the lack of C1q could impair the clearance of self-antigens. The complete knowledge of the role of apoptosis components in the etiopathogenesis of lupus could lead to the development of new therapies targeting the apoptotic threshold, which could result in a more specific and effective disease response compared to global immunosuppression. This review summarizes the role of each component of the apoptotic process in the pathogenesis of lupus.

PDIA3, HSPA5 and vimentin, proteins identified by 2-DE in the valvular tissue, are the target antigens of peripheral and heart infiltrating T cells from chronic rheumatic heart disease patients.

Rheumatic fever (RF) is a post-infectious autoimmune disease due to sequel of group A streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis. Rheumatic heart disease (RHD), the major manifestation of RF, is characterized by inflammation of heart valves and myocardium. Molecular mimicry between GAS antigens and host proteins has been shown at B and T cell level. However the identification of the autoantigens recognized by B and T cells within the inflammatory microenvironment of heart tissue in patients with RHD is still incompletely elucidated. In the present study, we used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry to identify valvular tissue proteins target of T cells from chronic RHD patients. We could identify three proteins recognized by heart infiltrating and peripheral T cells as protein disulfide isomerase ER-60 precursor (PDIA3), 78kD glucose-regulated protein precursor (HSPA5) and vimentin, with coverage of 45%, 43 and 34%, respectively. These proteins were recognized in a proliferation assay by peripheral and heart infiltrating T cells from RHD patients suggesting that they may be involved in the autoimmune reactions that leads to valve damage. We also observed that several other proteins isolated by 2-DE but not identified by mass spectrometry were also recognized by T cells. The identified cardiac proteins are likely relevant antigens involved in T cell-mediated autoimmune responses in RF/RHD that may contribute to the development of RHD.

Understanding systemic lupus erythematosus physiopathology in the light of primary immunodeficiencies.

INTRODUCTION: Associations between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) were analyzed to gain insight into the physiopathology of SLE. Some PIDs have been consistently associated with SLE or lupus-like manifestations: (a) homozygous deficiencies of the early components of the classical complement pathway in the following decreasing order: in C1q, 93% of affected patients developed SLE; in C4, 75%; in C1r/s, 57%; and in C2, up to 25%; (b) female carriers of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease allele; and (c) IgA deficiency, present in around 5% of juvenile SLE. DISCUSSION: In the first two groups, disturbances of cellular waste-disposal have been proposed as the main mechanisms of pathogenesis. On the other hand and very interestingly, there are PIDs systematically associated with several autoimmune manifestations in which SLE has not been described, such as autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked (IPEX), and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), suggesting that mechanisms considered as critical players for induction and maintenance of tolerance to autoantigens, such as (1) AIRE-mediated thymic negative selection of lymphocytes, (2) Foxp3+ regulatory T cell-mediated peripheral tolerance, and (3) deletion of auto-reactive lymphocytes by Fas-mediated apoptosis, could not be relevant in SLE physiopathology. The non-description of SLE and neither the most characteristic SLE clinical features among patients with agammaglobulinemia are also interesting observations, which reinforce the essential role of B lymphocytes and antibodies for SLE pathogenesis. CONCLUSION: Therefore, monogenic PIDs represent unique and not fully explored human models for unraveling components of the conundrum represented by the physiopathology of SLE, a prototypical polygenic disease.

Autoinflammatory diseases: mimics of autoimmunity or part of its spectrum? Case presentation.

INTRODUCTION: Autoinflammatory diseases are very rare diseases presenting within a wide clinical spectrum. Recognition of the main clinical features are challenging due to overlapping or mimicking with autoimmune diseases. DISCUSSION: A case series is reviewed to illustrate typical and atypical features and the difficulties of these diagnoses in the low prevalence areas--a typical unrecognized case of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) in a youngster, an atypical adult case with overlapping of FMF with Behçet disease, and an early presentation of FMF in infant presenting with inflammatory colitis, as well as the overlapping features within the cryopirin diseases spectrum in an 8-year-old boy who presented with systemic onset arthritis. CONCLUSION: These cases may represent examples of a very puzzling relationship among disorders of innate and adaptive immune systems and inflammation.

Increased Fas and Bcl-2 expression on peripheral mononuclear cells from patients with active juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: To determine expressions of Fas and Bcl-2 on peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes from patients with juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE). METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with JSLE and 21 healthy controls were studied. Eleven JSLE patients with SLEDAI score >or= 8 were categorized as active. Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stained for lymphocyte markers CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD19 and for Fas and Bcl-2 molecules. Cell protein expression was measured by 3-color flow cytometry. RESULTS: Percentages of lymphocytes positively stained for Fas antigen and cytoplasmic expression of Bcl-2 measured by mean fluorescence intensity from patients were significantly increased compared to controls on CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells. Patients with active disease had higher percentages of CD19+ B cells positive for Fas antigen compared to patients with inactive lupus. A direct statistical correlation was observed between Fas and Bcl-2 expression on CD19+ B cells and SLE Disease Activity Index score. CONCLUSION: Patients with juvenile-onset SLE show upregulation of apoptosis-related proteins. Patients with active and inactive disease have a different profile of Fas and Bcl-2 expression.

Análise retrospectiva de 5 anos dos padrões de utilização do infliximab num hospital terciário em São Paulo, Brasil / A retrospective 5-year analysis of the infliximab use pattern in a tertiary hospital in São Paulo, Brazil

O objetivo foi analizar o uso e a eficácia do tratamento com infliximab no HIAE de 2001 a 2006. O método utilizado foi o questionário respondido por clínicos que prescreveram infliximab. Os dados clínicos de cada paciente foram encaminhados pelo reumatologista responsável segundo padrões individuais. A principal razão para a prescrição do infliximab foi falha na resposta a outras drogas anti-reumáticas que modificam a doença. Foi definido como escalada no tratamentoo aumento e/ou diminuição no intervalo entre as infusões de infliximab (intervalo interinfusional). Resultados: A duração média do tratamento foi 78 ± 54 semanas. A maioria dos que abandonaram a terapia o fizeram nos primeiros dois anos devido principalmente à ausência/perda de eficácia. O tempo do tratamento dos que ainda tomaram infliximab foi 92 ± 23 semanas. Ajustes de dose foram freqüentes, a maioria com aumento, porém alguns pacientes toleraram aumento do intervalo interinfusional.Estes dados confirmam a eficácia de infliximab para tratamento das artrites inflamatórias. Aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes desistiram do tratamento e um terço necessitou de ajuste de dose. Alguns pacientes toleraram um maior espaçamento entre as doses.

Tratamento clínico da febre reumática / Clinical treatment of rheumatic fever

O tratamento de pacientes com febre reumática compreende três fases: a profilaxia primária ou erradicação dos estreptococos da orofaringe, o tratamento sintomático das manifestações clínicas, e a profilaxia secundária ou prevenção de novos surtos. Para a profilaxia primária, a droga de escolha é a penicilina; em pacientes alérgicos à penicilina, a primeira opção é a eritromicina. As vantagens da penicilina benzatina são enfatizadas e a utilização de outros antibióticos como as cefalosporinas e azitromicina deve ser evitada, pelo risco de desenvolvimento de resistência bacteriana. A artrite da febre reumática deve ser tratada com antiinflamatórios não-hormonais, como o ácido acetilsalicílico e o naproxeno, durante quatro a seis semanas. A cardite deve ser tratada com prednisona na dose inicial de 2 mg/kg/dia, com reduções progressivas, dependentes da evolução, até completar 12 semanas. O uso de corticosteróides por via oral ou parenteral e de gamaglobulina não interfere no prognóstico da cardite. Para o tratamento da coréia utilizam-se o haloperidol ou os valproatos. Os barbitúricos, a prednisona em altas doses e a carbamazepina apresentam eficácias comparáveis. A profilaxia secundária deve ser realizada com a penicilina benzatina e, nos casos de alergia à penicilina, com a sulfadiazina ou a eritromicina. Doses de 1.200.000 U devem ser recomendadas e administradas a cada três semanas. A profilaxia secundária deve se estender até os 18 anos ou, no mínimo, durante cinco anos em pacientes sem cardite. A presença de cardite indica a profilaxia durante a vida inteira ou pelo menos até os 25 anos e no mínimo durante dez anos.

[Macrophage activation syndrome associated with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis]. / Síndrome de ativação macrofágica associada com artrite idiopática juvenil sistêmica.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of macrophage activation syndrome associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. DESCRIPTION: This is a retrospective study involving 462 patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Seven (1.5%) of those patients suffered from systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis and developed macrophage activation syndrome. The median age of the juvenile idiopathic arthritis onset was 3 years and 10 months and the median duration of juvenile idiopathic arthritis before macrophage activation syndrome was 8 years and 4 months. All of them presented with fever, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, bleeding, pancytopenia, abnormal liver function tests and abnormal coagulation profile. Three cases presented associated infections and one patient developed macrophage activation syndrome two weeks after the administration of sulfasalazine. Three patients died and the macrophage hemophagocytosis was present in five. The treatment of macrophage activation syndrome included pulse therapy with methylprednisolone in all of them, cyclosporine A in three, plasma exchange in two and intravenous immunoglobulin in two. COMMENTS: Macrophage activation syndrome is a complication of the systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis with a high morbidity and mortality rate.

Síndrome de ativação macrofágica associada com artrite idiopática juvenil sistêmica / Macrophage activation syndrome associated with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis

OBJETIVO: Descrever as características da síndrome de ativação macrofágica associada a artrite idiopática juvenil. DESCRIÇÃO DOS CASOS: Foram analisados retrospectivamente os prontuários de 462 pacientes com artrite idiopática juvenil. Destes, sete (1,5 por cento) pacientes desenvolveram síndrome de ativação macrofágica; todos tinham a forma sistêmica da doença. A mediana de idade de início da artrite idiopática juvenil foi de 3 anos e 10 meses, e a mediana do tempo de duração da artrite idiopática juvenil antes da síndrome de ativação macrofágica foi de 8 anos e 4 meses. Todos os pacientes apresentaram febre, icterícia, hepatoesplenomegalia, sangramentos, pancitopenia e elevação das enzimas hepáticas e dos tempos de coagulação e bilirrubina direta. Três casos apresentaram infecções associadas e um caso desenvolveu a síndrome de ativação macrofágica 2 semanas após a introdução de sulfasalazina. Três pacientes morreram. Proliferação macrofágica e hemofagocitose foram evidenciadas em cinco. A terapêutica da síndrome de ativação macrofágica incluiu pulsoterapia com metilprednisolona em todos, ciclosporina em três, plasmaférese em dois e gamaglobulina endovenosa em dois. COMENTARIOS: A síndrome de ativação macrofágica é uma complicação da artrite idiopática juvenil sistêmica com alta morbidade e mortalidade.

Nitric oxide-derived species in synovial fluid from patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate superoxide anion (O2-), nitrite/nitrate (NO2-/NO3-), and nitrotyrosine (NT) production and the contribution of myeloperoxidase (MPO) to the production of NT-containing proteins in the synovial fluid (SF) of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The affected tissues in inflammatory arthritis produce large amounts of nitric oxide (NO) or peroxynitrite (ONOO-) but there are no reports of NO or ONOO- participation in JIA. We also attempted to correlate our findings with variables of disease activity and articular damage. METHODS: We analyzed 40 patients with JIA, mean age 12.7 years, mean disease duration 7.8 years. O2- production was measured by cytochrome C reduction after incubation of 106 synovial fluid (SF) cells with or without phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) or opsonized zymosan. SF and serum NO2-/NO3- levels were measured by Griess reaction; NT was detected by Western blot. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was estimated spectrophotometrically. Clinical and laboratory variables [erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C reactive protein (CRP), and radiological score] and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were evaluated. RESULTS: NO2-/NO3- production was greatly enhanced in the joints of JIA patients (54.6 +/- 3.2 micro M) when compared with serum (13.9 +/- 0.6 micro M; p < 0.001). NO2-/NO3- levels in SF were positively correlated with the number of infiltrating lymphomononuclear cells. NT-modified proteins detected in the SF showed a high correlation with radiological score, disease duration, CRP, and IL-6. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm the increased oxidative stress in children with JIA, suggesting a high in situ production of NO. The positive correlation between the expression of NT-modified proteins and variables of disease activity and damage is additional evidence that nitrogen and oxygen species may be involved in the joint destruction seen in patients with JIA.

Antiphospholipid antibodies in 57 children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequencies and behavior of antiphospholipid antibodies in 57 children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus. METHODS: Anticardiolipin antibodies were investigated by ELISA and lupus anticoagulant antibodies by the international tests recommended. The antiphospholipid antibodies analyses were performed in frozen samples (mean of 5.3 samples per patient obtained during a mean follow-up period of 3 years and 7 months) and on blood samples collected between January 1997 and November 1998 (mean of 2.5 samples per patient during a 2-year follow-up period). RESULTS: The frequencies of antiphospholipid antibodies (anticardiolipin and lupus anticoagulant) were similar in the samples collected prospectively and in the frozen samples (retrospective study): 63.2% and 75.4% respectively. Positivity for these antibodies fluctuated during the follow-up period and was not associated with any clinical or laboratory parameters of lupus erythematosus, including autoantibodies and also including disease activity and/or severity scores. CONCLUSIONS: The frequencies of antiphospholipid antibodies in children and adolescents with lupus erythematosus were similar to those observed in adults. The positivity fluctuated during the follow-up and was not correlated with clinical and/or laboratory disease parameters.

Inter- and intrareader variability in the interpretation of two radiographic classification systems for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the inter- and intrareader variability for interpretation of a modified Larsen's radiographic classification system for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) focused on osteochondral lesions and a conventional Larsen's classification system, compared to a reference MR scoring system of corresponding images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-five radiographs of 60 children with JRA, performed within a short interval of time from the MR examinations, were independently evaluated by three experienced radiologists, three diagnostic imaging residents and three rheumatologists, in two separate sessions, according to the two different classification methods, blinded to the corresponding MR images. RESULTS: The inter- and intrareader concordance rates between the two radiographic classification systems and the MR-related radiographs were respectively poor and poor/moderate. The interobserver range of weighted kappa values for the conventional and the modified Larsen's system respectively was 0.25-0.37 vs 0.19-0.39 for radiologists, 0.25-0.37 vs 0.18-0.30 for residents and 0.19-0.51 vs 0.17-0.29 for rheumatologists. The intrareader rate ranged from 0.17-0.55 for radiologists, 0.2-0.56 for residents, and 0.14-0.59 for rheumatologists. CONCLUSION: Although the proposal of a new radiographic classification system for JRA focused on osteochondral abnormalities sounds promising, the low inter- and intrareader concordance rates with an MR-related radiographic system makes the clinical applicability of such a radiographic system less suitable.

Fibrodisplasia ossificante progressiva (FOP) em crianças: relato de três casos / Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive (FOP) in children: report of three cases

Fibrodisplasia ossificante progressiva (FOP) é uma doença do tecido conectivo associada com ossificação endocondral, levando à imobilização permanente. Os autores descrevem as manifestações clínicas, alterações laboratoriais, achados radiológicos e terapêuticas utilizadas em três crianças com diagnóstico de FOP. O diagnóstico de FOP foi estabelecido quando o paciente apresentava malformações congênitas (hipoplasia de háluces e polegares e hálux valgus) associadas à ossificação de músculos estriados. Dois pacientes foram submetidos a biópsia cutânea e muscular. A idade do início da doença variou de 6 meses a 11 anos (mediana = 2 anos); dois pacientes eram do sexo feminino. Edema inicial ocorreu em todos os pacientes e precedeu as assificações em todos os casos. Uma paciente evoluiu para imobilização permanente, após trauma (necessitando de cadeira de rodas). Não foram observadas alterações laboratoriais nos três pacientes. Um paciente apresentou doença pulmonar restritiva e dois casos evoluíram com litíase renal. As biópsias cutâneas e muscular realizadas em dois casos mostraram fibromatose, e cursaram com ossificação no local da incisão cirúrgica. Apesar da terapêutica instituída (colchicina, EDTA, alendronato e/ou metrotrexato), todos os pacientes evoluíram com novas ossificações. Edema pode ser uma manifestação inicial de FOP. O diagnóstico é clínico e radiológico, devendo-se evitar traumas e biópsias para prevenir novas ossificações. Nenhum medicamento foi eficaz nesses pacientes

Antiphospholipid antibodies in 57 children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequencies and behavior of antiphospholipid antibodies in 57 children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus. METHODS: Anticardiolipin antibodies were investigated by ELISA and lupus anticoagulant antibodies by the international tests recommended. The antiphospholipid antibodies analyses were performed in frozen samples (mean of 5.3 samples per patient obtained during a mean follow-up period of 3 years and 7 months) and on blood samples collected between January 1997 and November 1998 (mean of 2.5 samples per patient during a 2-year follow-up period). RESULTS: The frequencies of antiphospholipid antibodies (anticardiolipin and lupus anticoagulant) were similar in the samples collected prospectively and in the frozen samples (retrospective study): 63.2 percent and 75.4 percent respectively. Positivity for these antibodies fluctuated during the follow-up period and was not associated with any clinical or laboratory parameters of lupus erythematosus, including autoantibodies and also including disease activity and/or severity scores. CONCLUSIONS: The frequencies of antiphospholipid antibodies in children and adolescents with lupus erythematosus were similar to those observed in adults. The positivity fluctuated during the follow-up and was not correlated with clinical and/or laboratory disease parameters

Analysis of human leukocyte antigens class II-DR in Brazilian children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the frequency of human leukocyte antigens class II-DR in children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-fiveBrazilian systemic lupus erythematosus children and adolescents and 308 healthy individuals were studied. Gender, race, and age of onset of systemic lupus erythematosus were recorded. The human leukocyte antigens typing of class II-DR was carried out by polymerase chain reaction amplification with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). Data were analyzed statistically using the chi square test with Yates' correction, Fisher's exact test, and Bonferroni's correction. RESULTS: Human leukocyte antigen-DR 15 was the most frequently detected antigen in this group of children and adolescents, and it also occurred more frequently in the female group, in children with onset of systemic lupus erythematosus between 0 and 9 years and between 10 to 14 years, and in the Black race group, but these associations were not statistically significants. CONCLUSION: In this group of children and adolescents with a high degree of racial admixture, we could not verify a significant association between human leukocyte antigens class II-DR and systemic lupus erythematosus