Native and Non-Native Supergeneralist Bee Species Have Different Effects on Plant-Bee Networks.

Supergeneralists, defined as species that interact with multiple groups of species in ecological networks, can act as important connectors of otherwise disconnected species subsets. In Brazil, there are two supergeneralist bees: the honeybee Apis mellifera, a non-native species, and Trigona spinipes, a native stingless bee. We compared the role of both species and the effect of geographic and local factors on networks by addressing three questions: 1) Do both species have similar abundance and interaction patterns (degree and strength) in plant-bee networks? 2) Are both species equally influential to the network structure (nestedness, connectance, and plant and bee niche overlap)? 3) How are these species affected by geographic (altitude, temperature, precipitation) and local (natural vs. disturbed habitat) factors? We analyzed 21 plant-bee weighted interaction networks, encompassing most of the main biomes in Brazil. We found no significant difference between both species in abundance, in the number of plant species with which each bee species interacts (degree), and in the sum of their dependencies (strength). Structural equation models revealed the effect of A. mellifera and T. spinipes, respectively, on the interaction network pattern (nestedness) and in the similarity in bee's interactive partners (bee niche overlap). It is most likely that the recent invasion of A. mellifera resulted in its rapid settlement inside the core of species that retain the largest number of interactions, resulting in a strong influence on nestedness. However, the long-term interaction between native T. spinipes and other bees most likely has a more direct effect on their interactive behavior. Moreover, temperature negatively affected A. mellifera bees, whereas disturbed habitats positively affected T. spinipes. Conversely, precipitation showed no effect. Being positively (T. spinipes) or indifferently (A. mellifera) affected by disturbed habitats makes these species prone to pollinate plant species in these areas, which are potentially poor in pollinators.

Structure of bee-flower system in the coastal sand dune of Abaeté, northeastern Brazil

As interacões entre abelhas e flores foram investigadas três vezes por mês, durante doze meses (entre janeiro a dezembro de 1996) em um ambiente de dunas litorâneas com vegetacão de restinga no Nordeste do Brasil. Foram amostrados 3983 indivíduos de abelhas pertencentes a 49 espécies, agrupadas em 13 categorias morfo-funcionais. Essas visitaram 66 espécies de plantas pertencentes a 39 famílias vegetais. Trezentos e dez (310) interacões entre abelhas e plantas, em nível de espécie foram observadas. O uso de recursos florais por abelhas não foi homogêneo, a maioria das espécies de plantas recebeu um baixo número de visitantes. Não foi notada nenhuma relacão especializada, em nível de espécie, entre plantas e abelhas no subconjunto de interacões analisadas. Em Abaeté, houve predominância de relacões de generalistas.

Diversidade e sazonalidade de abelhas solitárias (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) em dunas litorâneas no nordeste do Brasil / Solitary bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in tropical sand dune: diversity and phyenology

The community structure of cavities-nesting solitary bees species was systematically investigated over two years, from May/97 to April/99, in a fragment of tropical sand dune, Salvador, Bahia (12°56'S; 38°21'W), Northeast of Brazil. Trap nests were placed randomly in the area, in blocks with 16 nests, with variable diameter at a height of 1.5 m. Traps were inspected each 15 days. Seven bee species established 62 nests. Two species were predominant in the area, Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith (58% of the total of established nests) followed by Euplusia musitans Fabricius (31%). In general, bees' abundance showed seasonal fluctuations. The total frequencies of nesting varied between the two years of sampling. The two predominant species presented different seasonal patterns. There were always trap nests available in the field for the bees. Just 14% of the available nests were occupied.

A estrutura da comunidade das espécies de abelhas que nidificam em cavidades pré-existentes foi sistematicamente investigada por um período de dois anos (maio/97 a abril/99), em um fragmento de dunas litorâneas na Area de Proteção Ambiental das Lagoas e Dunas de Abaeté, Salvador, Bahia (12°56'S; 38°21'W). A técnica de amostragem utilizada foi a de ninhos-armadilha, distribuídos no campo ao acaso, em blocos com 16 ninhos, com diâmetros variáveis, à altura de 1,5 m do solo. Os ninhos eram inspecionados quinzenalmente. Foram fundados 62 ninhos pertencentes a sete espécies de abelhas. Duas espécies predominaram na área, Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith (58% do total de ninhos fundados), seguida por Euplusia musitans Fabricius (315). Em geral, houve flutuação sazonal nas abundâncias de abelhas e variação nas freqüências totais de nidificação entre os dois anos de amostragem. As duas espécies predominantes apresentaram diferentes padrões sazonais. Houve sempre ninhos-armadilha disponíveis no campo para as abelhas, que usaram apenas 14% do total oferecido.