Correlation of Imaging and Hemodynamic Findings with Clinical Outcomes for Diagnosis of Left Renal Vein Compression Syndrome.

PURPOSE: Left renal vein compression syndrome (LRVCS) remains a challenging diagnosis. This study aimed to correlate imaging and hemodynamic findings with clinical outcomes for patients with LRVCS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 66 renal venography procedures with or without intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was performed from 2017 to 2023 at a single institution. Patients with prior LRVCS treatment or other indications were excluded (n = 11). Primary outcome measure was correlation of catheter-based endovascular (CBE) findings with clinical outcomes (n = 55). Secondary outcome measures included correlation of CBE findings and LRV (i.e., beak) angle > 32°, beak sign, aortomesenteric angle (AMA < 41°), and hilar-to-aortomesenteric ratio (HTAMR ≥ 4.9) on cross sectional imaging. Descriptive statistics, chi-square testing, and ROC analyses were used. RESULTS: Of the 55 patients, 52 (94.5%) were females (median age 31, range 14-72) and 56.4% (n = 31) had a diagnosis of LRVCS on CBE evaluation. A renocaval pressure gradient of ≥ 3 mmHg, presence of collaterals, and > 50% area stenosis on IVUS were significantly associated with CBE diagnosis of LRVCS (p < 0.001). Surgical treatment (renal autotransplantation or LRV transposition) was recommended to all patients with CBE diagnosis of LRVCS (n = 31). 81.2% (18/22) of patients who underwent surgery reported symptom resolution or improvement. When the cross sectional imaging measurements were compared with CBE evaluation, AMA was the most sensitive (100%), HTAMR and beak sign were highly specific (93.3%), and beak angle was the most predictive (77.4% sensitivity; 86.7% specificity). CONCLUSION: CBE diagnosis of LRVCS was highly predictive of surgical candidacy and post-surgical symptom resolution. The presence of collaterals, > 50% area stenosis on IVUS, or a renocaval pressure gradient ≥ 3 mmHg had a significant association with a CBE diagnosis of LRVCS.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Management of Uterine Fibroids: 2023 Update.

Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumor in women of reproductive age and can present with symptoms including bleeding, bulk related symptoms, and infertility. Several treatment options are available for the management of uterine fibroids, including medical management, minimally invasive therapies such as uterine artery embolization and MR-guided focused ultrasound ablation, and surgical interventions ranging from laparoscopic myomectomy to open hysterectomy. Given this wide range of therapeutic interventions, it is important to understand the data supporting these interventions and to be able to apply it in different clinical settings. This document provides a summary of recent trials supporting various therapies for uterine fibroids, including recent evidence for MR-guided focused ultrasound ablation and a detailed discussion of fertility outcomes in myomectomy and uterine fibroid embolization. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where peer reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Management of uterine fibroids: 2023 update

Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumor in women of reproductive age and can present with symptoms including bleeding, bulk related symptoms, and infertility. Several treatment options are available for the management of uterine fibroids, including medical management, minimally invasive therapies such as uterine artery embolization and MR-guided focused ultrasound ablation, and surgical interventions ranging from laparoscopic myomectomy to open hysterectomy. Given this wide range of therapeutic interventions, it is important to understand the data supporting these interventions and to be able to apply it in different clinical settings. This document provides a summary of recent trials supporting various therapies for uterine fibroids, including recent evidence for MR-guided focused ultrasound ablation and a detailed discussion of fertility outcomes in myomectomy and uterine fibroid embolization. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where peer reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

Percutaneous Microwave Ablation for Treatment of Retroperitoneal Tumors.

Purpose To determine if microwave ablation (MWA) of retroperitoneal tumors can safely provide high rates of local tumor control. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included 19 patients (median age, 65 years [range = 46-78 years]; 13 [68.4%] men and six [31.6%] women) with 29 retroperitoneal tumors treated over 22 MWA procedures. Hydrodissection (0.9% saline with 2% iohexol) was injected in 17 of 22 (77.3%) procedures to protect nontarget anatomy. The primary outcomes evaluated were local tumor progression (LTP) and complication rates. Oncologic outcomes, including overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and treatment-free interval (TFI), were examined as secondary outcome measures. Results Median follow-up was 18 months (range = 0.5-113). Hydrodissection was successful in displacing nontarget anatomy in 16 of 17 (94.1%) procedures. The LTP rate was 3.4% (one of 29; 95% CI: 0.1, 17.8) per tumor and 5.3% (one of 19; 95% CI: 0.1, 26.0) per patient. The overall complication rate per patient was 15.8% (three of 19), including two minor complications and one major complication. The OS rate at 1, 2, and 3 years was 81.8%, 81.8%, and 72.7%, respectively, with a median OS estimated at greater than 7 years. There was no evidence of a difference in OS (P = .34) and PFS (P = .56) between patients with renal cell carcinoma (six of 19 [31.6%]) versus other tumors (13 of 19 [68.4%]) and patients treated with no evidence of disease (15 of 22 [68.2%]) versus patients with residual tumors (seven of 22 [31.8%]). Median TFI was 18 months (range = 0.5-108). Conclusion Treatment of retroperitoneal tumors with MWA combined with hydrodissection provided high rates of local control, prolonged systemic therapy-free intervals, and few serious complications. Keywords: Ablation Techniques (ie, Radiofrequency, Thermal, Chemical), Retroperitoneum, Microwave Ablation, Hydrodissection © RSNA, 2024.

MR Lymphangiography in Lymphatic Disorders: Clinical Applications, Institutional Experience, and Practice Development.

Lymphatic flow and anatomy can be challenging to study, owing to variable lymphatic anatomy in patients with diverse primary or secondary lymphatic pathologic conditions and the fact that lymphatic imaging is rarely performed in healthy individuals. The primary components of the lymphatic system outside the head and neck are the peripheral, retroperitoneal, mesenteric, hepatic, and pulmonary lymphatic systems and the thoracic duct. Multiple techniques have been developed for imaging components of the lymphatic system over the past century, with trade-offs in spatial, temporal, and contrast resolution; invasiveness; exposure to ionizing radiation; and the ability to obtain information on dynamic lymphatic flow. More recently, dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MR lymphangiography (MRL) has emerged as a valuable tool for imaging both lymphatic flow and anatomy in a variety of congenital and acquired primary or secondary lymphatic disorders. The authors provide a brief overview of lymphatic physiology, anatomy, and imaging techniques. Next, an overview of DCE MRL and the development of an MRL practice and workflow in a hybrid interventional MRI suite incorporating cart-based in-room US is provided, with an emphasis on multidisciplinary collaboration. The spectrum of congenital and acquired lymphatic disorders encountered early in an MRL practice is provided, with emphasis on the diversity of imaging findings and how DCE MRL can aid in diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Methods such as DCE MRL for assessing the hepatic and mesenteric lymphatic systems and emerging technologies that may further expand DCE MRL use such as three-dimensional printing are introduced. ©RSNA, 2024 Test Your Knowledge questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.

CT Navigation for Percutaneous Needle Placement: How I Do It.

CT navigation (CTN) has recently been developed to combine many of the advantages of conventional CT and CT-fluoroscopic guidance for needle placement. CTN systems display real-time needle position superimposed on a CT dataset. This is accomplished by placing electromagnetic (EM) or optical transmitters/sensors on the patient and needle, combined with fiducials placed within the scan field to superimpose a known needle location onto a CT dataset. Advantages of CTN include real-time needle tracking using a contemporaneous CT dataset with the patient in the treatment position, reduced radiation to the physician, facilitation of procedures outside the gantry plane, fewer helical scans during needle placement, and needle guidance based on diagnostic-quality CT datasets. Limitations include the display of a virtual (vs actual) needle position, which can be inaccurate if the needle bends, the fiducial moves, or patient movement occurs between scans, and limitations in anatomical regions with a high degree of motion such as the lung bases. This review summarizes recently introduced CTN technologies in comparison to historical methods of CT needle guidance. A "How I do it" section follows, which describes how CT navigation has been integrated into the study center for both routine and challenging procedures, and includes step-by-step explanations, technical tips, and pitfalls.

A Comparison of Histotripsy and Percutaneous Cryoablation in a Chronic Healthy Swine Kidney Model.

PURPOSE: To compare the safety and efficacy of histotripsy with cryoablation in a chronic human-scale normal porcine kidney model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen female domestic swine were divided evenly into histotripsy and cryoablation treatment arms. A planned 2-3 cm diameter treatment was performed under ultrasound (histotripsy) or ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) guidance (cryoablation). Contrast-enhanced CT and serum blood analysis were performed immediately postprocedure and on day 7, with either immediate killing (n = 3) or continued survival to day 30 (n = 6), at which time contrast-enhanced CT, serum blood analysis, and necropsy were performed. Animal welfare, treatment zone appearance, procedure-related adverse events, and histopathology of the treatment zones and surrounding tissues were assessed. RESULTS: Histotripsy treatment zones (mean ±standard deviation diameters, 2.7 ± 0.12 × 2.4 ± 0.19 × 2.4 ± 0.26 cm; volume, 8.3 ± 1.9 cm3) were larger than cryoablation zones (mean diameters, 2.2 ± 0.19 × 1.9 ± 0.13 × 1.7 ± 0.19 cm; volume, 3.9 ± 0.8 cm3; P < .001). At 30 days, histotripsy and cryoablation treatment zone volumes decreased by 96% and 83% on CT, respectively (P < .001). Perirenal hematomas were present after 8 of 9 (89%) cryoablation (mean volume, 22.2 cm3) and 1 of 9 (11%, P < .001) histotripsy (volume, 0.4 cm3) procedures, with active arterial extravasation in 4 of 9 (44%) cryoablation and no histotripsy animals (P = .206). All 9 histotripsy animals and 5 of 9 (56%) cryoablation animals had collecting system debris (P = .042). Changes in serum creatinine were similar between the groups (P = .321). CONCLUSIONS: Other than a higher rate of bleeding after cryoablation, the safety and early efficacy of histotripsy and cryoablation were comparable for creating treatment zones in a chronic normal porcine kidney model.

Percutaneous MR Imaging-Guided Laser Ablation for the Treatment of Symptomatic Cervicofacial Vascular Malformations.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of percutaneous magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-guided laser ablation for the treatment of symptomatic soft tissue vascular malformations (VMs) in the face and neck. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An institutional review board-approved retrospective review was undertaken of all consecutive patients who underwent MR imaging-guided and monitored laser ablation for treatment of symptomatic, cervicofacial soft tissue VM. Preablation and postablation MR imaging findings were independently reviewed. Preablation and postablation VM sizes were documented. Preablation T2 signal characteristics and enhancement patterns as well as postablation change in both signal and enhancement were semiquantitatively assessed. Changes in VM size were compared using a paired t test. RESULTS: Thirteen patients (women, 9; age, 14.5-69.5 years) with 13 VMs were treated for moderate-to-severe pain (n = 4), swelling/mass effect (n = 8), or predominantly cosmesis (n = 1) with 22 total ablation sessions. The baseline maximum VM diameter was 5.7 cm ± 4.2. At baseline, all VMs (100%) demonstrated variable T2-weighted signal hyperintensity and enhancement. For painful VM, the baseline pain score was 8 ± 1. Clinical follow-up was available for 10 patients. Of patients with available follow-up, 3 (100%) treated for moderate-to-severe pain and 7 (100%) treated for swelling/mass effect reported subjective complete or partial symptomatic relief. The patient treated predominantly for cosmetic reasons was lost to follow-up. Two patients (15.4%) experienced minor adverse events by the Society of Interventional Radiology standards. There were no major adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: MR imaging-guided and monitored percutaneous laser ablation is safe and effective for the treatment of symptomatic, cervicofacial VMs.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Fibroids.

Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas or myomas) are the most common neoplasm of the uterus. Though incompletely understood, fibroid etiology is multifactorial, a combination of genetic alterations and endocrine, autocrine, environmental, and other factors such as race, age, parity, and body mass index. Black women have greater than an 80% incidence of fibroids by age 50, whereas White women have an incidence approaching 70%. Fibroid symptoms are protean, and menorrhagia is most frequent. The societal economic burden of symptomatic fibroids is large, 5.9 to 34.3 billion dollars annually. There are a variety of treatment options for women with symptomatic fibroids ranging from medical therapy to hysterectomy. Myomectomy and uterine fibroid embolization are the most common uterine sparing therapies. Pelvic ultrasound (transabdominal and transvaginal) with Doppler and MRI with and without intravenous contrast are the best imaging modalities for the initial diagnosis of fibroids, the initial treatment of known fibroids, and for surveillance or posttreatment imaging. The ACR Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer-reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances in which peer-reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Management of Liver Cancer: 2022 Update.

The treatment and management of hepatic malignancies can be complex because it encompasses a variety of primary and metastatic malignancies and an assortment of local and systemic treatment options. When to use each of these treatments is critical to ensure the most appropriate care for patients. Interventional radiologists have a key role to play in the delivery of a variety of liver directed treatments including percutaneous ablation, transarterial embolization with bland embolic particles alone, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) with injection of a chemotherapeutic emulsion, and transarterial radioembolization (TARE). Based on 9 clinical variants, the appropriateness of each treatment is described in this document. The ACR Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances in which peer reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

Intravascular US: Applications in Interventional Radiology.

Interventional radiology applications of intravascular US (IVUS) continue to expand, complementing intraprocedural angiography and providing a unique vantage from which to guide endovascular interventions. Vascular pathologic conditions become sonographically visualized rather than inferred from the planar appearance of the opacified vascular lumen. Perivascular targets become sonographically visualized rather than approximated on the basis of fluoroscopic landmarks. The authors introduce broad categories of IVUS catheters, namely radial and side-firing varieties, as well as prevailing options for each and their technical specifications. Common applications within interventional radiology are covered in a systems approach, including deep venous thrombosis, May-Thurner syndrome, nutcracker syndrome, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts, aortic interventions, peripheral arterial disease, and endovascular or perivascular biopsy. Discussions are accompanied by technical pearls from the authors, and summarized evidence where IVUS has been shown to reduce procedural time, intravascular contrast agent dose, radiation exposure, and morbidity in each space is presented. Finally, emerging applications and future directions are discussed. ©RSNA, 2022.

Evaluation of Changing Vena Cava Filter Use and Inpatient Hospital Mortality from 2016-2019: A Single-Institution Quality Improvement Project.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the changing trends of vena cava filter (VCF) insertion and determine whether changes in VCF use affected inpatient mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A quality improvement project at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, tracks the type and reason for VCF insertions from January 1, 2016, through December 31, 2019, to facilitate appropriate retrieval. The rate of VCF insertions was compared with inpatient mortality rates, normalized for patient volumes using the number of hospital inpatient discharges. RESULTS: A total of 698 VCFs were placed in 695 patients: 2016 (n=243), 2017 (n=156), 2018 (n=156), and 2019 (n=120). The rate of VCF insertions (per 1000 inpatient discharges) was 4.02 in 2016, 2.91 in 2017, 2.54 in 2018, and 1.93 in 2019. Mean ± SD age at placement was 62±16.4 years and 59.2% (413/698) were men. Most VCFs were retrievable (85.1%; 594/698) and were placed for treatment (78.4%; 547/698) indications (acute venous thromboembolism within 3 months). The rate of VCF insertions was compared with the inpatient mortality rate (per 100 inpatient discharges) and remained stable (1.83 in 2016, 1.79 in 2017, 1.83 in 2018, and 1.76 in 2019) despite the significant decline in VCF use. CONCLUSION: Data from this quality improvement study demonstrate a reduction of more than 50% in the use of VCFs from 2016 through 2019 at a large academic hospital. These changes are difficult to attribute to any single change in clinical use and there was no appreciable increase in the inpatient hospital mortality rate associated with this decrease in VCF filter use.

Evaluation of Outcomes Following Pulmonary Artery Stenting in Fibrosing Mediastinitis.

PURPOSE: Fibrosing mediastinitis is a rare disease characterized by fibrosis of mediastinal structures with subsequent constriction of the bronchi and pulmonary vessels leading to potential respiratory compromise and death. Presently, there is no effective curative treatment with available treatments focused on reducing symptomology, including placement of pulmonary artery stents. Limited studies examine the use of stents in fibrosing mediastinitis. Given this knowledge gap, we assessed stent patency, hemodynamics, complications, and secondary outcomes of clinical improvement of pulmonary artery stenting for fibrosing mediastinitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine patients with fibrosing mediastinitis and pulmonary artery stents were retrospectively identified for inclusion (six females, three males; mean age 44.17 years, range 13-68; total 13 primary stents) from 2005 to 2018. Eight patients had history of PH. All patients had dyspnea on presentation. Seven patients had ventilation/perfusion studies demonstrating impairment. Results from computed tomography and echocardiography studies were collected to assess patency and physiologic response. RESULTS: All patients received initial angioplasty and stenting of the right pulmonary artery (10 stents). Two patients underwent additional left-sided intervention (3 stents). Stenting significantly increased lesion luminal patency (54-79%; P < 0.005) and reduced systolic pressure gradients across stenoses (mean -9.38 mmHg; P < 0.005). Primary patency at one year was 90%. Two stents received reintervention at 276 and 497 days. 89% reported improvement in dyspnea in the initial post-stenting period. There were no mortalities or major complications. CONCLUSION: Pulmonary artery stenting improves vascular patency and provides symptomatic relief in patients with fibrosing mediastinitis.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiologic Management of Gastric Varices.

Hemorrhage, resulting from gastric varies, can be challenging to treat, given the various precipitating etiologies. A wide variety of treatment options exist for managing the diverse range of the underlying disease processes. While cirrhosis is the most common cause for gastric variceal bleeding, occlusion of the portal or splenic vein in noncirrhotic states results in a markedly different treatment paradigm. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiologic Management of Infected Fluid Collections.

Infected fluid collections are common and occur in a variety of clinical scenarios throughout the body. Minimally invasive image-guided management strategies for infected fluid collections are often preferred over more invasive options, given their low rate of complications and high rates of success. However, specific clinical scenarios, anatomic considerations, and prior or ongoing treatments must be considered when determining the optimal management strategy. As such, several common scenarios relating to infected fluid collections were developed using evidence-based guidelines for management. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiologic Management of Urinary Tract Obstruction.

Acute obstructive uropathy is a medical emergency, which often is accompanied by acute renal failure or sepsis. Treatment options to resolve the acute obstructive process include conservative medical management, retrograde ureteral stenting, or placement of percutaneous nephrostomy or nephroureteral catheters. It is important to understand the various treatment options in differing clinical scenarios in order to guide appropriate consultation. Prompt attention to the underlying obstructive process is often imperative to avoid further deterioration of the patient's clinical status. A summary of the data and most up-to-date clinical trials regarding treatment options for urinary tract obstruction is outlined in this publication. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

Catheter based treatments for fibrosing mediastinitis.

Fibrosing mediastinitis is a rare, often debilitating and potentially lethal disease characterized by an exuberant fibroinflammatory response within the mediastinum. Patients typically present with insidious symptoms related to compression of adjacent structures including the esophagus, heart, airways, and cardiac vessels. Fibrosing mediastinitis is most often triggered by Histoplasmosis infection; however, antifungal and anti-inflammatory therapies are largely ineffective. While structural interventions aimed at alleviating obstruction can provide significant palliation, surgical interventions are challenging with high mortality and clinical experience with percutaneous interventions is limited. Here, we will review the presentation, natural history, and treatment of fibrosing mediastinitis, placing particular emphasis on catheter-based therapies.