HPV and lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer has emerged as a global public health problem and is the most common cause of cancer deaths by absolute cases globally. Besides tobacco, smoke infectious diseases such as human papillomavirus (HPV) might be involved in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. However, data are inconsistent due to differences in study design and HPV detection methods. AIM: A systematic meta-analysis was performed to examine the presence of HPV-infection with lung cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS: All studies in all languages were considered for the search concepts "lung cancer" and "HPV" if data specific to HPV prevalence in lung cancer tissue were given. This included Journal articles as well as abstracts and conference reports. As detection method, only HPV PCR results from fresh frozen and paraffin-embedded tissue were included. Five bibliographic databases and three registers of clinical trials including MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched through February 2020. A total 4298 publications were identified, and 78 publications were selected, resulting in 9385 included lung cancer patients. A meta-analysis of 15 case-control studies with n = 2504 patients showed a weighted overall prevalence difference of 22% (95% CI: 12%-33%; P < .001) and a weighted overall 4.7-fold (95% CI: 2.7-8.4; P < .001) increase of HPV prevalence in lung cancer patients compared to controls. Overall, HPV prevalence amounted to 13.5% being highest in Asia (16.6%), followed by America (12.8%), and Europe (7.0%). A higher HPV prevalence was found in squamous cell carcinoma (17.9%) compared to adenocarcinoma (P < .01) with significant differences in geographic patterns. HPV genotypes 16 and 18 were the most prevalent high-risk genotypes identified. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our review provides convincing evidence that HPV infection increases the risk of developing lung cancer.

Predictors of female sexual dysfunction: a systematic review and qualitative analysis through gender inequality paradigms.

BACKGROUND: Female sexual dysfunction affects 41% of reproductive-age women worldwide, making it a highly prevalent medical issue. Predictors of female sexual dysfunction are multifaceted and vary from country to country. A synthesis of potential risk factors and protective factors may aid healthcare practitioners in identifying populations at risk, in addition to revealing modifiable factors to prevent sexual dysfunction among reproductive-age women. METHODS: Observational studies which assessed the prevalence and predictors of female sexual dysfunction in reproductive-age women were systematically sought in relevant databases (2000-2014). Significant predictors were extracted from each included publication. A qualitative analysis of predictors was performed with a focus on types of sexual regimes and level of human development. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-five studies from 41 countries were included in the systematic review. The types of predictors varied according to the location of the study, the type of sexual regime and the level of gender inequality in that country/region. Consistently significant risk factors of female sexual dysfunction were: poor physical health, poor mental health, stress, abortion, genitourinary problems, female genital mutilation, relationship dissatisfaction, sexual abuse, and being religious. Consistently significant protective factors included: older age at marriage, exercising, daily affection, intimate communication, having a positive body image, and sex education. Some factors however had an unclear effect: age, education, employment, parity, being in a relationship, frequency of sexual intercourse, race, alcohol consumption, smoking and masturbation. CONCLUSIONS: The sexual and reproductive lives of women are highly impacted by female sexual dysfunction, and a number of biological, psychological and social factors play a role in the prevalence of sexual dysfunction. Healthcare professionals who work with women should be aware of the many risk factors for reproductive-age women. Future prevention strategies should aim to address modifiable factors, e.g. physical activity and access to sex education; international efforts in empowering women should continue.

Prevalence of Female Sexual Dysfunction Among Premenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiologic research in female sexual dysfunction (FSD) has gained momentum in recent years, particularly in clinical populations and in menopausal women. However, sexual dysfunction also affects premenopausal women in general populations. Previous literature reviews have been unable to quantify the burden of FSD in general populations. This has been due in part to different definitions of dysfunction, heterogeneous study design, and the wide variety of measurement tools used. AIM: To provide a meta-analytical estimate of the prevalence of FSD in premenopausal women. METHODS: Observational studies that assessed the prevalence of FSD in premenopausal women were systematically sought in relevant databases (January 2000 through July 2014). Publications that reported the prevalence rate for at least one domain of FSD were included. A meta-analysis of prevalence rates was performed and a meta-regression was used to analyze factors of study design. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Estimated prevalence rates of FSD and its domains (hypoactive sexual desire disorder, sexual aversion disorder, female sexual arousal disorder, lubrication difficulties, female orgasmic disorder, and pain disorders). RESULTS: After screening 9,292 results, 440 publications were retrieved for full-text review. Of these, 135 studies were included in the systematic review. Ninety-five of these studies were assessed further in a meta-analysis. There was substantial heterogeneity among studies. The prevalence of FSD in premenopausal women was estimated to be 40.9% (95% CI = 37.1-44.7, I2 = 99.0%). Prevalence rates of individual sexual disorders ranged from 20.6% (lubrication difficulties) to 28.2% (hypoactive sexual desire disorder). Further analyses showed significantly higher rates of FSD in studies in Africa, studies that used non-validated assessment tools, and studies without pharmaceutical funding. CONCLUSION: Prevalence estimates of FSD vary substantially. Nonetheless, results show that FSD is a significant public health problem that affects 41% of premenopausal women around the globe. More research and improved standardization are needed in this field.