Chicken egg fetal liver DNA and histopathologic effects of structurally diverse carcinogens and non-carcinogens.

Chicken egg fetal livers were evaluated for histopathological changes produced by four genotoxic hepatocarcinogens: 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), diethylnitrosamine (DEN); four structurally related non- or weakly- carcinogenic comparators: fluorene (FLU), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), benzo[e]pyrene (BeP), N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA); two epigenetic hepatocarcinogens: clofibric acid (CFA), phenobarbital (PB); and the non-carcinogen, D-mannitol (MAN). CFA, PB and MAN were also assessed for formation of DNA adducts using the 32P nucleotide postlabeling (NPL) assay and for DNA breaks using the comet assay. CFA was also assessed in enhanced comet assay for oxidative DNA damage induction. Eggs were dosed on days 9- 11 of incubation. For genotoxicity evaluation, livers were collected 3h after the last dose. Liver qualitative histopathology assessment was performed on days 12 and 18 of incubation. CFA was negative for DNA adducts but yielded clear evidence of DNA breaks due to oxidative stress. PB and MAN produced no DNA adducts or breaks. Liver to body weight ratios were not affected in most groups, but were decreased in DEN groups, and increased after PB dosing. Livers from control groups, FLU, AFB2, BeP, NDELA, CFA, and MAN groups, displayed a typical hepatocellular trabecular pattern at both time points. In contrast, the four genotoxic carcinogens induced time- and dose- related interference with fetal liver cell processes of proliferation, migration and differentiation, leading to hepatocellular and cholangiocellular pleomorphic dysplasia and re-(de-) differentiation with distortion of the trabecular pattern. In addition, dosing with the high dose of DEN produced gallbladder agenesis. PB induced hepatocellular hypertrophy, interference with migration, expressed as distortion of the trabecular pattern, and a moderate cholangiocellular dysplasia. In summary, histopathological analysis of chicken fetal livers revealed developmental anomalies, as well as genotoxicity-induced and, in the case of PB, adaptive morphological changes. Thus, the model provides histopathological outcomes of molecular effects.

[Dynamics of respiratory function and cardio-vascular system in children with bronchial asthma during prolonged sanatorium treatment].

Children with asthma in remission had a significant increase in VC, FVC, FEV1, PEF, FEF25-FEF75 during prolonged sanatorium rehabilitation (for a year) in case of inclusion in the complex of rehabilitation respiration training "PARI PEP 2". Children who received the standard course of spa treatment don't have same results. Improvement intervals in PQ and QT(c) were demonstrated. It indicates a decrease in the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias. The simulator "PARI PEP 2" should be included in complex rehabilitation of children with asthma.

Leishmaniasis: prevention, parasite detection and treatment.

Leishmaniasis remains a public health problem worldwide, affecting approximately 12 million people in 88 countries; 50 000 die of it each year. The disease is caused by Leishmania, obligate intracellular vector-borne parasites. In spite of its huge health impact on the populations in vast areas, leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected diseases. No safe and effective vaccine currently exists against any form of human leishmaniasis. The spectrum and efficacy of available antileishmanial drugs are also limited. First part of this review discusses the approaches used for the vaccination against leishmaniasis that are based on the pathogen and includes virulent or attenuated parasites, parasites of related nonpathogenic species, whole killed parasites, parasites' subunits, DNA vaccines, and vaccines based on the saliva or saliva components of transmitting phlebotomine vector. Second part describes parasite detection and quantification using microscopy assays, cell cultures, immunodetection, and DNA-based methods, and shows a progress in the development and application of these techniques. In the third part, first-line and alternative drugs used to treat leishmaniasis are characterized, and pre-clinical research of a range of natural and synthetic compounds studied for the leishmanicidal activity is described. The review also suggests that the application of novel strategies based on advances in genetics, genomics, advanced delivery systems, and high throughput screenings for leishmanicidal compounds would lead to improvement of prevention and treatment of this disease.

[Risk factors of complicated postnatal period in low birth weight infants]. / Faktory riska oslozhnennogo techeniia perioda novorozhdennosti u detei s nizkoi massoi tela pri rozhdenii.

Antropometric indices have been studied in 952 newborns. It has been shown those children with middle mass and height indices in birth have the most expressed homeostatic resources. Children with low body mass in birth are characterized by the decreasing of resistance and high morbidity. Phenotype B, incompatibility with mother according to ABO, Rhesus systems are the risk factors of complicated neonatal period course that results from the disturbances in balance of regulatory lymphocyte subpopulations.

[A systems analysis of the relationships between phenotypic traits and the clinical polymorphism of respiratory diseases in children]. / Sistemnyi analiz sviazei mezhdu fenotipicheskimi priznakami i klinicheskim polimorfizmom respiratornykh zabolevanii u detei.

Genetic phenotypic risk factors have been investigated in 1630 children with various forms of acute respiratory diseases and in control groups (314 children with bronchial asthma, 768 healthy children). Each of them was estimated by points using special elaborated prognostic tables. This allowed to distribute children into risk groups according to the development of disease from the moment of birth.

[The relationship between certain phenotypic traits and the function of individual links of immunity in children with acute pneumonia]. / Sviaz' mezhdu opredelennymi fenotipicheskimi priznakami i sostoianiem otdel'nykh zven'ev immuniteta u detei, bol'nykh ostroi pnevmoniei.

While studying immunogenetic indexes in 250 children with acute pneumonia, it is revealed that there is a connection between their phenotypic peculiarities (blood group B/III/, MN, P--dry type of ear-wax, low indexes of mass of the body and high ones of the body length during birth) and indexes of T-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins of blood serum A, M, G. It has permitted recommending to perform purposeful therapeutic and prophylactic measures including immunocorrection for these children.