[Repeated drenching of calves - -Ultra-sonographic findings of the -reticulum and abomasum and -short-term -effects on pH and -D-lactate in rumen fluid and blood]. / Wiederholtes Drenchen von Kälbern ­ Ultraschallbefunde an Haube und Labmagen sowie kurzfristige Auswirkungen auf pH-Wert und D-Laktat in Pansensaft und Blut.

INTRODUCTION: An oesophageal tube feeder was used to administer milk to six clinically healthy calves every 12 hours for a total of three feedings. The calves were seven to nine days of age, and each feeding consisted of a volume of milk that was 6 % of the body weight of the calves. The reticulum and abomasum were scanned ultrasonographically before, during and after drenching. Blood samples for D-lactate determination and venous blood gas analysis were collected at -12, 0 (first drenching), 6, 12 (second drenching), 18, 24 (third drenching), 30 and 36 hours. Ruminal fluid was collected for measurement of pH and D-lactate concentration at -12 and 36 hours. Based on simultaneous ultrasonographic examinations of the reticulum and abomasum, some of the force-fed milk flowed into the reticulum and some directly into the abomasum; both organs contained milk immediately after drenching. Drenching led to ruminal acidosis evidenced by a significant decrease in median pH from 7,0 (6,0 - 7,0) to 4,5 (3,0 - 5,0) and a 93-fold increase in median D-lactate concentration from 0,39 (0,14 - 1,33) to 36,3 (17,9 - 53,3) mmol/l but it did not cause metabolic acidosis. Based on these findings, we concluded that milk administered to calves via an oesophageal tube feeder flows into the reticulum and abomasum simultaneously and three force feedings 12 hours apart cause acute ruminal acidosis, which was not accompanied by metabolic acidosis in the short term.

INTRODUCTION: Une sonde d'alimentation œsophagienne a été utilisée pour administrer par trois fois du lait à six veaux cliniquement sains toutes les 12 heures. Les veaux étaient âgés de sept à neuf jours, et chaque repas comprenait un volume de lait correspondant à 6 % de leur poids corporel. Le réticulum et la caillette ont été examinés par ultrasons avant, pendant et après le drenchage. Des échantillons de sang pour la détermination du D-lactate et pour l'analyse des gaz du sang veineux ont été prélevés à ­12, 0 (premier drenchage), 6, 12 (deuxième drenchage), 18, 24 (troisième drenchage), 30 et 36 heures. Le jus de panse a été prélevé pour mesurer le pH et la concentration de D-lactate à ­12 et 36 heures. D'après les examens ultrasonographiques simultanés du réticulum et de la caillette, une partie du lait administré s'est écoulée dans le réticulum et une autre directement dans la caillette : les deux organes contenaient du lait immédiatement après le drenchage. Le drenchage a entraîné une acidose ruminale mise en évidence par une diminution significative du pH médian de 7,0 (6,0 ­ 7,0) à 4,5 (3,0 ­ 5,0) et une concentration médiane de D-lactate 93 fois plus élevée de 0,39 (0,14 ­ 1,33) à 36,3 (17,9 ­ 53,3) mmol/l, mais il n'a pas provoqué d'acidose métabolique. Sur la base de ces résultats, nous avons conclu que le lait administré aux veaux par l'intermédiaire d'une sonde d'alimentation œsophagienne s'écoule simultanément dans le réticulum et la caillette et que trois gavages à 12 heures d'intervalle provoquent une acidose ruminale aiguë qui ne s'est pas accompagnée d'une acidose métabolique à court terme.

Microbial transformation of hydroxy metabolites of 1-oxohexyl derivatives of theobromine by Cunninghamella echinulata NRRL 1384.

AIM: The biotransformation of pentoxifylline (PTX), propentofylline (PPT) and their racemic hydroxy metabolites ((+/-)-OHPTX and (+/-)-OHPPT) by using the fungus Cunninghamella echinulata NRRL 1384. METHODS AND RESULTS: A fungus Cunninghamella echinulata NRRL 1384 was used to catalyse the (S)-selective oxidation of the racemic hydroxy metabolites: (+/-)-OHPTX and (+/-)-OHPPT and for reduction of PTX and PPT. The first oxidation step appears to be selective and relatively fast while the second reduction step is slower and more selective with PTX. Modifications involving supplementing the bioconversion with glucose give yields and enantiomeric excess (ee) values similar to those obtained without glucose. CONCLUSIONS: The bioconversion of (+/-)-OHPTX gave an (R)-enantiomer (LSF-lisofylline) with a higher enantiopurity (maximum approximately 93% ee) compared to the bioconversion of (+/-)-OHPPT, when the maximum ee value for (R)-OHPPT was recorded at 83%. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The conversion of (+/-)-OHPTX and (+/-)-OHPPT using Cunninghamella echinulata can be recognized as a process, which may be recommended as an alternative to the methods used to obtain (R)-OHPTX and (R)-OHPPT.

[Cost of the treatment of acute cerebrovascular insufficiency causing cerebral infarction]. / Koszty leczenia ostrej niedomogi krazenia mózgowego prowadzacej do zawalu mózgu.

Many countries are interested in the cost of therapy of the acute cerebral flow insufficiency leading to brain infarction. Total costs include: drugs, laboratory tests, nursing care, the cost of patients' food, equipment, amortization, hospital administration etc. The total expenditure for a 10-15-day treatment of the acute neurological incident depended on the severity of the disease and was 8 million ++ zloty in case of mildly ill patient, 9 million in case of moderately severe disease, and 21 million zloty in case of severely ill patient. If the costs of such tests as CT and TCD-scanning will be added, total cost will increase significantly.