Long-Term Safety of Teriflunomide in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Results of Prospective Comparative Studies in Three European Countries.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Teriflunomide is a disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for multiple sclerosis (MS). This post authorisation safety study assessed risks of adverse events of special interest (AESI) associated with teriflunomide use. METHODS: Secondary use of individual data from the Danish MS Registry (DMSR), the French National Health Data System (SNDS), the Belgian national database of health care claims (AIM-IMA) and the Belgian Treatments in MS Registry (Beltrims). We included patients treated with a DMT at the date of teriflunomide reimbursement or initiating another DMT. Adjusted hazard rates (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals were derived from Cox models with time-dependent exposure comparing teriflunomide treatment with another DMT. RESULTS: Of 81 620 patients (72% women) included in the cohort, 22 324 (27%) were treated with teriflunomide. After a median follow-up of 4 years, teriflunomide use compared to other DMT was not associated with a risk of all-cause mortality, severe infection, pneumoniae, herpes zoster reactivation, pancreatitis, cardiovascular condition and cancers. For opportunistic infections, aHR for teriflunomide versus other DMT was 2.4 (1.2-4.8) in SNDS, which was not bound to a particular opportunistic agent. The aHR was 2.0 (1.1-3.7) for renal failures in the SNDS, but no association was found in other data sources. A total of 187 SNDS patients had a history of renal failure prior to cohort entry. None of these patients (0%) had a renal failure recurrence when treated with teriflunomide for 19 (13%) recurrences reported for patients on another DMT. DISCUSSION: We found no evidence that teriflunomide use would be associated with an increased risk of AESI. Trial Registration EUPAS register: EU PAS 19610.

Effectiveness of and overdiagnosis from mammography screening in the Netherlands: population based study.

Objective To analyse stage specific incidence of breast cancer in the Netherlands where women have been invited to biennial mammography screening since 1989 (ages 50-69) and 1997 (ages 70-75), and to assess changes in breast cancer mortality and quantified overdiagnosis.Design Population based study.Setting Mammography screening programme, the Netherlands.Participants Dutch women of all ages, 1989 to 2012.Main outcome measures Stage specific age adjusted incidence of breast cancer from 1989 to 2012. The extra numbers of in situ and stage 1 breast tumours associated with screening were estimated by comparing rates in women aged 50-74 with those in age groups not invited to screening. Overdiagnosis was estimated after subtraction of the lead time cancers. Breast cancer mortality reductions and overdiagnosis during 2010-12 were computed without (scenario 1) and with (scenario 2) a cohort effect on mortality secular trends.Results The incidence of stage 2-4 breast cancers in women aged 50 or more was 168 per 100 000 in 1989 and 166 per 100 000 in 2012. Screening would be associated with a 5% mortality reduction in scenario 1 and with no influence on mortality in scenario 2. In both scenarios, improved treatments would be associated with 28% reductions in mortality. Overdiagnosis has steadily increased over time with the extension of screening to women aged 70-75 and with the introduction of digital mammography. After deduction of clinical lead time cancers, 33% of cancers found in women invited to screening in 2010-12 and 59% of screen detected cancers would be overdiagnosed.Conclusions The Dutch mammography screening programme seems to have little impact on the burden of advanced breast cancers, which suggests a marginal effect on breast cancer mortality. About half of screen detected breast cancers would represent overdiagnosis.

Meta-analysis of occupational exposures in the rubber manufacturing industry and risk of cancer.

Background: Occupational exposures in the rubber manufacturing industry showed an increased risk of cancer and have been classified as a group 1 carcinogen, largely from studies on workers employed before 1950s. Cancer sites considered as causally associated are bladder, lung and stomach, and leukaemia. Recent studies did not report an increased risk of cancer. Methods: A meta-analysis was conducted on observational studies published until April 2016 on occupational exposures in the rubber manufacturing industry and risk of cancer. Case-control and cohort studies were included. Random effect models were used. Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated. Stratified analyses were conducted on study characteristics. Results: The literature search identified 46 cohorts and 59 case-control studies. An increased risk was found for bladder cancer [standardised incidence ratio (SRR) = 1.36; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18, 1.57], leukaemia (SRR = 1.29; 95% CI 1.11, 1.52), lymphatic and haematopoietic system (SRR = 1.16; 95% CI 1.02, 1.31) and larynx cancer (SRR = 1.46; 95% CI 1.10, 1.94). For lung cancer, a borderline statistically significant increased risk was identified (SRR = 1.08; 95% CI 0.99, 1.17). No association was found for stomach cancer (SRR = 1.06; 95% CI 0.95, 1.17). In stratified analyses, risks of cancer were not increased for workers employed after 1960 for bladder cancer (SRR = 1.06; 95% CI 0.66, 1.71), lung cancer (SRR = 0.94; 95% CI 0.68, 1.29) or leukaemia (SRR = 0.92; 95% CI 0.62, 1.36). Conclusions: Risk of bladder cancer, lung cancer, leukaemia and larynx cancer were increased among workers in rubber industry. Evidence of elevated risks was no longer seen for bladder cancer, lung cancer or leukemia among workers first employed after 1960.

Determinants of Sunburn and Sun Protection of Agricultural Workers During Occupational and Recreational Activities.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify determinants of occupational sunburn in agricultural workers and assess their occupational and recreational sun protection habits. METHODS: Specific surveys of agricultural workers in Switzerland and France were conducted (N = 1538). Multivariate logistic regressions identified occupational sunburn determinants. Occupational and recreational sun protection habits were estimated and correlated. RESULTS: One-year occupational and recreational sunburn prevalences were 19.8% and 11.5%, respectively. Occupational sunburn increased with having a recent recreational sunburn, highly sensitive skin, young age, high perceived skin cancer risk, using sunscreen, and not wearing a hat. Correlation between protection habits during work and leisure was substantial (rs 0.5 to 0.7). Skin health knowledge was high and pro-tanning attitude moderate. CONCLUSION: Potentially modifiable sunburn determinants and suboptimal recreational and occupational sun protection practices were identified in agricultural workers. Refining and tailoring sun protection messages targeting the agricultural sector are needed.

Incidence and mortality from colon and rectal cancer in Midwestern Brazil / Incidência e mortalidade por câncer de cólon e reto no Centro-Oeste do Brasil

ABSTRACT: Objective: To describe the incidence and mortality rates from colon and rectal cancer in Midwestern Brazil. Methods: Data for the incidence rates were obtained from the Population-Based Cancer Registry (PBCR) according to the available period. Mortality data were obtained from the Mortality Information System (SIM) for the period between 1996 and 2008. Incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender and age groups. Mortality trends were analyzed by the Joinpoint software. The age-period-cohort effects were calculated by the R software. Results: The incidence rates for colon cancer vary from 4.49 to 23.19/100,000, while mortality rates vary from 2.85 to 14.54/100,000. For rectal cancer, the incidence rates range from 1.25 to 11.18/100,000 and mortality rates range between 0.30 and 7.90/100,000. Colon cancer mortality trends showed an increase among males in Cuiabá, Campo Grande, and Goiania. For those aged under 50 years, the increased rate was 13.2% in Campo Grande. For those aged over 50 years, there was a significant increase in the mortality in all capitals. In Goiânia, rectal cancer mortality in males increased 7.3%. For females below 50 years of age in the city of Brasilia, there was an increase of 8.7%, while females over 50 years of age in Cuiaba showed an increase of 10%. Conclusion: There is limited data available on the incidence of colon and rectal cancer for the Midwest region of Brazil. Colon cancer mortality has generally increased for both genders, but similar data were not verified for rectal cancer. The findings presented herein demonstrate the necessity for organized screening programs for colon and rectal cancer in Midwestern Brazil.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever o perfil do câncer de cólon e reto no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Métodos: Os dados de incidência foram obtidos dos Registros de Câncer de Base Populacional (RCBP) de acordo com o período disponível. Dados sobre os óbitos foram obtidos do Sistema de Informação em Mortalidade (SIM). As taxas de incidência e mortalidade foram calculadas por gênero e grupos etários. As tendências de mortalidade foram analisadas pelo software Joinpoint. Os efeitos de idade-período-coorte foram calculados no software R. Resultados: As taxas de incidência do câncer de cólon variaram de 4,49 a 23,19/100.000, e a mortalidade, de 2,85 a 14,54/100.000. A incidência do câncer de reto variou de 1,25 a 11,18/100.000; a mortalidade, de 0,30 a 7,90/100.000. As tendências de mortalidade por câncer de cólon mostraram um aumento entre homens em Cuiabá, Campo Grande e Goiânia. Para aqueles abaixo dos 50 anos, o aumento foi de 13,2% em Campo Grande. Para aqueles acima dos 50 anos, houve um aumento significante em todas as capitais. Em Goiânia, a mortalidade por câncer de reto em homens aumentou 7,3%. Para mulheres abaixo dos 50 anos em Brasília, o aumento foi de 8,7%, enquanto que para mulheres acima dos 50 anos em Cuiabá foi de 10%. Conclusão: Os dados de incidência do câncer de cólon e reto no Centro-Oeste do Brasil são limitados. A mortalidade por câncer de cólon tem aumentado para ambos os sexos, mas o mesmo não foi verificado para câncer de reto. Os resultados demonstram a necessidade de programas organizados de rastreamento para esta neoplasia no Centro-Oeste.

Endogenous and exogenous testosterone and the risk of prostate cancer and increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To review and quantify the association between endogenous and exogenous testosterone and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate cancer. METHODS: Literature searches were performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Prospective cohort studies that reported data on the associations between endogenous testosterone and prostate cancer, and placebo-controlled randomized trials of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) that reported data on PSA and/or prostate cancer cases were retained. Meta-analyses were performed using random-effects models, with tests for publication bias and heterogeneity. RESULTS: Twenty estimates were included in a meta-analysis, which produced a summary relative risk (SRR) of prostate cancer for an increase of 5 nmol/L of testosterone of 0.99 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96, 1.02) without heterogeneity (I² = 0%). Based on 26 trials, the overall difference in PSA levels after onset of use of TRT was 0.10 ng/mL (-0.28, 0.48). Results were similar when conducting heterogeneity analyses by mode of administration, region, age at baseline, baseline testosterone, trial duration, type of patients and type of TRT. The SRR of prostate cancer as an adverse effect from 11 TRT trials was 0.87 (95% CI 0.30; 2.50). Results were consistent across studies. CONCLUSIONS: Prostate cancer appears to be unrelated to endogenous testosterone levels. TRT for symptomatic hypogonadism does not appear to increase PSA levels nor the risk of prostate cancer development. The current data are reassuring, although some caution is essential until multiple studies with longer follow-up are available.

Incidence and mortality from colon and rectal cancer in Midwestern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE:: To describe the incidence and mortality rates from colon and rectal cancer in Midwestern Brazil. METHODS:: Data for the incidence rates were obtained from the Population-Based Cancer Registry (PBCR) according to the available period. Mortality data were obtained from the Mortality Information System (SIM) for the period between 1996 and 2008. Incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender and age groups. Mortality trends were analyzed by the Joinpoint software. The age-period-cohort effects were calculated by the R software. RESULTS:: The incidence rates for colon cancer vary from 4.49 to 23.19/100,000, while mortality rates vary from 2.85 to 14.54/100,000. For rectal cancer, the incidence rates range from 1.25 to 11.18/100,000 and mortality rates range between 0.30 and 7.90/100,000. Colon cancer mortality trends showed an increase among males in Cuiabá, Campo Grande, and Goiania. For those aged under 50 years, the increased rate was 13.2% in Campo Grande. For those aged over 50 years, there was a significant increase in the mortality in all capitals. In Goiânia, rectal cancer mortality in males increased 7.3%. For females below 50 years of age in the city of Brasilia, there was an increase of 8.7%, while females over 50 years of age in Cuiaba showed an increase of 10%. CONCLUSION:: There is limited data available on the incidence of colon and rectal cancer for the Midwest region of Brazil. Colon cancer mortality has generally increased for both genders, but similar data were not verified for rectal cancer. The findings presented herein demonstrate the necessity for organized screening programs for colon and rectal cancer in Midwestern Brazil.

Physical activity, hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective studies.

BACKGROUND: Lower risk of breast cancer has been reported among physically active women, but the risk in women using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) appears to be higher. We quantified the association between physical activity and breast cancer, and we examined the influence that HRT use and other risk factors had on this association. METHODS: After a systematic literature search, prospective studies were meta-analysed using random-effect models applied on highest versus lowest level of physical activity. Dose-response analyses were conducted with studies reporting physical activity either in hours per week or in hours of metabolic equivalent per week (MET-h/week). RESULTS: The literature search identified 38 independent prospective studies published between 1987 and 2014 that included 116,304 breast cancer cases. Compared to the lowest level of physical activity, the highest level was associated with a summary relative risk (SRR) of 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85, 0.90) for all breast cancer, 0.89 (95% CI 0.83, 0.95) for ER+/PR+ breast cancer and 0.80 (95% CI 0.69, 0.92) for ER-/PR- breast cancer. Risk reductions were not influenced by the type of physical activity (occupational or non-occupational), adiposity, and menopausal status. Risk reductions increased with increasing amounts of physical activity without threshold effect. In six studies, the SRR was 0.78 (95% CI 0.70, 0.87) in women who never used HRT and 0.97 (95% CI 0.88, 1.07) in women who ever used HRT, without heterogeneity in results. Findings indicate that a physically inactive women engaging in at least 150 min per week of vigorous physical activity would reduce their lifetime risk of breast cancer by 9%, a reduction that might be two times greater in women who never used HRT. CONCLUSION: Increasing physical activity is associated with meaningful reductions in the risk of breast cancer, but in women who ever used HRT, the preventative effect of physical activity seems to be cancelled out.

Relation between Breast Cancer and High Glycemic Index or Glycemic Load: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.

Breast cancer is the commonest form of cancer in women worldwide. It has been suggested that chronic hyperinsulinemia associated with insulin resistance plays a role in breast cancer etiology. To test the hyperinsulinemia hypothesis, a dietary pattern associated with a high glycemic index and glycemic load, both proxies for chronic hyperinsulinemia, should be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. A meta-analysis restricted to prospective cohort studies was undertaken using a random effects model with tests for statistical significance, publication bias and heterogeneity. The metric for analysis was the risk of breast cancer in the highest relative to the lowest glycemic index and glycemic load dietary pattern. A dietary pattern with a high glycemic index was associated with a summary relative risk (SRR) of 1.05 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.11), and a high glycemic load with a SRR of 1.06 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.13). Adjustments for body mass index [BMI], physical activity and other lifestyle factors did not influence the SRR, nor did menopausal status and estrogen receptor status of the tumor. In conclusion, the current evidence supports a modest association between a dietary pattern with high glycemic index or glycemic load and the risk of breast cancer.

Anatomical UV Exposure in French Outdoor Workers.

BACKGROUND: Solar ultraviolet has been recognized as the main causative factor for skin cancer and is currently classified as a carcinogenic agent by International Agency for Research on Cancer. METHOD: Results from a previous phone survey conducted in 2012 in France were used to assess exposure conditions to sun among outdoor workers. Satellite data were used in combination with an exposure model to assess anatomical exposure. RESULT: The yearly median exposure of the outdoor worker population is 77  kJ/m2 to 116  kJ/m2. Road workers, building workers, and gardeners are the more exposed. About 70% of the yearly dose estimate is due to the cumulative summer and spring exposures. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the role of individual factors in anatomical exposure and ranks the most exposed body parts and outdoor occupations. Prevention messages should put emphasis on spring exposure, which is an important contributor to the yearly dose.

Occupational UV exposure in French outdoor workers.

OBJECTIVES: Occupational ultraviolet (UV) exposure was evaluated in a population-based sample in France. METHODS: A random survey was conducted in 2012 in individuals aged 25 to 69 years. The median daily standard erythemal UV dose (SED) was estimated from exposure time and place and matched to satellite UV records. RESULTS: A total of 889 individuals were exposed to solar UV with highest doses observed among gardeners (1.19 SED), construction workers (1.13 SED), agricultural workers (0.95 SED), and culture/art/social science workers (0.92 SED). Information and communication technology, industry, and transport workers were highly exposed (>0.70 SED). Significant factors associated with high occupational UV exposure were sex (P < 0.0001), phototype (P = 0.0003), and taking lunch outdoors (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This study identified not only expected occupations with high UV exposure but also unexpected occupations with high exposures. This could serve as a basis for future prevention.

The forthcoming inexorable decline of cutaneous melanoma mortality in light-skinned populations.

BACKGROUND: Reasons underlying time changes in cutaneous melanoma mortality in light-skinned populations are not well understood. An analysis of long-term time trends in melanoma mortality was carried out after regrouping countries in homogeneous regions. METHODS: Using the World Health Organisation (WHO) mortality database, age-period-cohort models were fitted for seven regions where the majority of population is light-skinned. Cohort effects are denoted as changes in rates occurring at different times in steadily older age groups. Period effects are denoted as changes in rates occurring simultaneously in several age groups. RESULTS: Cohort effects better explained changes in melanoma mortality over time than period effects. Lifetime risk to die from melanoma increased in successive generations from 1875 until a peak year. Peak years were for subjects born in 1936-1940 in Oceania, 1937-1943 in North America, 1941-1942 in Northern Europe, 1945-1953 in the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland, 1948 in Western Europe and 1957 in Central Europe. After peak years, lifetime risk of melanoma death gradually decreased in successive generations and risks of subjects born in 1990-1995 were back to risk levels observed for subjects born before 1900-1905. In Southern Europe, birth years with highest lifetime risk of melanoma death have not yet been attained. As time passes, melanoma deaths will steadily rarefy in younger age groups and concentrate in older age groups, for ultimately fade away after 2040-2050. CONCLUSION: Independently from screening or treatment, over next decades, death from melanoma is likely to become an increasingly rare event. The temporary epidemic of fatal melanoma was most probably due to excessive UV-exposure of children that prevailed in 1900-1960, and mortality decreases would be due to progressive reductions in UV-exposure of children over the last decades.

A general model to predict individual exposure to solar UV by using ambient irradiance data.

Excessive exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) is the main cause of skin cancer. Specific prevention should be further developed to target overexposed or highly vulnerable populations. A better characterisation of anatomical UV exposure patterns is however needed for specific prevention. To develop a regression model for predicting the UV exposure ratio (ER, ratio between the anatomical dose and the corresponding ground level dose) for each body site without requiring individual measurements. A 3D numeric model (SimUVEx) was used to compute ER for various body sites and postures. A multiple fractional polynomial regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of ER. The regression model used simulation data and its performance was tested on an independent data set. Two input variables were sufficient to explain ER: the cosine of the maximal daily solar zenith angle and the fraction of the sky visible from the body site. The regression model was in good agreement with the simulated data ER (R(2)=0.988). Relative errors up to +20% and -10% were found in daily doses predictions, whereas an average relative error of only 2.4% (-0.03% to 5.4%) was found in yearly dose predictions. The regression model predicts accurately ER and UV doses on the basis of readily available data such as global UV erythemal irradiance measured at ground surface stations or inferred from satellite information. It renders the development of exposure data on a wide temporal and geographical scale possible and opens broad perspectives for epidemiological studies and skin cancer prevention.

Sweetened carbonated beverage consumption and cancer risk: meta-analysis and review.

There is speculation on an association between sweetened, carbonated beverage consumption and cancer risk. This study aimed to examine this issue. Over 50 independent estimates of risk were available, 11 for colas specifically. A random-effects meta-analysis was carried out with tests for publication bias performed as well as Higgins and Thompson's I measure of the percentage of heterogeneity between studies that could not be explained by chance. Over all the different sites of cancer, the summary relative risk (SRR), when all 55 independent estimates were considered together, was SRR=1.03 [95% confidence interval (0.96; 1.11)]. When individual cancer sites were considered, there was no significant increase or decrease in the meta-analysis estimate of risk of cancer of the pancreas, bladder, kidney, squamous cell or adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus, colon, gastric cardia, gastric noncardia, prostate, breast, larynx and ovary or of the oral cavity, pharynx or glioma. There was no evidence in a sensitivity analysis from those studies that reported results separately for colas of an associated risk of pancreas cancer [SRR=1.00, 95% confidence interval (0.61; 1.65)]. The results for all other forms of cancers were considerably hampered by poor methodology and small numbers of studies (mainly one report on each cancer site studied). Overall, the findings are reassuring in terms of the association between soft drinks, including colas, and cancer risk, although the quality of many of the studies is quite poor by acceptable, modern standards and no study has been carried out with use of carbonated beverages as a primary hypothesis.

Serum insulin and C-peptide concentration and breast cancer: a meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Chronic hyperinsulinemia may play a role in breast cancer etiology. We performed a meta-analysis examining whether serum concentrations of insulin and C-peptide are associated with increased breast cancer risk. METHODS: We restricted our analyses to prospective studies. After a systematic literature search, we computed summary relative risks (SRRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) using random effect models applied to the relative risk associated with the highest versus lowest quantile of serum concentrations. We also graphically examined results in order to identify whether dose-response relationships were present. RESULTS: Six articles including 1,890 cases were retrieved for serum insulin levels and five for serum C-peptide levels including 1,759 cases. SRR and 95 % CI were 1.08 (0.66-1.78) for insulin and 1.04 (0.77-1.41) for C-peptide. Heterogeneity of results between studies was high for insulin and inexistent for C-peptide. Restricting the analysis to women diagnosed with breast cancer before or after menopause did not alter results. In insulin studies, SRR computed from relative risks not adjusted for body mass index (and other risk factors) was 1.22 (0.91-1.63). The SRR fell to 1.02 (0.53-1.97) in studies that adjusted for body mass index and other factors. Similar drops occurred in C-peptide studies, from 1.11 (0.87-1.41) to 1.06 (0.70-1.61). No consistent dose-response relationship was apparent in either pre- or post-menopausal cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis of observational studies found no evidence of an association between serum insulin or C-peptide concentrations and breast cancer risk. Increased risk found by some studies may have been due to inadequate control for adiposity.

Blood glucose concentrations and breast cancer risk in women without diabetes: a meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Some studies have suggested an increased risk of breast cancer associated with elevated fasting serum glucose in nondiabetic subjects. Given how common both breast cancer and impaired glucose tolerance are in our aging societies, this is an important issue for public health. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of prospective cohort studies that examined the association between elevated serum glucose levels in nondiabetic subjects (levels below 7.0 mml/L) and the subsequent risk of breast cancer. We performed a systematic literature search and extracted relevant data in a standard way. We then computed summary relative risks (SRR) and 95 % confidence intervals using a random effects model applied on the risk of highest versus lowest quantile of serum glucose concentrations. RESULTS: Ten cohort studies were retrieved. The SRR for all studies was 1.11 (1.00-1.23), with no evidence of heterogeneity or publication bias. The SRR was not affected when the analysis was restricted to the 8 studies that reported results for fasting subjects (SRR = 1.11; 95 % CI 0.98-1.25). Three studies provided BMI-unadjusted and BMI-adjusted SRRs of 1.24 (95 % CI 0.60-2.56) and 1.20 (95 % CI 0.63-2.27), respectively. Similar magnitudes of associations were observed in sensitivity analyses, but statistical significance was lost. CONCLUSION: In nondiabetic subjects, the risk of breast cancer associated with fasting serum glucose levels seems to be small. Potential limitations to this meta-analysis include the fact that not all studies reported risks adjusted for adiposity and that serum glucose levels of comparison groups were variable across studies.

Cancer incidence in Nigeria: a report from population-based cancer registries.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer has become a major source of morbidity and mortality globally. Despite the threat that cancer poses to public health in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), few countries in this region have data on cancer incidence. In this paper, we present estimates of cancer incidence in Nigeria based on data from 2 population-based cancer registries (PBCR) that are part of the Nigerian national cancer registry program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from 2 population based cancer registries in Nigeria, the Ibadan Population Based Cancer Registry (IBCR) and the Abuja Population Based Cancer Registry (ABCR) covering a 2 year period 2009-2010. Data are reported by registry, gender and in age groups. We present data on the age specific incidence rates of all invasive cancers and report age standardized rates of the most common cancers stratified by gender in both registries. RESULTS: The age standardized incidence rate for all invasive cancers from the IBCR was 66.4 per 100000 men and 130.6 per 100000 women. In ABCR it was 58.3 per 100000 for men and 138.6 per 100000 for women. A total of 3393 cancer cases were reported by the IBCR. Of these cases, 34% (1155) were seen among males and 66% (2238) in females. In Abuja over the same period, 1128 invasive cancers were reported. 33.6% (389) of these cases were in males and 66.4% (768) in females. Mean age of diagnosis of all cancers in men for Ibadan and Abuja were 51.1 and 49.9 years respectively. For women, mean age of diagnosis of all cancers in Ibadan and Abuja were 49.1 and 45.4 respectively. Breast and cervical cancer were the commonest cancers among women and prostate cancer the most common among men. Breast cancer age standardized incidence rate (ASR) at the IBCR was 52.0 per 100000 in IBCR and 64.6 per 100000 in ABCR. Cervical cancer ASR at the IBCR was 36.0 per 100000 and 30.3 per 100000 at the ABCR. The observed differences in incidence rates of breast, cervical and prostate cancer between Ibadan and Abuja, were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Cancer incidence data from two population based cancer registries in Nigeria suggests substantial increase in incidence of breast cancer in recent times. This paper highlights the need for high quality regional cancer registries in Nigeria and other SSA countries.