Assessment of satisfaction and Quality of Life using self - reported questionnaires after urethroplasty: a prospective analysis

ABSTRACT Objectives To assess patient satisfaction and quality of life after urethroplasty using two different self-reported outcome measures and to compare it with objective clinical data. Materials and Methods We prospectively collected data from 35 consecutive patients who underwent urethroplasty from January 2013 to September 2014. Patient demographics, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life score, urethral stricture surgery patient-reported outcome measure (USS-PROM), maximum flow rate (Qmax) and post-void residual urine were collected before, two and eight months after surgery. Failure occurred when any postoperative instrumentation was performed. General estimation equation was used to compare the results and linear regression analysis to correlate both questionnaires with objective data. Results Mean age was 61 years. Urethroplasties were equally divided between anastomotic and buccal mucosa grafts and 19 patients (59.3%) had a previous urethral procedure. Overall success rate was 87.5%. IPSS improved from a mean 19 at baseline to 5.32 at 8 months (p <0.001). The mean USS-PROM score also improved from 13.21 preoperatively to 3.36 after surgery (p <0.001) and 84.3% of patients were satisfied or very satisfied with surgical results. Mean Qmax increased from 4.64mL/s to 11mL/s (p <0.001). Strong negative correlation was found respectively between flow rate and USS-PROM (r=-0.531, p <0.001) and with IPSS (r=-0.512, p <0.001). Conclusions Significant improvements in urinary symptoms and in quality of life are expected after urethroplasty and they are correlated with objective measures.

Assessment of satisfaction and Quality of Life using self -reported questionnaires after urethroplasty: a prospective analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess patient satisfaction and quality of life after urethroplasty using two different self-reported outcome measures and to compare it with objective clinical data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively collected data from 35 consecutive patients who underwent urethroplasty from January 2013 to September 2014. Patient demographics, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life score, urethral stricture surgery patient-reported outcome measure (USS-PROM), maximum flow rate (Qmax) and post-void residual urine were collected before, two and eight months after surgery. Failure occurred when any postoperative instrumentation was performed. General estimation equation was used to compare the results and linear regression analysis to correlate both questionnaires with objective data. RESULTS: Mean age was 61 years. Urethroplasties were equally divided between anastomotic and buccal mucosa grafts and 19 patients (59.3%) had a previous urethral procedure. Overall success rate was 87.5%. IPSS improved from a mean 19 at baseline to 5.32 at 8 months (p < 0.001). The mean USS-PROM score also improved from 13.21 preoperatively to 3.36 after surgery (p< 0.001) and 84.3% of patients were satisfied or very satisfied with surgical results. Mean Qmax increased from 4.64mL/s to 11mL/s (p< 0.001). Strong negative correlation was found respectively between flow rate and USS-PROM (r=-0.531, p< 0.001) and with IPSS (r=-0.512, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Significant improvements in urinary symptoms and in quality of life are expected after urethroplasty and they are correlated with objective measures.

Analysis of the effects of topical renal hypothermia on lung tissue after kidney ischemia and reperfusion in rats.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether topical renal hypothermia (TRH) at different levels of temperature has protective effects on lung tissue after renal I/R, through an analysis of organ histology and inflammatory markers in lung tissue. METHODS: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly allocated across four groups and subjected to renal ischemia at different levels of topical renal temperature: normothermia (no cooling, 37°C), mild hypothermia (26°C), moderate hypothermia (15°C), and deep hypothermia (4°C). To induce I/R, the vessels supplying the left kidney of each animal were clamped for 40 minutes, followed by reperfusion. After four hours, another procedure was performed to harvest the tissues of interest. TNF-α, IL-1ß and myeloperoxidase activity were measured in lung tissue. Histological analysis was performed in hematoxylin and eosin-stained lung specimens. RESULTS: Induction of renal I/R under deep topical hypothermia resulted in a significant decrease in lung concentrations of TNF-α compared with normothermic I/R (p<0.05). A trend toward significant correlation was found between lung IL-1ß concentration and intensity of hypothermia (Spearman r=-0.37; p=0.055). No difference was found in myeloperoxidase activity or histologic injury between groups. CONCLUSION: Topical renal hypothermia reduces activation of the inflammatory cascade in the lung parenchyma. However, tissue-protective effects were not observed.

Analysis of the effects of topical renal hypothermia on lung tissue after kidney ischemia and reperfusion in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether topical renal hypothermia (TRH) at different levels of temperature has protective effects on lung tissue after renal I/R, through an analysis of organ histology and inflammatory markers in lung tissue. METHODS: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly allocated across four groups and subjected to renal ischemia at different levels of topical renal temperature: normothermia (no cooling, 37°C), mild hypothermia (26°C), moderate hypothermia (15°C), and deep hypothermia (4°C). To induce I/R, the vessels supplying the left kidney of each animal were clamped for 40 minutes, followed by reperfusion. After four hours, another procedure was performed to harvest the tissues of interest. TNF-α, IL-1β and myeloperoxidase activity were measured in lung tissue. Histological analysis was performed in hematoxylin and eosin-stained lung specimens. RESULTS: Induction of renal I/R under deep topical hypothermia resulted in a significant decrease in lung concentrations of TNF-α compared with normothermic I/R (p<0.05). A trend toward significant correlation was found between lung IL-1β concentration and intensity of hypothermia (Spearman r=−0.37; p=0.055). No difference was found in myeloperoxidase activity or histologic injury between groups. CONCLUSION: Topical renal hypothermia reduces activation of the inflammatory cascade in the lung parenchyma. However, tissue-protective effects were not observed. .

Imaging of the adrenal gland lesions / Imaginologia das lesões das glândulas adrenais

With the steep increase in the use of cross-sectional imaging in recent years, the incidentally detected adrenal lesion, or "incidentaloma", has become an increasingly common diagnostic problem for the radiologist, and a need for an approach to classifying these lesions as benign, malignant or indeterminate with imaging has spurred an explosion of research. While most incidentalomas represent benign disease, typically an adenoma, the possibility of malignant involvement of the adrenal gland necessitates a reliance on imaging to inform management decisions. In this article, we review the literature on adrenal gland imaging, with particular emphasis on computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and photon-emission tomography, and discuss how these findings relate to clinical practice. Emerging technologies, such as contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, dual-energy computed tomography, and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging will also be briefly addressed.

O crescente uso da tomografia computadorizada e da ressonância magnética levou a um aumento na identificação de nódulos adrenais incidentais, também chamados de incidentalomas, gerando um impasse diagnóstico para o radiologista, bem como um número significativo de pesquisas a fim de caracterizar essas lesões como benignas ou malignas. Apesar de a maioria dos incidentalomas representar um processo benigno, geralmente um adenoma, a possibilidade de a lesão ser maligna requer suficiente acurácia dos métodos de imagem para que esses possam auxiliar no manejo dos pacientes. Neste artigo nós apresentamos uma revisão da literatura dedicada à investigação radiológica das lesões adrenais, com ênfase na tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética e tomografia por emissão de prótons, e discutimos como os achados de imagem relacionam-se com a prática clínica. Tecnologias recentes, como a ultrassonografia com uso de contraste, a tomografia computadorizada com dupla fonte de energia e a espectroscopia de prótons por ressonância magnética são brevemente discutidas.

Performance of Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) and androgen deficiency in the aging male (ADAM) questionnaires in the prediction of free testosterone in patients aged 40 years or older treated in outpatient regimen.

OBJECTIVE: At present, calculated free testosterone assessment is considered as the gold standard in diagnosing male hypogonadism. However, this assessment is not available for all the individuals diagnosed with decreased testicular function. The investigators of this study were, thus, prompted to evaluate whether the androgen deficiency in the aging male (ADAM) and the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study (MMAS) questionnaires could be used to replace biochemical parameters in the diagnosis for hypogonadism in men aged 40 years and above. METHODS: We evaluated 460 men, aged 40 years and above, all volunteers of a screening program for prostate cancer based at the Hospital de Clínicas of Porto Alegre. In this study, we assessed the efficiency of the ADAM and MMAS questionnaires in diagnosing Brazilian men with low levels of total, calculated free and bioavailable testosterone. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the ADAM questionnaire in diagnosing the calculated free testosterone was 73.6%, whereas specificity was 31.9%. ADAM could be used to properly classify our cohort into normal or hypogonadal individuals in 52.75% of the cases. The sensitivity of the MMAS questionnaire was 59.9%, whereas the specificity was 42.9%, resulting in a successful classification of 51.4% of the patients. CONCLUSION: The ADAM and MMAS questionnaires showed adequate sensitivity in diagnosing male patients with low levels of free testosterone. However, because of the lack of specificity, these tools cannot replace calculated free testosterone assessments in men aged 40 years and above.

Imaging of the adrenal gland lesions.

With the steep increase in the use of cross-sectional imaging in recent years, the incidentally detected adrenal lesion, or "incidentaloma", has become an increasingly common diagnostic problem for the radiologist, and a need for an approach to classifying these lesions as benign, malignant or indeterminate with imaging has spurred an explosion of research. While most incidentalomas represent benign disease, typically an adenoma, the possibility of malignant involvement of the adrenal gland necessitates a reliance on imaging to inform management decisions. In this article, we review the literature on adrenal gland imaging, with particular emphasis on computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and photon-emission tomography, and discuss how these findings relate to clinical practice. Emerging technologies, such as contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, dual-energy computed tomography, and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging will also be briefly addressed.

O crescente uso da tomografia computadorizada e da ressonância magnética levou a um aumento na identificação de nódulos adrenais incidentais, também chamados de incidentalomas, gerando um impasse diagnóstico para o radiologista, bem como um número significativo de pesquisas a fim de caracterizar essas lesões como benignas ou malignas. Apesar de a maioria dos incidentalomas representar um processo benigno, geralmente um adenoma, a possibilidade de a lesão ser maligna requer suficiente acurácia dos métodos de imagem para que esses possam auxiliar no manejo dos pacientes. Neste artigo nós apresentamos uma revisão da literatura dedicada à investigação radiológica das lesões adrenais, com ênfase na tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética e tomografia por emissão de prótons, e discutimos como os achados de imagem relacionam-se com a prática clínica. Tecnologias recentes, como a ultrassonografia com uso de contraste, a tomografia computadorizada com dupla fonte de energia e a espectroscopia de prótons por ressonância magnética são brevemente discutidas.

Oxidative stress evaluation of ischemia and reperfusion in kidneys under various degrees of hypothermia in rats

PURPOSE:To design an animal model of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in kidneys and evaluate the role that predetermined ranges of local hypothermia plays on markers of stress-oxydative as well as on histologic sections. METHODS: Twenty eight male rats Wistar, under general anesthesia, undergone right nephrectomy (G0, control group) followed by left kidney ischemia during 40 min. Four temperatures groups were designed, with seven animals randomized for each group: normothermic (G1, ±37ºC), mild hypothermia (G2, 26ºC), moderate hypothermia (G3, 15ºC) and deep hypothermia (G4, 4ºC). Left kidney temperature was assessed with an intraparenchymal probe. Left nephrectomy was performed after 240 min of reperfusion. After I/R a blood sample was obtained for f2-IP. Half of each kidney was sent to pathological evaluation and half to analyze CAT, SOD, TBARS, NO3, NO2. RESULTS:Histopathology showed that all kidneys under I/R were significantly more injured than the G0 (p<0.001). TBARS had increased levels in all I/R groups compared with the G0 (p<0.001). CAT had a significant difference (p<0.03) between G1 and G4. Finally, no difference was found on SOD, NO3, NO2 nor on f2-IP. CONCLUSION: This model of I/R was efficient to produce oxidative-stress in the kidney, showing that 4ºC offered significant decrease in free radicals production, although tissue protection was not observed.

Oxidative stress evaluation of ischemia and reperfusion in kidneys under various degrees of hypothermia in rats.

PURPOSE: To design an animal model of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in kidneys and evaluate the role that predetermined ranges of local hypothermia plays on markers of stress-oxydative as well as on histologic sections. METHODS: Twenty eight male rats Wistar, under general anesthesia, undergone right nephrectomy (G0, control group) followed by left kidney ischemia during 40 min. Four temperatures groups were designed, with seven animals randomized for each group: normothermic (G1, ±37ºC), mild hypothermia (G2, 26ºC), moderate hypothermia (G3, 15ºC) and deep hypothermia (G4, 4ºC). Left kidney temperature was assessed with an intraparenchymal probe. Left nephrectomy was performed after 240 min of reperfusion. After I/R a blood sample was obtained for f2-IP. Half of each kidney was sent to pathological evaluation and half to analyze CAT, SOD, TBARS, NO3, NO2. RESULTS: Histopathology showed that all kidneys under I/R were significantly more injured than the G0 (p<0.001). TBARS had increased levels in all I/R groups compared with the G0 (p<0.001). CAT had a significant difference (p<0.03) between G1 and G4. Finally, no difference was found on SOD, NO3, NO2 nor on f2-IP. CONCLUSION: This model of I/R was efficient to produce oxidative-stress in the kidney, showing that 4ºC offered significant decrease in free radicals production, although tissue protection was not observed.

Androgen receptor GGC polymorphism and testosterone levels associated with high risk of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Polymorphic GGC repeats in the androgen receptor (AR) gene can alter transactivation of androgen-responsive genes and increase the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa). We investigated the association between GGC repeat length, testosterone levels and the risk of developing PCa and BPH in a population from southern Brazil. A sample comprising 130 PCa, 126 BPH and 88 control patients was evaluated. DNA was extracted from leukocytes and the AR gene was analyzed by fragment analysis. The hazard ratio (HR) was estimated. GGC mean length was not different between the three study groups. The risk of developing PCa in individuals with GGC > 19 was 3.300 (95 %CI 1.385-7.874) higher when compared to the GGC ≤ 19 group (p = 0.007). The risk of developing PCa and BPH in individuals with total testosterone levels <4 ng/mL was 2.799 (95 % CI 1.362-5.754). (p = 0.005) and 2.786 (95 % CI 1.470-5.280) (p = 0.002), respectively. Total testosterone levels in patients with GGC > 19 were significantly lower when compared to patients in the GGC ≤ 19 group. Our data suggest that the presence of a high number of polymorphic GGC repeats in the AR gene is associated with an increased risk of developing PCa and BPH, and that lower testosterone levels also increase the risk of developing these diseases.

Using the Defensive Style Questionnaire to evaluate the impact of sex reassignment surgery on defensive mechanisms in transsexual patients / Aplicação do Defensive Style Questionnaire para avaliar o impacto da cirurgia de redesignação sexual nos mecanismos de defesa de pacientes transexuais

Objective: To evaluate the impact of sex reassignment surgery on the defense mechanisms of 32 transsexual patients at two different points in time using the Defensive Style Questionnaire. Method: The Defensive Style Questionnaire was applied to 32 patients upon their admission to the Gender Identity Disorder Program, and 12 months after they had undergone sex reassignment surgery. Results: There were changes in two defense mechanisms: anticipation and idealization. However, no significant differences were observed in terms of the mature, neurotic and immature categories. Discussion: One possible explanation for this result is the fact that the procedure does not resolve gender dysphoria, which is a core symptom in such patients. Another aspect is related to the early onset of the gender identity disorder, which determines a more regressive defensive structure in these patients. Conclusion: Sex reassignment surgery did not improve the defensive profile as measured by the Defensive Style Questionnaire.

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da cirurgia de redesignação sexual nos mecanismos de defesa de 32 pacientes transexuais em dois momentos do estudo usando o Defensive Style Questionnaire. Método: O Defensive Style Questionnaire foi aplicado a 32 pacientes quando ingressaram no Programa de Transtorno de Identidade de Gênero e 12 meses após a cirurgia de redesignação sexual. Resultados: Houve modificações em dois mecanismos de defesa: antecipação e idealização; porém, sem mudanças significativas nos fatores maduro, neurótico e imaturo. Discussão: Uma possibilidade para esse resultado é o fato de a intervenção cirúrgica não resolver a disforia de gênero (principal sintoma desses pacientes). Outro aspecto está relacionado com o fato de o transtorno de identidade de gênero ser instalado precocemente, o que determina uma estrutura defensiva mais regressiva para esses pacientes. Conclusão: A cirurgia de redesignação sexual não foi capaz de modificar o padrão dos mecanismos de defesa medidos pelo Defensive Style Questionnaire.

Using the Defensive Style Questionnaire to evaluate the impact of sex reassignment surgery on defensive mechanisms in transsexual patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of sex reassignment surgery on the defense mechanisms of 32 transsexual patients at two different points in time using the Defensive Style Questionnaire. METHOD: The Defensive Style Questionnaire was applied to 32 patients upon their admission to the Gender Identity Disorder Program, and 12 months after they had undergone sex reassignment surgery. RESULTS: There were changes in two defense mechanisms: anticipation and idealization. However, no significant differences were observed in terms of the mature, neurotic and immature categories. DISCUSSION: One possible explanation for this result is the fact that the procedure does not resolve gender dysphoria, which is a core symptom in such patients. Another aspect is related to the early onset of the gender identity disorder, which determines a more regressive defensive structure in these patients. CONCLUSION: Sex reassignment surgery did not improve the defensive profile as measured by the Defensive Style Questionnaire.

Adaptation of an evaluation method of 5 alpha-reductase type 1 and type 2 enzyme activities in prostate tissue

Objectives: We are proposing the adaptation of a method for the assessment of the activity of 5 alpha-reductase type 1 and type 2 isoenzymes in human prostate tissue to be used in studies of the relationship of enzymatic activity and cancer. Material and Methods: We have been developing a method, based on Thomas et al., 2003 which consists of collecting human prostate samples and performing 5 alpha-reductase activity assessment. We are proposing a method based on samples obtained from prostate biopsies, according to a pilot study developed by Oliveira et al. 2006. We have obtained two samples of the same prostate area, and our idea is to send one of these samples for pathological examination and another for 5 alpha-reductase evaluation. Herein we have showed the feasibility of this assay. Through a thin layer chromatography with 14C-testosterone and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) cofactor, we have obtained radioactive spots which were detected by autoradiography. The areas associated with testosterone and its metabolite DHT (dihydrotestosterone) were scrapped and counted with a scintillation chamber. Results: We believe that it is possible to demonstrate the activity of 5 alpha-reductase through the adaptation of this biochemistry method. Conclusions: This method is feasible and can be utilized to assess 5 alpha-reductase type 1 and type 2 activity in prostate tissue samples.

Steroid 5-alpha reductase type 2 activity in biopsies from malignant and normal prostatic tissues.

BACKGROUND: The conversion of testosterone (T) to the more potent metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by prostate-specific steroid 5 alpha-reductase isoenzymes is a key mechanism in the action of androgens in the prostate and it is important in the promotion and progression of prostate diseases. We described an adaptation of a sensitive method for evaluation of the 5 alpha-reductase type 2 (5 alpha-R2) activity using a small quantity of protein. METHODS: We used 29 human prostate transrectal ultrasound-guided core biopsies obtained from patients (median age 70, range 55-86 y) undergoing this procedure for diagnostic purposes. 4-[(14)C]testosterone and NADPH were incubated with biopsy homogenate. Reaction products were extracted, separated by thin layer chromatography and revealed by autoradiography. Areas correspondent to T and DHT were scraped into vials and their radioactivity determined. RESULTS: The 5 alpha-R2 activity was expressed as ln (natural logarithm). The assay was validated according to the protein concentration and incubation time linearities. The 5 alpha-R2 activity showed a significant difference between normal and neoplastic tissues with significance level set at P<0.05, mainly in the left prostate lobe. This was independent from the PSA levels. CONCLUSIONS: Determination of 5 alpha-R2 activity, using the conditions reported herein, could be utilized as an efficient biochemical parameter of prostate neoplastic processes.

Correlation between the total volume, transitional zone volume of the prostate, transitional prostate zone index and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

OBJECTIVES: Currently available studies show controversial data between the symptoms of the lower urinary tract and the volume of the prostate gland. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the relationship between the score of the lower urinary tract symptoms assessed according to the International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS) and the total (TV) and transitional (TZV) zone volume of the prostate and transitional prostate zone index (TZI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 223 men with a mean age of 59.3 years (varying from 50 to 75), the scores of lower urinary tract symptoms, measured by the IPSS and TV and TZV, determined by transrectal ultrasonographies, were obtained. Furthermore, the TZI was determined in all cases by the TZV to TV rate of the prostate. The relationship between TV, TZV, and TZI and the data obtained using the symptoms score was statistically determined. RESULTS: The TV of the prostate were 25.5 +/- 10.3, 25.0 +/- 9.3, and 28.9 +/- 13.5 g in individuals with mild, moderate, and severe symptoms, respectively (P = 0.15). Similarly, there was no significant difference when the TZV (7.6 +/- 6.3, 7.6 +/- 5.8, and 9.6 +/- 6.8 g, respectively; P = 0.22) and the TZI (0.26 +/- 0.1, 0.27 +/- 0.1, and 0.30 +/- 0.1, respectively; P = 0.33) were compared in the groups of men with mild, moderate, and severe symptoms of urinary difficulty. However, the quality of life (QoL) scores presented progressively worse values (1.7 +/- 1.3, 3.1 +/- 1.4, and 4.4 +/- 1.2) as the severity of the lower urinary tract symptoms became worse (P < 0.001). The Pearson correlation coefficient between the TV (r = 0.15; P = 0.02), TZV (r = 0.16; P = 0.02), and the TZI (r = 0.14; P = 0.03) with the prostate symptom scores showed low values although they were positive and statistically significant. The highest correlation was observed when the QoL related to urinary symptoms and symptom scores (r = 0.61; P < 0.001) was analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: A low correlation was found between the score lower urinary tract symptoms assessed by IPSS and the different volumes of the prostate gland (TV, TZV) and prostate TZI, and, on the other hand, an inverse correlation between the intensity of urinary symptoms and QoL, supporting the idea of multifactorial aspects related to the genesis of urinary symptoms in men.

Follow-up of sex reassignment surgery in transsexuals: a Brazilian cohort.

This study examined the impact of sex reassignment surgery on the satisfaction with sexual experience, partnerships, and relationship with family members in a cohort of Brazilian transsexual patients. A group of 19 patients who received sex reassignment between 2000 and 2004 (18 male-to-female, 1 female-to-male) after a two-year evaluation by a multidisciplinary team, and who agreed to participate in the study, completed a written questionnaire. Mean age at entry into the program was 31.21+/-8.57 years and mean schooling was 9.2+/-1.4 years. None of the patients reported regret for having undergone the surgery. Sexual experience was considered to have improved by 83.3% of the patients, and became more frequent for 64.7% of the patients. For 83.3% of the patients, sex was considered to be pleasurable with the neovagina/neopenis. In addition, 64.7% reported that initiating and maintaining a relationship had become easier. The number of patients with a partner increased from 52.6% to 73.7%. Family relationships improved in 26.3% of the cases, whereas 73.7% of the patients did not report a difference. None of the patients reported worse relationships with family members after sex reassignment. In conclusion, the overall impact of sex reassignment surgery on this cohort of patients was positive.

Volumetric and histological findings in intra-abdominal testes before and after division of spermatic vessels.

PURPOSE: Increased use of video laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of the impalpable testis has encouraged use of the 2-stage Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy. To date, however, few limited studies exist to indicate whether clipping and division of the spermatic vessels alone may cause histological abnormalities in the intra-abdominal testis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated histology and volume of 44 intra-abdominal testes in 35 patients between 4 months and 14 years old at stages 1 and 2 of the Fowler-Stephens procedure. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the number of spermatogonia and seminiferous tubules 6 months after ligation and division of the spermatic vessels. No differences were found in the number of Sertoli cells or testicular volume before and after clipping and division of the spermatic vessels. CONCLUSIONS: Ligation of the spermatic vessels during stage 1 orchiopexy for intra-abdominal testicles is associated with a significant reduction of spermatogonia. However, no significant changes were observed in the volumetric characteristics of the testicles. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the repercussions of these changes in future fertility.

Dupla extrusão uretral assincrônica de prótese peniana semi-rígida: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Double asynchronic urethral extrusion of a semirigid penile prosthesis: a case report and review

Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 61 anos com retenção urinária e portador de prótese peniana semi-rígida há 4 anos. Ao exame físico, uma haste de prótese protuía-se pelo meato uretral. O paciente tinha uma história de extrusão de outra haste da prótese há 2 anos. Essa rara complicação é pouco citada na literatura, não sendo encontrada descrição de dupla extrusão. Descrevemos o caso e revisamos a literatura

Determinaçäo do citrato urinário por técnica enzimática / Enzimatic estimation of urinary citrate

O citrato é um inibidor natural de cristais de exalato e fosfato de cálcio, que formam cálculos na urina. Portadores de urolitíase cálcica apresentam níveis urinários de citrato dominuídos. Sua dosagem é feita através de métodos enzimáticos com o uso de citrato lyase. Os autores descrevem a técnica enzimática empregada para dosagem de citrato urinário, testada num grupo de 10 voluntários, com resultados variando entre 150 e 720 mg/24h