Avaliação da zinco protoporfirina (ZPP) em ruminantes domésticos / Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) evaluation in domestic ruminants

Nos sistemas de criação de ruminantes, a anemia crônica pode levar a grandes prejuízos econômicos, sendo decorrente da deficiência de ferro no organismo. Quando este se torna indisponível para ser incorporado à hemoglobina, forma-se um composto denominado zinco protoporfirina (ZPP), que pode ser um marcador precoce para a anemia, útil, portanto, para seu diagnóstico. Porém, para a utilidade dessa mensuração, é necessário que se conheçam os valores normais de ZPP para cada espécie. Assim, foram utilizados 30 bezerros, 30 caprinos e 30 ovinos, todos saudáveis, nos quais foram mensurados esses valores. Essa mensuração foi determinada em amostras de sangue refrigeradas, coletadas com EDTA, obtendo-se valores em hemácias não lavadas e lavadas. A lavagem visou à eliminação de substâncias interferentes nessas medidas. A média da ZPP nas amostras não lavadas foi de 80,9µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos bezerros; 55,09µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos caprinos e 73,76µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos ovinos. Após a lavagem, os valores foram 61,4µmol ZPP/mol de heme; 43,92µmol ZPP/mol de heme e 59,36µmol ZPP/mol de heme, nos bezerros, caprinos e ovinos, respectivamente. Devido à praticidade da técnica, essa pode ser empregada para a detecção precoce da anemia ferropriva, sendo recomendada a prévia lavagem das hemácias.(AU)

In ruminant breeding systems, chronic anemia can lead to economic losses, resulting from iron deficiency in the organismo. When iron is unavailable for incorporation into hemoglobin, a compound called zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) is formed, may be an early marker for anemia and is useful for its diagnosis. However, for this measurement to be useful, it is necessary to know the normal values for the species. Therefore, 30 calves, 30 goats and 30 sheep, all of them healthy, to standardize the values were used. This measurement was determined on refrigerated blood samples collected with EDTA, obtaining values in red blood cells not washed and washed. The washing aimed at the elimination of interfering substances in these measures. The mean of the ZPP in the unwashed samples was 80,9µmol ZPP/mol of heme in calves; 55,09µmol ZPP/mol of heme in goats and 73,76µmol ZPP/mol of heme in sheep. After washing, the values were 61,4µmol ZPP/mol of heme; 43,92µmol ZPP/mol of heme e 59,36µmol ZPP/mol of heme, in calves, goats and sheep, respectively. Due to its practicality, the techniquecan be used for the early detection of iron deficiency anemia, recommending the previous lavage of the red blood cells.(AU)

Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 Concentration in Dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with hyperphosphatemia, decreased vitamin D metabolite concentrations, and hyperparathyroidism. This syndrome is known as CKD-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Recently, it has been shown that an increase in fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) concentration is an early biomarker of CKD in people. It is an independent risk factor for both progression of renal disease and survival time in humans and cats with CKD. Information about FGF-23 in healthy dogs and those with CKD is lacking. OBJECTIVES: To measure FGF-23 concentration in dogs with different stages of CKD and determine its association with factors involved in CKD-MBD, including serum phosphorus and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations. A secondary aim was to validate an ELISA for measurement of plasma FGF-23 concentration in dogs. ANIMALS: Thirty-two client-owned dogs with naturally occurring CKD and 10 healthy control dogs. METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional study. An FGF-23 ELISA was used to measure plasma FGF-23 concentration in dogs and their association with serum creatinine, phosphorus, calcium, and PTH concentrations. RESULTS: Plasma FGF-23 concentrations increased with severity of CKD and were significantly different between IRIS stages 1 and 2 versus stages 3 and 4 (P < .0001). Increases in FGF-23 concentrations were more frequent than hyperparathyroidism or hyperphosphatemia in this cohort. Serum creatinine and phosphorus concentrations were the strongest independent predictors of FGF-23 concentration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Plasma FGF-23 concentrations increase in dogs with CKD as disease progresses. Plasma FGF-23 concentrations appear to be useful for further study of the pathophysiology of CKD-MBD in dogs.

Avaliação de dois sensores portáteis para mensuração da glicemia em cães / Evaluation of two portable meters for blood glucose measurements in dogs

Avaliou-se a precisão analítica e clínica de dois sensores portáteis para mensuração da glicemia em cães. Os valores da mensuração da glicemia obtidos com os sensores foram comparados com aqueles obtidos pelo método padrão da glicose oxidase, por meio da análise de correlação e da análise da grade de erros. Os resultados gerados pelos sensores não foram diferentes do método padrão. Conclui-se que ambos os sensores são adequados para mensuração da glicemia em cães

The clinical and analytical accuracy of two portable meters for glucose measurement in dogs was evaluated. Blood glucose values obtained by the use of portable meters were compared to those obtained using the glucose oxidase reference method, by means of correlation and error analysis. Results obtained with the blood glucose meters were not different from those obtained with the reference method. Both apparatus evaluated are adequate for use in dogs

Comparação sérica e sangüínea do cálcio ionizado, sódio, potássio e cloreto em felinos pelo método eletrodo íon seletivo / Serum and blood comparison of ionized calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride in cats, by ion-selective electrode method

Values of sodium, ionized calcium, potassium and chloride obtained by ion-selective electrode method, from serum and blood samples of healthy cats, were compared. Serum ionized calcium value was lower (5.2mg/dl) than blood ionized calcium (5.4mg/dl), and serum potassium (4.47mmol/l) and serum chloride (117.2mmol/l) values were higher than blood potassium (3.94mmol/l) and blood chloride (115mmol/l).

Comparação sérica e sangüínea do cálcio ionizado, sódio, potássio e cloreto em felinos pelo método eletrodo íon seletivo / Serum and blood comparison of ionized calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride in cats, by ion-selective electrode method

Values of sodium, ionized calcium, potassium and chloride obtained by ion-selective electrode method, from serum and blood samples of healthy cats, were compared. Serum ionized calcium value was lower (5.2mg/dl) than blood ionized calcium (5.4mg/dl), and serum potassium (4.47mmol/l) and serum chloride (117.2mmol/l) values were higher than blood potassium (3.94mmol/l) and blood chloride (115mmol/l).

Eritrocitose associada a tumor venéreo transmissível em cão: relato de caso / Erythrocytosis in a dog with transmissible venereal tumor: case report

Descreve-se um caso de eritrocitose absoluta (hematócrito: 74 por cento, hemoglobina: 24,2g/dl) em um cão com tumor venéreo transmissível cutâneo. A concentração de hemoglobina e o hematócrito retornaram ao valor normal após o tratamento com vincristina. A remissão da eritrocitose após o tratamento é sugestiva de uma associação entre o tumor e a alteração hematológica.

This report describes a case of absolute erythrocytosis (hematocrit: 74 percent, hemoglobin: 24.2g/dl) in a dog with transmissible cutaneous venereal tumor. Hemoglobin and hematocrit returned to normal range after the treatment with vincristine. The remission of the erythrocytosis after treatment suggests a relationship between the neoplastic lesions and the hematological abnormality.

Concentração sérica de paratormônio intacto em cães com insuficiência renal crônica / Serum concentration of intact parathormone in dogs with chronic renal failure

Estudou-se a ocorrência de hiperparatireoidismo secundário renal e determinaram-se as concentrações séricas de paratormônio intacto (PTHi-c), cálcio total e fósforo em 30 cães com insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) e em 40 cães sadios. Para a determinação do PTHi-c, foi utilizado o método imunofluorométrico, com o emprego de anticorpos anti-aminoterminal (extraídos de gema de ovo da galinha) e de anticorpos monoclonais anti-carboxiterminal (H5P10), marcados com Europium. As concentrações séricas de PTHi-c (717,23±469,13pg/ml no grupo IRC e 36,76±34,40pg/ml no grupo-controle; P=0,0001), cálcio total (11,46±2,03mg/dl no grupo IRC e 10,11±0,91mg/dl no grupo-controle; P=0,003) e fósforo (12,01±8,06mg/dl no grupo IRC e 4,33±0,74mg/dl no grupo-controle; P=0,0001) foram mais altas nos cães com IRC. Observou-se estreita correlação entre PTHi-c e fósforo (r=0,56; P=0,0006), o que não ocorreu entre PTHi-c e cálcio. Hipercalcemia em cães com alta concentração de PTHi-c demonstrou a possível ocorrência de hiperparatireoidismo terciário em 11 animais. A hiperfosfatemia pode indicar, de forma indireta, a ocorrência de hiperparatireoidismo secundário nos cães com IRC.

The occurrence of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism was studied and serum intact parathormone (PTHi-c), total calcium and phosphorus were measured in thirty dogs with chronic renal failure (CRF) and in forty healthy dogs. The imunnofluorometric method was used for the PTHi-c assay, using anti-aminoterminal antibodies (obtained from chicken yolk) and anti-carboxiterminal monoclonal antibodies (H5P10), marked with Europium. Mean value ± SD of serum concentration of PTHi-c was 717.23±469.13pg/ml in CRF group and 36.76±34.40pg/ml in control group (P=0.0001); for total calcium it was 11.46±2.03mg/dl in CRF group and 10.11±0.91mg/dl in control group (P=0.003); and for phosphorus it was 12.01±8.06mg/dl in CRF group and 4.33±0.74mg/dl in control group (P=0.0001). The highest values were observed in CRF dogs. A positive correlation between PHTi-c and phosphorus was observed (r=0.56; p=0.0006), and no correlation was detected between PTHi-c and total calcium. In dogs with CRF, hypercalcemia in presence of high level of serum PTHi-c showed a possible indication of tertiary hyperparathyroidism in 11 animals. In conclusion, hyperphosphatemia could indirectly demonstrate the occurrence of secondary hyperparathyroidism in CRF dogs.

Avaliação dos valores séricos de cálcio ionizado pelo método eletrodo íon seletivo em cães hígidos / Evaluation of serum ionized calcium by ion-selective electrode method in healthy dogs

Avaliou-se a concentração sérica de cálcio ionizado, pelo método eletrodo íon-seletivo, em 40 cães sadios, para compará-la aos valores obtidos por meio do cálcio ionizado estimado em que se considerou a metade do valor do cálcio total mensurado pelo método colorimétrico e corrigido pela albumina. Não foi observada diferença do cálcio ionizado entre os dois métodos e observou-se baixa correlação entre os métodos (r= 0,328).

Hematological, hemostatic and clinical chemistry disturbances induced by Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom in dogs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the hematological, hemostatic and biochemical disturbances induced by the injection of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom in dogs under controlled conditions. For this purpose three groups of animals were used: an experimental group (E), which was injected i.m. with C. durissus terrificus venom (1 mg/kg); and two control groups--antivenom (AV) and control (C)--which were injected i.m. with 150 mM NaCl. Groups E and AV were treated i.v. with Crotalus antivenom 2 hours after the first injection. Serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase were increased in groups E and AV at 24 and 48 hours after serumtherapy, respectively. The increased serum levels of myoglobin, creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase demonstrated that animals developed rhabdomyolysis. A persistent neutrophilic leukocytosis was already noticeable at 2 hours after envenomation and lasted even after serumtherapy. The animals of groups E and AV presented eosinopenia 24 hours after serumtherapy, and collagen-induced platelet hypoaggregation was observed without thrombocytopenia. Increased levels of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FnDP/FgDP), hypofibrinogenemia, and alpha2-antiplasmin consumption were observed at 2 hours after envenomation, indicating secondary activation of fibrinolysis. Our data suggest that the biochemical and hemostatic disturbances induced by C. durissus terrificus venom in dogs are related to its myotoxic and thrombin-like activities.

Evaluation of preprandial and postprandial serum bile acids and plasma ammonia concentrations in healthy dogs, and the effects of frozen storage on plasma ammonia concentrations

Preprandial and postprandial (2 and 4 hours) serum bile acids (SBA) and pre and postprandial (2 hours) plasma ammonia concentrations were evaluated. Additionally, the effects of freezing (for 24 and 48 hours at -20§C) were observed on plasma ammonia concentrations in 22 healthy dogs. The preprandial SBA concentration was 2.1 ñ 0.3 mmol/l and 7.5 ñ 1.2 mmol/l and 7.8 ñ 1.4 mmol/l for samples obtained 2 and 4 hours after feeding, respectively. Fasting and postprandial (2 hours) plasma ammonia concentrations were significantly different when measurement was performed within 30 minutes after blood collection (118.2 ñ 13.2 mg/dl or 67.3 ñ 7.5 mmol/l and 227.9 ñ 59.2 mg/dl or 129.9 ñ 33.7 mmol/l), but the difference between pre and postprandial concentrations was not observed when ammonia was measured in samples stored (-20§) for 24 and 48 hours. Plasma freezing makes ammonia concentrations fall considerably when these levels were initially too high, mainly in postprandial samples. From these results it may be suggested that canine plasma cannot be stored for later ammonia determination by using freezing as the sole stabilizer, and for SBA determinations, blood samples might be collected 2 or 4 hours after feeding. Plasma ammonia values obtained in this study should allow comparisons to data obtained from dogs with hepatic disease or hepatoencephalopathy, so as to confirm the importance of its use as means of diagnosis and prognosis in future

Displasia de tricúspide associada à anomalia de Ebstein em cäo: relato de caso / Tricuspid dysplasia associated to Ebstein's anomaly in dog: a case report

A displasia da tricúspide, associada ou näo à anomalia de Ebstein, näo é das cardiopatias mais freqüentes em cäes (Liu; Tilley6, 1976; Eyster et al.4, 1977; Netter9, 1978; Moise8, 1994). A displasia da tricúspide caracteriza-se pelo espessamento focal ou difuso dos folhetos valvulares, subdesenvolvimento das cordoalhas tendíneas e músculos papilares, separaçäo incompleta dos componentes valvares da parede ventricular, além da agenesia do tecido valvular. Simultaneamente ou näo a esta valvulopatia congênita, pode ocorrer a inserçäo mais baixa do aparelho valvar na parede do ventrículo direito, condiçäo esta conhecida como anomalia de Ebstein (Liu, Tilley6, 1976; Eyster et al.4, 1977; Moise8, 1994). No presente relato, os autores descrevem um caso de displasia da tricúspide associada à malformaçäo de Ebstein, em cäo Weimaraner, macho, de 3 meses de idade, cujo diagnóstico clínico foi estribado no exame físico, eletrocardiográfico, radiográfico e ecocardiográfico. O animal apresentou uma sobrevida de 15 meses após a realizaçäo do diagnóstico, vindo a óbito de forma súbita e natural, e a existência das alteraçöes congênitas foram confirmadas no exame necroscópico

Etiologic study of urinary tract infection in dogs

Foram estudados 51 casos de infecçäo urinária, considerando-se diversos fatores, tais como: agente etiológico, localizaçäo da infecäo, fatores predisponentes, sexo, idade e raça. O diagnóstico da infecçäo do trato urinário (ITU) foi baseado no exame bacteriológico, sendo considerado positivo quando a amostra de urina, colhida com auxílio de cateter, apresentava acima de 10 elevado à quinta potência bactérias/ml. Dos animais examinados, quatro cäes apresentaram infecçäo mista, totalizando 55 microorganismos isolados. Escherichia coli foi a mais frequentemente isolada (35,3 por cento), seguida de Staphylococcus sp (23,5 por cento), Proteus mirabilis (15,7 por cento), Streptococcus sp (13,7 por cento), Klebsiella sp (9,8 por cento), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3,9 por cento), Enterobacter cloacae (2,0 por cento), Citrobacter freundii (2,0 por cento) e Providencia rettgeri (2,0 por cento). Quanto à sensibilidade dos germes isolados frente a diversos agentes antimicrobianos, a norfloxacina e a gentamicina mostraram-se eficazes no tratamento de microorganismos Gram-negativos, enquanto a cefalotina e a nitrofurantoina foram mais eficazes contra bactérias Gram-positivas. Os animais que apresentaram maior frequência de ITU pertenciam às raças Cocker Spaniel e Pastor Alemäo, envolvendo mais machos do que fêmeas com predominância de pielonefrites. Embora as infecçöes urinárias tivessem sido observadas em todas as idades, houve um predomínio nos cäes de média idade. Observou-se ainda que a urolitíase foi um fator pré-disponente ou adjacente de ITU, envolvendo germes como Staphylococcus sp e Proteus mirabilis naqueles casos com pH urinário alcalino

Decreased erythrocyte osmotic fragility during canine leptospirosis.

Erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) was carried out in nineteen dogs naturally infected by Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae/copenhagi. A decreased EOF was observed, suggesting a modification of erythrocyte components secondary to disturbances that occur during canine leptospirosis, such as renal damage and hepatic disease.

Experimental citrinin nephrotoxicosis in dogs: renal function evaluation.

To assess renal function changes in acute nephrotoxicosis in dogs, the development and evolution of renal damage during induced citrinin intoxication were studied. Six dogs (experimental group) were given 10 mg citrinin/kg/BW every 24 h during 2 d, and 5 dogs (control group) received exclusively the diluent (1 ml 1% sodium carbonate/kg/BW/d for 2 d). The dogs were daily submitted to physical examination, urinalysis and blood biochemistry analyses (blood urea, serum creatinine, potassium, sodium and glucose) during 2 w. The citrinin-induced renal lesions were mainly in the proximal convoluted tubule and characterized by proteinuria, glucosuria and the presence of numerous granular casts in the urine sediment; these could be detected before elevations in blood urea and creatinine. Glucosuria was the earliest abnormality found and lasted 5 d, while proteinuria and cylindruria were observed from days 1 to 5 and from days 1 to 15, respectively. The glomerular filtration rate was slightly affected as observed by blood urea and creatinine elevations from days 2 to 5. Urine analysis is a useful tool for the evaluation of nephrotoxicity since most nephrotoxins act primarily on the proximal convoluted tubule.