Patient-specific fibre-based models of muscle wrapping.

In many biomechanical problems, the availability of a suitable model for the wrapping of muscles when undergoing movement is essential for the estimation of forces produced on and by the body during motion. This is an important factor in the Osteoporotic Virtual Physiological Human project which is investigating the likelihood of fracture for osteoporotic patients undertaking a variety of movements. The weakening of their skeletons makes them particularly vulnerable to bone fracture caused by excessive loading being placed on the bones, even in simple everyday tasks. This paper provides an overview of a novel volumetric model that describes muscle wrapping around bones and other muscles during movement, and which includes a consideration of how the orientations of the muscle fibres change during the motion. The method can calculate the form of wrapping of a muscle of medium size and visualize the outcome within tenths of seconds on commodity hardware, while conserving muscle volume. This makes the method suitable not only for educational biomedical software, but also for clinical applications used to identify weak muscles that should be strengthened during rehabilitation or to identify bone stresses in order to estimate the risk of fractures.

[Changes in hemocoagulation in children with cranio-cerebral trauma]. / Zmeny hemokoagulace u detí s kraniocerebrálním traumatem.

The authors monitored in children with craniocerebral injuries hospitalized in their department in the course of the more than one-year existence of the child ARO ward in addition to other vital parameters also changes of the haemocoagulation system. They describe the majority of commonly observed abnormalities as "latent consumption coagulopathy", where laboratory findings are not associated with clinical signs of coagulopathy. On the other end of the spectrum of coagulopathies after head injuries is the unit of disseminated consumption coagulopathy which is generally evaluated as a secondary phenomenon or as an intermediary mechanism of the disease which complicates various pathological conditions incl. craniocerebral injuries. The authors discuss the pathophysiology, diagnostic possibilities and their experience with the treatment of the mentioned disorders.

[Parenteral nutrition in neonates after surgery of congenital developmental defects]. / Príspevek k parenterální výzive u novorozencu po operacích vrozených vývojových vad.

The authors discuss the problem of administration and amount of fluids and electrolytes in neonates after operations of inborn developmental defects and during the postoperative period. Parenteral nutrition is considered by the authors an important component of comprehensive intensive care which influences in a marked way the results of the surgical operation. As regards the control of water homeostasis they analyze factors which control the hydration. Next the authors discuss the daily intake of ions; some space is devoted to sodium the main cation of extracellular fluid. Next the authors discuss this aspect of parenteral nutrition as practiced at the Clinic for Paediatric Surgery in Brno.

[Testing bronchogenic carcinoma cells for sensitivity to cytostatics in vitro and in cell cultures]. / Testování senzitivity bunek bronchogenního karcinomu k cytostatikum in vitro v tkánových kulturách.

The authors submit the first experience assembled in Czechoslovakia with testing of the sensitivity of bronchogenic carcinoma cells to cytostatics by the HTCA method (Human Tumor Clonogenic Assay). Based on work by A. W. Hamburger, S. L. Salmon and others the authors elaborated their own modification of the method of cell cultivation in a double layer of soft agar, which can be used in small laboratories attached to clinical departments. The sensitivity tests were made in eight bronchogenic carcinomas--four adenocarcinomas and four epidermoid carcinomas. For the tests five cytostatics were used: 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, cis-platinum, vincristine and vinblastine. Because of contamination the results in three tested adenocarcinomas could not be evaluated. The evaluated specimen of adenocarcinoma was sensitive to 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate, but was resistant to the remaining tested cytostatics. In the group of epidermoid carcinomas one specimen was completely resistant and one completely sensitive to all tested cytostatics. In one specimen the test with 5-fluorouracil could not be evaluated, and the specimen was resistant to the remaining cytostatics. The last specimen in this group was resistant to cis-platinum and sensitive to the remaining cytostatics.

[Treatment of post-traumatic reaction of multiple injuries in children]. / Lécení poúrazové odezvy sdruzených poranení u detí.

Polytraumatism in childhood is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality. Therefore we emphasize the demand of high-standard intensive or resuscitation care. In a severely injured child the first duty is to initiate urgent treatment as prevention focused on the minimalization of negative changes leading to mortality or prolonged morbidity. One of the basic tasks of treatment is to ensure haemodynamic stabilization. In this connection it is important to take into account that in young children hypovolaemia develops before hypotension. Within the framework of treatment of severe injuries the authors discuss the problem of non-oliguric and oliguric renal failure. Part of the lecture is devoted to the metabolic response of the child organism to injury. In the conclusion the authors mention the principles of postoperative hydration of the child.

[Incidence of multiple injuries in children 1977-1986]. / Výskyt sdruzených poranení u detí v letech 1977-1986.

The authors give an account of multiple injuries in children during a ten-year period. Injuries are divided into different groups according to the dominating injury--head, chest, abdomen, pelvis, urogenital system, extremities and injuries without a dominant. From the total number of 277 casualties there were 101 with a predominating injury of the head, 35 of the chest, 41 of the abdomen, 24 of the pelvis and urogenital system, 71 of the extremities and 4 without a dominant. Deaths were recorded after dominating head injuries in 11.8%, after dominating abdominal injuries in 7.3% and in the group without a dominant in 75%. In the remaining group no deaths were recorded. Attention is paid also to the diagnosis and therapeutic tactics of these serious conditions and the necessity to establish the order in which to implement therapeutic procedures in multiple injuries.