Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism: Clinicopathological discrepancies on diagnosis in three patients.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. The cardinal neuropathological features of PD include selective and progressive loss of pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra, deficiencies in dopaminergic signaling in the striatum, and occurrence of phosphorylated α-synuclein-identified Lewy bodies in the nervous system. Parkinsonism, the clinical presentation of movement disorders seen in PD, is a feature shared commonly by other pathologically distinct neurodegenerative diseases, such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Consequently, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish PD from such parkinsonism-related neurological disorders. In addition, parkinsonism is not always a feature of certain neurodegenerative diseases, and it can sometimes develop as a result of various forms of drug intoxication or cerebrovascular disease. Here, we describe the clinicopathological features of three patients (cases 1, 2, and 3) diagnosed as having PSP, MSA, and PD, respectively, in each of whom the postmortem histopathological diagnosis differed from the final clinical diagnosis. Neuropathologically, they had suffered from coexistent disorders: PD, MSA, and argyrophilic grain disease (case 1); PD (case 2); and vascular parkinsonism (case 3). The variety of patients showing features of parkinsonism underlines the importance of careful long-term follow up followed by postmortem neuropathological evaluation.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus and isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency manifested by parkinsonism: a case report and literature review.

A 67-year-old woman developed isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency (IAD), which manifested as lethargy, a 20-kg body weight loss, hypoglycemia, and parkinsonism, and began corticosteroid replacement. Her symptoms resolved rapidly, and her weight returned to normal within six months. However, she then developed slowly progressive type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) with co-existing Hashimoto thyroiditis, and commenced insulin therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of parkinsonism associated with IAD. In addition, because diabetes mellitus, including T1D, could be latent in patients with untreated IAD, careful assessment of glucose metabolism is needed after commencing corticosteroid replacement until weight regain is achieved.