IER-START nomogram for prediction of three-month unfavorable outcome after thrombectomy for stroke.

BACKGROUND: The applicability of the current models for predicting functional outcome after thrombectomy in strokes with large vessel occlusion (LVO) is affected by a moderate predictive performance. AIMS: We aimed to develop and validate a nomogram with pre- and post-treatment factors for prediction of the probability of unfavorable outcome in patients with anterior and posterior LVO who received bridging therapy or direct thrombectomy <6 h of stroke onset. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study on patients data collected prospectively in the Italian Endovascular Registry (IER). Unfavorable outcome was defined as three-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 3-6. Six predictors, including NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, age, pre-stroke mRS score, bridging therapy or direct thrombectomy, grade of recanalization according to the thrombolysis in cerebral ischemia (TICI) grading system, and onset-to-end procedure time were identified a priori by three stroke experts. To generate the IER-START, the pre-established predictors were entered into a logistic regression model. The discriminative performance of the model was assessed by using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). RESULTS: A total of 1802 patients with complete data for generating the IER-START was randomly dichotomized into training (n = 1219) and test (n = 583) sets. The AUC-ROC of IER-START was 0.838 (95% confidence interval [CI]): 0.816-0.869) in the training set, and 0.820 (95% CI: 0.786-0.854) in the test set. CONCLUSIONS: The IER-START nomogram is the first prognostic model developed and validated in the largest population of stroke patients currently candidates to thrombectomy which reliably calculates the probability of three-month unfavorable outcome.

IER-SICH Nomogram to Predict Symptomatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage After Thrombectomy for Stroke.

Background and Purpose- As a reliable scoring system to detect the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after thrombectomy for ischemic stroke is not yet available, we developed a nomogram for predicting symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with large vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation who received bridging of thrombectomy with intravenous thrombolysis (training set), and to validate the model by using a cohort of patients treated with direct thrombectomy (test set). Methods- We conducted a cohort study on prospectively collected data from 3714 patients enrolled in the IER (Italian Registry of Endovascular Stroke Treatment in Acute Stroke). Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage was defined as any type of intracerebral hemorrhage with increase of ≥4 National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score points from baseline ≤24 hours or death. Based on multivariate logistic models, the nomogram was generated. We assessed the discriminative performance by using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results- National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, onset-to-end procedure time, age, unsuccessful recanalization, and Careggi collateral score composed the IER-SICH nomogram. After removing Careggi collateral score from the first model, a second model including Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score was developed. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the IER-SICH nomogram was 0.778 in the training set (n=492) and 0.709 in the test set (n=399). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the second model was 0.733 in the training set (n=988) and 0.685 in the test set (n=779). Conclusions- The IER-SICH nomogram is the first model developed and validated for predicting symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after thrombectomy. It may provide indications on early identification of patients for more or less postprocedural intensive management.

Safety and Efficacy of Reperfusion Therapies for Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients with Active Malignancy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Epidemiological correlations between active malignancy (AM) and acute ischemic stroke (AIS) are well-established. However, the effect of reperfusion strategies, particularly mechanical thrombectomy (MT), has been barely investigated in patients with AIS and AM. We aim to evaluate safety and efficacy of reperfusion strategies in such patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a case-control analysis comparing patients with AM and AIS (AM group) to a group of cancer-free patients with AIS (control group). All enrolled patients underwent reperfusion therapies (i.e. intravenous thrombolysis, MT, intravenous thrombolysis plus MT). Main outcomes were 3-month functional independence, successful reperfusion, 3-month mortality, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. RESULTS: Total 24 patients with AM and AIS (mean age: 69 ± 10.1) were individually matched to 24 control patients (mean age: 70.7 ± 9.3). In both groups 50% were treated with MT, 46% with intravenous thrombolysis and 4% with intravenous thrombolysis plus MT. No difference were found in successful reperfusion, 3-month functional independence, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and mortality. However an overall mortality of 33% in the AM group was reported. CONCLUSIONS: Reperfusion strategies for AIS patients with AM seem to be safe and effective. However an individualized approach to understand cancer stage and life-expectation is warranted.

Effect of mechanical thrombectomy alone or in combination with intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Whether combining intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is superior to mechanical thrombectomy alone for large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke is still uncertain. Our aim was to compare the safety and the efficacy of these two therapeutic strategies. MATERIALS: Patients with acute ischemic stroke secondary to anterior circulation large vessel occlusion. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted. IVT was performed with full dose recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. MT alone was performed only if intravenous thrombolysis was contraindicated. Primary outcomes were successful reperfusion, 3-month functional independence, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), and 3-month mortality. RESULTS: 325 patients were analyzed: 193 treated with combined IVT and MT, 132 with MT alone. The combined treatment group showed higher systolic blood pressure (140 [80-230] vs 150 [90-220]; p = 0.036), rate of good collaterals (55.9% vs 67%; p = 0.03), use of aspiration devices (68.2% vs 79.3%; p = 0.003) and shorter onset-to-reperfusion time (300 [90-845] vs 288 [141-435]; p = 0.008). No differences were found in the efficacy and safety outcomes except for mortality which was lower in the combined treatment group (36.4% vs 25.4%; p = 0.02). However, after multivariable analysis combined treatment was not associated with lower mortality (OR 1.47; 95% CI 0.73-2.96; p = 0.3). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that mechanical thrombectomy alone is effective and safe in patients with contraindications to intravenous thrombolysis. Preceding use of IVT in eligible patients was not associated with increased harm or benefit. Randomized controlled trials are needed to clarify whether intravenous thrombolysis before mechanical thrombectomy is associated with additional benefit.

Mechanical thrombectomy of acute ischemic stroke with a new intermediate aspiration catheter: preliminary results.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To report clinical and procedural outcomes of acute ischemic stroke patients after endovascular treatment with the new thromboaspiration catheter AXS Catalyst 6. METHODS: Patients with anterior and posterior circulation stroke were selected. Successful reperfusion defined as a Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) score ≥2 b and 3-month functional independence defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤2 were the main efficacy outcomes. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and mortality were the main safety outcomes. RESULTS: 107 patients were suitable for analysis. Mean age was 73.18±12.62 year and median baseline NIHSS was 17 (range: 3-32). The most frequent site of occlusion was the middle cerebral artery (MCA) (60.7%). 76.6% of patients were treated with AXS Catalyst 6 alone without the need for rescue devices or thromboaspiration catheters. Successful reperfusion was achieved in 84.1%, functional independence in 47.6%, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 3.7%, and mortality in 21.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular treatment with AXS Catalyst 6 proved to be safe, technically feasible, and effective. Comparison analyses with other devices for mechanical thrombectomy are needed.

Endovascular Distal Plantar Vein Arterialization in Dialysis Patients With No-Option Critical Limb Ischemia and Posterior Tibial Artery Occlusion: A Technique for Limb Salvage in a Challenging Patient Subset.

PURPOSE: To detail a percutaneous technique for distal plantar venous arterialization in diabetic, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with no-option critical limb ischemia (CLI). TECHNIQUE: After failure of standard intraluminal recanalization attempts, a subintimal approach through the posterior tibial artery (PTA) is begun using a 0.014-inch, 190- or 300-cm-long guidewire supported by a 2-×20-mm, low-profile balloon catheter positioned a short distance behind the narrow "U-shaped" loop in the guidewire. Typically, heavy calcification in the distal tortuous segment of the PTA prevents reentry to the arterial true lumen; however, an entry in the distal lateral or medial plantar vein from a subintimal channel in the plantar artery can be intentionally pursued as a bailout technique, pointing the tip of the guidewire opposite to the arterial wall calcifications. Venous access is confirmed by contrast injection through the balloon catheter. Once the guidewire is advanced in the distal lateral or medial plantar vein and a plantar arteriovenous fistula (AVF) has been created, the AV anastomosis and the occluded PTA segment are dilated with 0.014-inch balloon catheters. The technique has been attempted in 9 consecutive diabetic, ESRD patients (mean age 69 years; 5 men) with no-option CLI; an AVF was created between the PTA and plantar vein in 7 patients. The mean TcPO2 at 1 month was 30±17 mm Hg (vs 7.3±2.2 at baseline). Six ulcers healed over an average of 21±4 weeks. Three of the 9 patients had below-knee amputations. CONCLUSION: Although further investigations are required, distal plantar venous arterialization may represent a promising technique to improve recanalization rates and limb salvage in diabetic ESRD patients with extremely calcified PTA occlusions.

Efficacy and Safety of Mechanical Thrombectomy in Older Adults with Acute Ischemic Stoke.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of endovascular therapy in elderly adults treated for acute ischemic stroke. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Comprehensive Stroke Center, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. PARTICIPANTS: Elderly adults treated for acute ischemic stroke (N = 219). MEASUREMENTS: Participants were divided into two groups based on their age (n = 62, ≥80; n = 157, <80). Baseline and procedural characteristics, safety outcomes such as intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and mortality and efficacy outcomes such as successful reperfusion and 3-month good clinical outcome of the two groups were compared. Mutivariable analysis was performed to identify predictors of clinical outcome. RESULTS: Intravenous thrombolysis was more frequent (67.7% vs 52.8%, P = .04), and onset to reperfusion time was shorter (318.7 ± 128.7 vs 282 ± 53.5, P = .02) in participants aged 80 and older, but no between-group differences were found in terms of successful reperfusion (69% vs 63%, P = .4), good clinical outcome (30.6% vs 34.3%, P = .6), any (37% vs 37.5%, P > .99) or symptomatic (11% vs 14%, P = .6) ICH, or mortality (40.3% vs 29.2%, P = .14). Multivariable analysis revealed that, in the older group, onset National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (odds ratio (OR) = 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.44-0.96, P = .03) and 24-hour clinical improvement (OR = 141.13, 95% CI = 2.96-6,720.7, P = .01) were independent predictors of 3-month functional independence. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that endovascular treatment for stroke in selected elderly adults could be safe and effective. Major determinants of outcome in this subgroup of elderly patients are presentation NIHSS score and 24-hour clinical improvement.

Endovascular Stroke Treatment of Acute Tandem Occlusion: A Single-Center Experience.

PURPOSE: To evaluate outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by tandem internal carotid artery/middle cerebral artery occlusion undergoing endovascular treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Characteristics of consecutive patients with tandem occlusion (TO) were extracted from a prospective registry. Collateral vessel quality on pretreatment computed tomographic (CT) angiography was evaluated on a 4-point grading scale, and patients were dichotomized as having poor or good collateral flow. Outcome measures included successful reperfusion according to Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction score, good outcome at 3 months defined as a modified Rankin scale score ≤ 2, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH; sICH), and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 72 patients with TO (mean age, 65.6 y ± 12.8) were treated. Intravenous thrombolysis was performed in 54.1% of patients, and a carotid stent was inserted in 48.6%. Successful reperfusion was achieved in 64% of patients, and a good outcome was achieved in 32%. sICH occurred in 12.5% of patients, and the overall mortality rate was 32%. Univariate analysis demonstrated that good outcome was associated with good collateral flow (P = .0001), successful reperfusion (P = .001), and lower rate of any ICH (P = .02) and sICH (P = .04). On multivariate analysis, good collateral flow (odds ratio [OR], 0.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.04-0.75; P = .01) and age (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.15; P = .01) were the only predictors of good outcome. The use of more than one device for thrombectomy was the only predictor of sICH (OR, 10.74; 95% CI, 1.37-84.13; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular treatment for TO resulted in good outcomes. Collateral flow and age were independent predictors of good clinical outcomes at 3 months.

CT angiography-based collateral flow and time to reperfusion are strong predictors of outcome in endovascular treatment of patients with stroke.

BACKGROUND: Collateral flow (CF) is an effective predictor of outcome in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with potential to sustain the ischemic penumbra. However, the clinical prognostic value of CF in patients with AIS undergoing mechanical thrombectomy has not been clearly established. We evaluated the relationship of CF with clinical outcomes in patients with large artery anterior circulation AIS treated with mechanical thrombectomy. METHODS: Baseline collaterals of patients with AIS (n=135) undergoing mechanical thrombectomy were independently evaluated by CT angiography (CTA) and conventional angiography and dichotomized into poor and good CF. Multivariable analyses were performed to evaluate the predictive effect of CF on outcome and the effect of time to reperfusion on outcome based on adequacy of the collaterals. RESULTS: Evaluation of CF was consistent by both CTA and conventional angiography (p<0.0001). A higher rate of patients with good collaterals had good functional outcome at 3-month follow-up compared with those with poor collaterals (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0-2: 60% vs 10%, p=0.0001). Patients with poor collaterals had a significantly higher mortality rate (mRS 6: 45% vs 8%, p=0.0001). Multivariable analyses showed that CF was the strongest predictor of outcome. Time to reperfusion had a clear effect on favorable outcome (mRS ≤2) in patients with good collaterals; in patients with poor collaterals this effect was only seen when mRS ≤3 was considered an acceptable outcome. CONCLUSIONS: CTA is a valid tool for assessing the ability of CF to predict clinical outcome in patients with AIS treated with mechanical thrombectomy. Limiting time to reperfusion is of definite value in patients with good collaterals and also to some extent in those with poor collaterals.

Endovascular Mechanical Thromboaspiration of Right Hepatic Arterial Thrombosis After Liver Transplantation.

A 56-year-old male Patient presented 27 days after a liver transplantation (LT) with fever and hyperbilirubinemia. He underwent CT examination resulting in a diagnosis of right hepatic artery (HA) occlusion with hepatic bilomas. Once placed a long right femoral 6F introducer at the origin of the HA, a 0.014" guidewire was advanced over the thrombus, in a segmental branch. A 4MAX (Penumbra, Alameda, USA) catheter was advanced and withdrawn under constant aspiration until complete clot removal was achieved. Follow-up CT and D-US assessments at 12 months demonstrated regular HA patency and bilomas reduction. Endovascular thromboaspiration is an effective strategy in cases of E-HAT after LT.

Efficacy of systemic thrombolysis within 4.5 h from stroke symptom onset: a single-centre clinical and diffusion-perfusion 3T MRI study.

PURPOSE: The efficacy of thrombolytic treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) within 3 h from stroke onset has been extensively supported by randomised placebo-controlled multicentre trials. In our single-centre study, we investigated the efficacy of intravenous (IV) administration of rt-PA within 4.5 h of stroke onset, in terms of clinical and radiological outcome, using a 3T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner in a cohort of patients similar to that of multicentre clinical trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients treated with IV rt-PA were compared with an historical cohort of untreated patients (controls). Inclusion criteria were: (1) infarction of the middle cerebral artery territory, (2) eligibility for IV rt-PA treatment, and (3) 3T perfusion- and diffusion-weighted MR imaging and MR angiography performed within 4.5 h and repeated after 5-7 days. Stroke severity was assessed with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Growth of the DWI lesion, saved hypoperfused tissue, and clinical outcome was assessed and compared in treated patients and controls. RESULTS: Forty-three patients treated with rt-PA and 69 controls were eligible for the analysis. Treated patients showed higher percentages of saved hypoperfused tissue (75 vs. 40 %; p = 0.009), vessel recanalisation (65 vs. 27.5%; p = 0.003), and haemorrhagic transformation (21 vs. 7%; p = 0.004), without any clinically significant haemorrhages. Furthermore, treated patients had a significant improvement of NIHSS at 24 h (p < 0.001), at discharge (p ≤ 0.001), and at the 3-month clinical evaluation (p < 0.001), while similar rates of both treated patients and controls achieved a 3-month modified Rankin scale ≤ 2 (62 and 65%; p = 0.7). CONCLUSION: Treatment with IV rt-PA within 4.5 h of stroke onset preserves a significant amount of brain tissue from final infarction, and increases the possibility of early and late clinical improvement.

Treatment of symptomatic high-flow female varicoceles with stop-flow foam sclerotherapy.

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy of stop-flow foam sclerotherapy (SFFS) in high-flow pelvic varicoceles using 3 % sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) foam. METHODS: Our institutional review board granted approval and waived informed consent for this retrospective study of 26 patients (mean age 37.3 years, range 23-46 years) with pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) who had high-outflow venous collaterals treated by SFFS between June 2005 and June 2011 in our department. PCS was diagnosed by physical and transvaginal color Doppler ultrasound examination, while high-outflow venous collaterals were detected at selective ovarian venography. SFFS was performed by injection of 3 % STS foam into the pelvic varices after balloon occlusion of the major venous vessels (hypogastric and/or ovarian veins) to which the high-outflow venous collaterals were tributary. Follow-up was performed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months by physical and transvaginal color Doppler ultrasound examination and by a questionnaire-based assessment of pain using a symptom severity score. RESULTS: The procedure was technically successful in all patients. After the injection of 3 % STS foam, all patients had a colic like pain that spontaneously resolved after 5 min. During follow-up, no recurrences of PCS were detected. Significant improvement of symptoms (Student's t test P < 0.01) was observed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. CONCLUSION: SFFS using 3 % STS foam is a safe and effective treatment for high-flow female varicoceles and should be considered as an alternative to other endovascular and surgical options.

Intra-arterial thrombectomy versus standard intravenous thrombolysis in patients with anterior circulation stroke caused by intracranial arterial occlusions: a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: Severely impaired patients with persisting intracranial occlusion despite standard treatment with intravenous (IV) administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) or presenting beyond the therapeutic window for IV rtPA may be candidates for interventional neurothrombectomy (NT). The safety and efficacy of NT by the Penumbra System (PS) were compared with standard IV rtPA treatment in patients with severe acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by large intracranial vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation. METHODS: Consecutive AIS patients underwent a predefined treatment algorithm based on arrival time, stroke severity as measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, and site of arterial occlusion on computed tomographic angiography (CTA). NT was performed either after a standard dose of IV rtPA (bridging therapy [BT]) or as single treatment (stand-alone NT [SAT]). Rates of recanalization, symptomatic intracranial bleeding (SIB), mortality, and functional outcome in NT patients were compared with a historical cohort of IV rtPA treated patients (i.e., controls). Three-month favourable outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score ≤2. RESULTS: Forty-six AIS patients were treated with NT and 51 with IV rtPA. The 2 groups did not differ with regard to demographics, onset NIHSS score (18.5±4 v 17±5; P=.06), or site of intracranial occlusion. Onset-to-treatment time in the NT and IV rtPA groups was 230 minutes (±78) and 176.5 (±44) minutes, respectively (P=.001). NT patients had significantly higher percentages of major improvement (≥8 points NIHSS score change at 24 hours; 26% v 10%; P=.03) and partial/complete recanalization (93.5% v 45%; P<.0001) compared to controls. Treatment by either SAT or BT similarly improved the chance of early recanalization and early clinical improvement. No significant differences were observed in the rate of SIB (11% v 6%), 3-month mortality (24% v 25%), or favorable outcome (40% v 35%) between NT and IV rtPA patients. CONCLUSIONS: Despite significantly delayed time of intervention, NT patients had higher rates of recanalization and early major improvement, with no differences in symptomatic intracranial hemorrhages. Early NIHSS score improvement did not translate into better 3-month mortality or outcome. NT seems a safe and effective adjuvant treatment strategy for selected patients with severe AIS secondary to large intracranial vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation.

What is a reliable CT scan for diagnosing splenosis under emergency conditions?

Splenosis is a condition in which splenic tissue is present in a non-anatomical position. Implants of splenic tissue can mimic neoplasms and only specific examinations can confirm the correct diagnosis. Here we report a case of a 23-year-old male patient with a history of surgical splenectomy during childhood after trauma. He was admitted to the emergency department with acute bowel obstruction. An abdominal-pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan revealed small bowel obstruction and the presence of two rounded, solid masses located in the rectal-vescical pouch. Quantitative analyses of the different density values in the arterial phase and early portal venous phase demonstrated that these lesions were highly vascularised (92 and 97 Hounsfield Units, respectively). The hypothesis of an ectopic splenic mass was made after evaluation of the CT images and clinical history. The acute bowel obstruction caused by adhesive intestinal syndrome was resolved by surgical adhesiolysis. The smallest mass adherent to the rectum was removed. Histopathologic examination confirmed the benign nature of the lesion, which consisted of splenic tissue.

Hospital organization and importance of an interventional radiology inpatient admitting service: Italian single-center 3-year experience.

In June 2005 a Complex Operating Unit of Interventional Radiology (COUIR), consisting of an outpatient visit service, an inpatient admitting service with four beds, and a day-hospital service with four beds was installed at our department. Between June 2005 and May 2008, 1772 and 861 well-screened elective patients were admitted to the inpatient ward of the COUIR and to the Internal Medicine Unit (IMU) or Surgery Unit (SU) of our hospital, respectively, and treated with IR procedures. For elective patients admitted to the COUIR's inpatient ward, hospital stays were significantly shorter and differences between reimbursements and costs were significantly higher for almost all IR procedures compared to those for patients admitted to the IMU and SU (Student's t-test for unpaired data, p < 0.05). The results of the 3-year activity show that the activation of a COUIR with an inpatient admitting service, and the better organization of the patient pathway that came with it, evidenced more efficient use of resources, with the possibility for the hospital to save money and obtain positive margins (differences between reimbursements and costs). During 3 years of activity, the inpatient admitting service of our COUIR yielded a positive difference between reimbursements and effective costs of 1,009,095.35 euros. The creation of an inpatient IR service and the admission of well-screened elective patients allowed short hospitalization times, reduction of waiting lists, and a positive economic outcome.

Cost-effectiveness of percutaneous vertebroplasty in osteoporotic vertebral fractures.

A retrospective study was conducted in 179 consecutive patients (48 males, 131 females; mean age: 72.0 +/- 8.59 years; range: 51-93) with single symptomatic acute amyelic osteoporotic vertebral fracture presenting between September 2004 and September 2005 to the Santa Lucia Foundation in Rome, Italy. Vertebral fractures usually become manifest due to pain which can be debilitating. Treatment depends on the presence or absence of spinal cord involvement. In the first case, surgical stabilization is mandatory. In the second case, treatment may be performed either by conservative medical therapy (CMT) or percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness, costs and cost-effectiveness of percutaneous vertebroplasty. After 2 weeks of analgesic therapy, 153 patients presented refractory pain and were offered treatment by PVT. A total of 58 patients accepted and underwent PVT (PVT group), while 95 refused and underwent conservative medical therapy (CMT group). Follow-up was performed by specialist consults, spine radiography and MRI and a self-assessment questionnaire evaluating pain using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and function using an ambulation and an Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale. A 12-month follow-up was obtained in 86 of 95 (90.5%) CMT group patients and 54 of 58 (93.1%) PVT group patients. Significant reduction of VAS and improvement of ambulation and ADL was observed in both groups at 1 week and 3 and 12 months (P < 0.05; Wilcoxon signed rank test), however, these results were significantly superior in the PVT group at 1 week and 3 months (P < 0.05; Mann-Whitney U test). Average cost per patient at 1 week and 3 and 12 months were respectively 755.49 +/- 661.96, 3791.95 +/- 3341.97 and 4299.55 +/- 3211.53 euros (CMT group) and 3311.35 +/- 0.32, 3745.30 +/- 3.59 and 4101.05 +/- 755.41 euros (PVT group). PVT resulted significantly more cost-effective than CMT with regards to the three scales at 1 week (P < 0.05; Mann-Whitney U test). At 3 months PVT was more cost-effective than CMT with regards to the three scales, however, the difference was significant only with regards to ambulation. No significant differences in cost-effectiveness where found between the two groups at 12 months. PVT should be considered the treatment of first choice in symptomatic acute amyelic osteoporotic vertebral fractures with refractory pain after a short period of analgesic therapy.

Transcatheter foam sclerotherapy of symptomatic female varicocele with sodium-tetradecyl-sulfate foam.

To evaluate the efficacy of transcatheter foam sclerotherapy (TCFS) in pelvic varicocele using sodium-tetradecyl-sulfate foam (STSF), we conducted a retrospective study in 38 patients (mean age, 36.9 years; range, 22-44 years) with pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) treated between January 2000 and June 2005 by TCFS. Pelvic pain was associated with dyspareunia in 23 (60.5%) patients, urinary urgency in 9 (23.7%) patients, and worsening of pain during menstruation and at the end of a day of work in 7 (18.4%) and 38 (100%) patients, respectively. Diagnosis was made by pelvic and transvaginal color Doppler ultrasound examination, demonstrating ovarian or pelvic varices with a diameter >5 mm presenting venous reflux. TCFS was performed in all patients, using 3% STSF. Follow-up was performed by physical examination, pelvic and transvaginal Doppler ultrasound examination and by a questionnaire-based assessment of pain at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the procedure. Technical success was achieved in all patients (100%). In three patients a pelvic colic-like pain occurred immediately after sclerotic agent injection, disappearing spontaneously after a few minutes. No recurrent varicoceles were observed during a 12-month follow-up. A statistically significant improvement in each category of specific symptoms was observed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the procedure. We conclude that TCFS of female varicocele using a 3% STSF is safe and effective for the treatment of PCS. It is associated with a significant reduction of symptoms and can be regarded as a valid alternative to other endovascular and surgical techniques.

Male varicocele: transcatheter foam sclerotherapy with sodium tetradecyl sulfate--outcome in 244 patients.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the recurrence rate, resolution of pain, improvement of semen parameters, and achievement of pregnancy after transcatheter foam sclerotherapy (TCFS) in varicocele by using sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) foam. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The institutional review board approved the study; informed consent was waived. A retrospective study was conducted in 244 consecutive male patients (mean age, 28.2 years; range, 17-42 years) with 280 varicoceles treated with TCFS between January 2000 and January 2004. The gonadal vein was selectively catheterized by using left antecubital transbrachial venous access; a foam of 3% STS and air was injected. Follow-up was performed with physical and Doppler ultrasonographic examinations and by using a questionnaire-based assessment of pain and pregnancy. Semen analysis was performed according to World Health Organization guidelines. Significant differences in semen parameters before and after treatment were determined by using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: Technical success rate was 97.1% (272 varicoceles). Complete follow-up results (mean, 40.3 months +/- 19.46 [standard deviation]) in 225 varicoceles (80.4%) revealed eight (3.6%) grade II-III recurrent varicoceles and resolution of pain in 164 (96.5%) of 170 cases. Statistically significant improvement of all semen parameters was achieved in infertile patients after treatment (P < .001). Of 59 patients with pretreatment sperm alterations who desired pregnancy, 23 (39.0%) achieved pregnancy (mean follow-up, 28.6 months +/- 7.77). CONCLUSION: TCFS in male varicocele with 3% STS foam was associated with a low recurrence rate, a high rate of pain resolution, and a significant improvement of pretreatment sperm parameter alterations; a substantial increase in pregnancy achievement was obtained for patients with pretreatment sperm alterations who desired pregnancy.

Sacroplasty and iliac osteoplasty under combined CT and fluoroscopic guidance.

STUDY DESIGN: We postulate that osteoplasty of osteolytic metastases of the pelvic region performed by computed tomography (CT)-guided insertion of Kirschner wires into the lesions is effective and more feasible. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether osteoplasty of osteolytic metastases of the pelvic region can be performed by a more feasible lesion access, increasing patient compliance and reducing patient radiation exposure. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Treatment of osteolytic bone metastases is palliative and relies mainly on the elimination of pain. When pain is medically intractable, this can be effectively treated by osteoplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 61-year-old man with medically intractable pain from osteolytic lesions of the sacral ala and left iliac alum from pulmonary adenocarcinoma underwent osteoplasty. The lesions were accessed using Kirschner wires under CT guidance. Subsequently, under high-resolution fluoroscopic guidance, 13-G biopsy needles were advanced coaxially over the Kirschner wires and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was injected into the lesions. RESULTS: No peri-procedural complications were observed. The patient experienced an immediate and substantial pain relief that was persistent during a 4-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This technique is safe and effective and requires fewer CT scans, thus reducing the patient's radiation exposure. The shorter procedure correlates to a better patient tolerance.