RESUMEN
Lung cancer is the second most-frequently occurring cancer and the leading cause of cancer-associated deaths worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common type of lung cancer is often diagnosed in middle or advanced stages and have poor prognosis. Diagnosis of disease at an early stage is a key factor for improving prognosis and reducing mortality, whereas, the currently used diagnostic tools are not sufficiently sensitive for early-stage NSCLC. The emergence of liquid biopsy has ushered in a new era of diagnosis and management of cancers, including NSCLC, since analysis of circulating tumor-derived components, such as cell-free DNA (cfDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free RNAs (cfRNAs), exosomes, tumor-educated platelets (TEPs), proteins, and metabolites in blood or other biofluids can enable early cancer detection, treatment selection, therapy monitoring and prognosis assessment. There have been great advances in liquid biopsy of NSCLC in the past few years. Hence, this chapter introduces the latest advances on the clinical application of cfDNA, CTCs, cfRNAs and exosomes, with a particular focus on their application as early markers in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of NSCLC.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas , Ácidos Nucleicos Libres de Células , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes , Humanos , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biopsia Líquida , Ácidos Nucleicos Libres de Células/genética , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/patologíaRESUMEN
AIM: To investigate the mechanism by which hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein-induced miR-93-5p up-regulation regulates the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway. METHODS: HCV-1b core protein was exogenously expressed in Huh7 cells using pcDNA3.1 (+) vector. The expression of miR-93-5p and interferon receptor 1 (IFNAR1) was measured using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The protein expression and phosphorylation level of STAT1 were evaluated by Western blot. The overexpression and silencing of miR-93-5p and IFNAR1 were performed using miR-93-5p agomir and antagomir, and pcDNA3.1-IFNAR1 and IFNAR1 siRNA, respectively. Luciferase assay was used to identify whether IFNAR1 is a target of miR-93-5p. Cellular experiments were also conducted. RESULTS: Serum miR-93-5p level was increased in patients with HCV-1b infection and decreased to normal level after HCV-1b clearance, but persistently increased in those with pegylated interferon-α resistance, compared with healthy subjects. Serum miR-93-5p expression had an AUC value of 0.8359 in distinguishing patients with pegylated interferon-α resistance from those with pegylated interferon-α sensitivity. HCV-1b core protein increased miR-93-5p expression and induced inactivation of the IFN signaling pathway in Huh7 cells. Furthermore, IFNAR1 was identified as a direct target of miR-93-5p, and IFNAR1 restore could rescue miR-93-5p-reduced STAT1 phosphorylation, suggesting that the miR-93-5p-IFNAR1 axis regulates the IFN signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: HCV-1b core protein-induced miR-93-5p up-regulation inhibits the IFN signaling pathway by directly targeting IFNAR1, and the miR-93-5p-IFNAR1 axis regulates STAT1 phosphorylation. This axis may be a potential therapeutic target for HCV-1b infection.
Asunto(s)
Hepacivirus/metabolismo , Hepatitis C/metabolismo , Hepatocitos/metabolismo , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Receptor de Interferón alfa y beta/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Proteínas del Núcleo Viral/metabolismo , Adulto , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Farmacorresistencia Viral , Femenino , Células HEK293 , Hepacivirus/efectos de los fármacos , Hepacivirus/patogenicidad , Hepatitis C/sangre , Hepatitis C/tratamiento farmacológico , Hepatitis C/virología , Hepatocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Hepatocitos/virología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Interferón-alfa/uso terapéutico , Masculino , MicroARNs/genética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fosforilación , Receptor de Interferón alfa y beta/efectos de los fármacos , Receptor de Interferón alfa y beta/genética , Factor de Transcripción STAT1/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación hacia Arriba , Proteínas del Núcleo Viral/genéticaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine associations between polymorphisms in the X-ray cross- complementing group 1 (XRCC 1) gene and risk of glioma in a Chinese population. METHODS: We performed a hospital-based case-control study with 271 cases and 289 controls in Guangdong province, China. Cases were patients newly diagnosed with pathologically confirmed glioma in two hospitals between June 2006 and May 2010. Controls were hospitalized individuals without cancer, frequency matched by sex and age. Three SNPs in XRCC1 gene, Arg399Gln (rs25487), Arg194Trp (rs1799782) and Arg280His (rs25489), were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) based method. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) of polymorphisms in XRCC1 gene for glioma. RESULTS: The Arg399Gln polymorphism was significantly associated with risk of glioma. Individuals with the Gln/Gln genotype had a significantly increased likelihood of developing glioma compared with those with the Arg/Arg genotype (adjusted OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.04 - 3.58), especially among males and individuals aged 50 years or older. CONCLUSION: The XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism may be a useful susceptibility biomarker for glioma. Further studies in Chinese populations with larger sample sizes are now warranted.
