RESUMEN
We have investigated covalent conjugation of VPPPVPPRRRX' peptide (where X' denotes Nε-chloroacetyl lysine) to N-terminal SH3 domain from adapter protein Grb2. Our experimental results confirmed that the peptide first binds to the SH3 domain noncovalently before establishing a covalent linkage through reaction of X' with the target cysteine residue C32. We have also confirmed that this reaction involves a thiolate-anion form of C32 and follows the SN2 mechanism. For this system, we have developed a new MD-based protocol to model the formation of covalent conjugate. The simulation starts with the known coordinates of the noncovalent complex. When two reactive groups come into contact during the course of the simulation, the reaction is initiated. The reaction is modeled via gradual interpolation between the two sets of force field parameters that are representative of the noncovalent and covalent complexes. The simulation proceeds smoothly, with no appreciable perturbations to temperature, pressure or volume, and results in a high-quality MD model of the covalent complex. The validity of this model is confirmed using the experimental chemical shift data. The new MD-based approach offers a valuable tool to explore the mechanics of protein-peptide conjugation and build accurate models of covalent complexes.
Asunto(s)
Proteína Adaptadora GRB2/metabolismo , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Péptidos/metabolismo , Proteína SOS1/metabolismo , Dominios Homologos src , Algoritmos , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida/métodos , Proteína Adaptadora GRB2/química , Humanos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Ratones , Fragmentos de Péptidos/química , Fragmentos de Péptidos/metabolismo , Péptidos/química , Péptidos/genética , Unión Proteica , Conformación Proteica , Proteína SOS1/química , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The recent evolution of genomics and subsequently proteomics offers a major advance in the ability to understand individual human variation in disease and the molecular level changes induced by certain environmental exposures. This original study examines urinary proteome composition to enable the understanding of molecular homeostatic mechanisms in spaceflight and presents the potential for early detection of subclinical disease, microgravity risk mitigation strategies, and countermeasure development for exploration-class missions. METHODS: The urinary proteome composition of six Russian cosmonauts (men, ages 35-51) who flew long-duration missions of 169-199 d was determined 30 d before flight and compared to repeat studies 1 and 7 d postflight. RESULTS: There were 430 proteins identified. Of those, 15 proteins originated in the renal tissues. Of the 15 urinary proteins, 10 were consistently present in the urine. However, the presence of five of the urinary proteins--neutral endopeptidase (NEP), afamin (AFAM), aquaporin-2 (AQP2), aminopeptidase A (AMPE), and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4)--was dependent on spaceflight exposure. DISCUSSION: Proteomic investigation of pre- and postflight urine and bioinformation approaches to proteome analysis provide important data relative the mechanism of kidney function in spaceflight. In this initial study, we determined that the evaluation of urinary proteins may help investigators understand changes that are occurring in microgravity. Once additional ground-based and in-flight data are collected, it is feasible to develop targeted studies for tracking specific spaceflight related changes, determine countermeasure and risk-mitigation effectiveness, and possibly detect subclinical disease in flight crewmembers.
