RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We describe a shared-resource intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) design that allocates time for both surgical procedures and routine diagnostic imaging. We investigated the safety and efficacy of this design as applied to the detection of residual glioma immediately after an optimal image-guided frameless stereotactic resection (IGFSR). METHODS: Based on the twin operating rooms (ORs) concept, we installed a commercially available Hitachi AIRIS II, 0.3-tesla, vertical field, open MRI unit in its own specially designed OR (designated the magnetic resonance OR) immediately adjacent to a conventional neurosurgical OR. Between May 1998 and October 1999, this facility was used for both routine diagnostic imaging (969 diagnostic scans) and surgical procedures (50 craniotomies for tumor resection, 27 transsphenoidal explorations, and 5 biopsies). Our study group, from which prospective data were collected, consisted of 40 of these patients who had glioma (World Health Organization Grades II-IV). These 40 patients first underwent optimal IGFSRs in the adjacent conventional OR, where resection continued until the surgeon believed that all of the accessible tumor had been removed. Patients were then transferred to the magnetic resonance OR to check the completeness of the resection. If accessible residual tumor was observed, then a biopsy and an additional resection were performed. To validate intraoperative MRI findings, early postoperative MRI using a 1.5-tesla magnet was performed. RESULTS: Intraoperative images that were suitable for interpretation were obtained for all 40 patients after optimal IGFSRs. In 19 patients (47%), intraoperative MRI studies confirmed that adequate resection had been achieved after IGFSR alone. Intraoperative MRI studies showed accessible residual tumors in the remaining 21 patients (53%), all of whom underwent additional resections. Early postoperative MRI studies were obtained in 39 patients, confirming that the desired final extent of resection had been achieved in all of these patients. One patient developed a superficial wound infection, and no hazardous equipment or instrumentation problems occurred. CONCLUSION: Use of an intraoperative MRI facility that permits both diagnostic imaging and surgical procedures is safe and may represent a more cost-effective approach than dedicated intraoperative units for some hospital centers. Although we clearly demonstrate an improvement in volumetric glioma resection as compared with IGFSR alone, further study is required to determine the impact of this approach on patient survival.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Encefálicas/cirugía , Glioma/cirugía , Asignación de Recursos para la Atención de Salud , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/instrumentación , Neoplasia Residual/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/diagnóstico , Técnicas Estereotáxicas/instrumentación , Equipo Quirúrgico , Interfaz Usuario-Computador , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Biopsia/instrumentación , Encéfalo/patología , Encéfalo/cirugía , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Craneotomía/instrumentación , Femenino , Glioma/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasia Residual/patología , Ohio , ReoperaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Well-established surgical goals for pituitary macroadenomas include gross total resection for noninvasive tumors and debulking with optic chiasm decompression for invasive tumors. In this report, we examine the safety, reliability, and outcome of intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) used to assess the extent of resection, and thus the achievement of preoperative surgical goals, during transsphenoidal microneurosurgery. METHODS: Our magnetic resonance operating room contains a Hitachi AIRIS II 0.3-T, vertical-field open magnet (Hitachi Medical Systems America, Inc., Twinsburg, OH). A motorized scanner tabletop moves the patient between the imaging and operative positions. For transsphenoidal surgery, the patient is positioned directly on the scanner tabletop so that the surgical field is located between 1.2 and 1.6 m from the magnet isocenter. At this location, the magnetic field strength is low (<20 G), thus permitting the use of many conventional surgical instruments. Thirty consecutive patients with pituitary macroadenomas underwent tumor resection in our magnetic resonance operating room by use of a standard transsphenoidal approach. After initial resection, the patient was advanced into the scanner for imaging. If residual tumor was demonstrated and deemed surgically accessible, the patient underwent immediate re-exploration. RESULTS: iMRI was performed successfully in all 30 patients. In one patient, iMRI was used to clarify the significance of hemorrhage from the sellar region and resulted in immediate conversion of the procedure to a craniotomy. In the remaining 29 patients, initial iMRI demonstrated that the endpoint for extent of resection had been achieved in only 10 patients (34%) after an initial resection attempt, whereas 19 patients (66%) still had unacceptable residual tumor. All 19 of these latter patients underwent re-exploration. Ultimately, re-exploration resulted in the achievement of the planned endpoint for extent of resection in all of the 29 completed transsphenoidal explorations. Operative time was extended in all cases by at least 20 minutes. CONCLUSION: iMRI can be used to safely, reliably, and objectively assess the extent of resection of pituitary macroadenomas during the transsphenoidal approach. The surgeon is frequently surprised by the extent of residual tumor after an initial resection attempt and finds the intraoperative images useful for guiding further resection.
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Adenoma/cirugía , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/instrumentación , Microcirugia/instrumentación , Monitoreo Intraoperatorio/instrumentación , Neoplasias Hipofisarias/cirugía , Adenoma/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Hipofisectomía , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Quirófanos , Neoplasias Hipofisarias/patología , Reoperación , Seno Esfenoidal/patología , Seno Esfenoidal/cirugía , Equipo QuirúrgicoRESUMEN
Interactive frameless stereotaxy has been successfully applied to intracranial surgery. It has contributed to the improved localization of deep-seated brain lesions and has demonstrated a potential for reducing both operative time and morbidity. However, it has not been as effectively applied to spinal surgery. The authors describe the application of frameless stereotactic techniques to spinal surgery, specifically pedicle screw fixation of the lumbosacral spine. Preoperative axial computerized tomography (CT) images of the appropriate spinal segments are obtained and loaded onto a high-speed graphics supercomputer workstation. Intraoperatively, these images can be linked to the appropriate spinal anatomy by a sonic localization digitizer device that is interfaced with the computer workstation. This permits the surgeon to place a pointing device (sonic wand) on any exposed spinal bone landmark in the operative field and obtain multiplanar reconstructed CT images projected in near-real time on the workstation screen. The images can be manipulated to assist the surgeon in determining the proper entry point for a pedicle screw as well as defining the appropriate trajectory in the axial and sagittal planes. It can also define the correct screw length and diameter for each pedicle to be instrumented. The authors applied this device to the insertion of 150 screws into the lumbosacral spines of 30 patients. One hundred forty-nine screws were assessed to be satisfactorily placed by postoperative CT and plain film radiography. In this report the authors discuss their use of this device in the clinical setting and review their preliminary results of frameless stereotaxy applied to spinal surgery. On the basis of their findings, the authors conclude that frameless stereotactic technology can be successfully applied to spinal surgery.
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Tornillos Óseos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Vértebras Lumbares/cirugía , Sacro/cirugía , Técnicas Estereotáxicas , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Gráficos por Computador , Presentación de Datos , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Cuidados Intraoperatorios , Vértebras Lumbares/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cuidados Posoperatorios , Intensificación de Imagen Radiográfica , Radiografía Intervencional , Sistemas de Información Radiológica , Sacro/diagnóstico por imagen , Espondilitis/cirugía , Espondilolistesis/cirugía , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Ultrasonografía IntervencionalRESUMEN
We describe two methods of breast immobilization using the lateral decubitus position to increase patient comfort and access to the axillary tail for MR-guided biopsy in the postsurgical or irradiated breast. The first method uses a compression device with good immobilization but poor patient tolerance. The second approach uses a thermoplastic mesh material to form a rigid exoskeleton around the breast: immobilization is adequate and patient acceptability is good. The latter method is preferred and requires formal evaluation in larger scale trials.
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Biopsia con Aguja , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Radiología Intervencionista , Biopsia con Aguja/instrumentación , Neoplasias de la Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Mama/radioterapia , Neoplasias de la Mama/cirugía , Diseño de Equipo , Femenino , Humanos , Inmovilización , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/instrumentación , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Mastectomía Segmentaria , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Spinal instrumentation and frameless stereotaxy are two separate fields in neurosurgery that have rapidly advanced in recent years. The application of stereotaxis to spinal surgery has previously been limited by the inaccuracy of surface mounted reference points. The development of frameless stereotaxy using anatomical registration techniques has overcome this problem and has allowed stereotactic techniques to be successfully applied to spinal surgery at our institution. We tested our frameless spinal stereotactic technique in cadaver studies with optimal screw placement. The technique is currently undergoing preliminary clinical evaluation. We review the technique and its application to spinal instrumentation.
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18 patients with varying grades of astrocytoma had tumour resection using a new frameless, interactive sterotactic localizing wand. The system enables localizing information to be presented to the operator in multiple two-dimensional or three-dimensional displays in real time. In all cases the wand was used to help outline tumour boundaries in an attempt to resect solid tumour completely. Other uses included placing a minimal craniotomy or modifying an existing craniotomy in 17 (94%) patients, for intraoperative physiologic mapping in 2 (11%) and electrode placement in 1 (6%). All patients had a complete (98-100%) resection by postoperative MRI, and in 8 (44%) the tumour was removed from eloquent areas. Evaluation at approximately 6 weeks after surgery showed that 3 (16%) were improved, 14 (78%) were the same, and 1 (6%) was worse. On the second postoperative day no patient was better than their preoperative status, 10 (56%) were the same, and 8 (44%) patients were clinically worse. At 3 months the figures were 2 (11%), 11 (61%), and 4 (22%) respectively, and 1 patient had expired. The extent of resection has been shown to be an important prognostic factor in both low and high grade astrocytomas. This system allows accurate volumetric near en bloc resection and this was achieved in 17 (94%) cases. In one case of hippocampal tumour the tumour was removed in a piecemeal fashion. This system is an effective low cost alternative to frame volumetric systems and is associated with minimal morbidity at 6 weeks.
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Preliminary experience with a frameless, armless stereotactic localization system in brain tumor surgery is presented. The localizing wand emits ultrasonic pulses that are detected by a table-mounted array of microphones--with triangulation of the emitter positions. The wand tip and trajectory are determined by proprietary computer software. Real-time display of this information is presented in multiple, two-dimensional or three-dimensional displays. Forty-eight patients underwent 52 craniotomies for brain tumors. The wand was used to assist in placing a minimal craniotomy in 48 cases, to determine the tumor/brain interface in 27 cases, to localize subcortical tumors in 14 cases, and to correlate the physiological mapping with the surface anatomy in 5 cases. In 12 instances, the wand was used in conjunction with frame stereotaxy and found to be comparable or superior. Triplanar (coronal, sagittal, transverse) two-dimensional images provided sufficient information for the detection of tumor boundaries but proved difficult to use to access a subcortical lesion; two-dimensional or three-dimensional images along the localization axis were more helpful. Frameless stereotaxy with this sonic wand system proved to be a useful adjunct to open-tumor biopsy or resection.
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Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/instrumentación , Técnicas Estereotáxicas/instrumentación , Neoplasias Supratentoriales/cirugía , Equipo Quirúrgico , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/instrumentación , Adulto , Anciano , Craneotomía/instrumentación , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/cirugía , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , Neoplasias Supratentoriales/diagnósticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The neurologic outcome from conventional medical or surgical therapy of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is poor; however, stereotactically guided instillation of thrombolytic agents to dissolve parenchymal clots due to hypertensive hemorrhage has recently produced results equal to or better than those obtained with conventional therapies. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether stereotactic thrombolysis of deep ICH is safe and effective. METHODS: We administered urokinase to clots in four patients with hypertensive ICH. After the hemorrhage was localized using angiography and computed tomography-assisted stereotactic technique, a ventricular catheter was used to administer urokinase to the clot. RESULTS: Preliminary results showed dramatic reduction in clot volume within 48 hours of initiating treatment and modest clinical improvement in all four patients. No further hemorrhages were seen after treatment. Three patients ultimately died of non-neurologic causes. CONCLUSIONS: With careful patient selection, stereotaxy-assisted thrombolytic therapy may be an advance in the treatment of certain cases of ICH.
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Hemorragia Cerebral/tratamiento farmacológico , Terapia Trombolítica/métodos , Activador de Plasminógeno de Tipo Uroquinasa/uso terapéutico , Anciano , Cateterismo , Hemorragia Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Hemorragia Cerebral/cirugía , Terapia Combinada , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Técnicas Estereotáxicas , Succión , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Activador de Plasminógeno de Tipo Uroquinasa/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
A technique of "frameless" stereotaxy that allows real-time intraoperative neurosurgical localization is described. The system is composed of four components: a hand-held probe containing two ultrasonic emitters, a microphone array that is rigidly affixed to the operating table in proximity to the surgical field, hardware to control and detect timing of signal production and reception, and a color graphics computer workstation with software to calculate and present the location of the probe tip on reconstructed neuroimaging studies. Unlike previously reported mechanical or sonic navigational devices, this system is adaptable to a wide array of neurosurgical instruments, allows free movement of the operating table and conventional patient draping, and has accuracy in the hostile operating room environment that rivals that of frame stereotaxy. In the operating room environment, using four pulse pairs with the wand positioned optimally, reproducibility of a point in space is +/- 0.6 mm. The wand has a broad range of orientations that maintain error at or below 1.0 mm. The mean error when measuring distances within a 1000-cu cm cube is 1.1 +/- 1.0 mm (1.0% +/- 0.7%). The ability to localize a fourth point (a target) in space is typically within 1.5 mm (using computerized tomography scans with a 1-mm slice thickness) but is dependent on several variables. This technology provides a powerful yet flexible tool in the neurosurgical operating room.
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Encéfalo/cirugía , Técnicas Estereotáxicas , Equipo Quirúrgico , Instrumentos Quirúrgicos , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/patología , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Terapia Asistida por Computador , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
Head size, shape, or optimal anterior support placement can preclude stereotactic localization using the Compass magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) localizer. The described modifications of MRI localization largely overcome these limitations and should allow for safer, more versatile MRI stereotactic localization with the Compass system in more patients than using standard techniques.
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Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/instrumentación , Técnicas Estereotáxicas/instrumentación , Equipo Quirúrgico , Diseño de Equipo , Hueso Frontal , Cabeza , Humanos , Inmovilización , Postura , Programas InformáticosRESUMEN
A technique of image and electrode registration has been developed that allows electroencephalogram electrode location to be merged with 2-D or 3-D MRI or CT. An armless, frameless stereotactic localization system that may be used in or out of the operating room is used to generate spatial data for surface and accessible intracranial electrodes. Acquisition of electrode position data may be obtained before or after neuroimaging and the locations of additional electrodes added at any time. The methodology of this system and representative cases with MRI imaging are presented.
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Electroencefalografía , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Técnicas Estereotáxicas , Adulto , Electrodos , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
Visualization of the surgical trajectory with respect to the cerebral vasculature may enhance the safety of some stereotactic neurosurgical procedures. Traditional stereotactic angiography is tedious and, being an invasive procedure, poses some risk to the patient. A technique of projecting a stereotactically defined surgical trajectory onto magnetic resonance angiograms is presented.
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Encéfalo/cirugía , Angiografía Cerebral/métodos , Técnicas Estereotáxicas , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/patología , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
This paper presents a morphological tissue segmentation technique for the three-dimensional visualization of the human spine. Magnetic resonance images of the human spine were obtained using motion-compensated fast imaging with steady-state free precession (FISP) pulse sequences. The images acquired with these sequences exhibit very high contrast between the bright cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the dark spinal cord and nerve roots. This phenomenon has enabled us to apply mathematical morphological processing techniques to extract the spinal nerve roots within the CSF space. The nerve roots were extracted from a set of slices and displayed in a three-dimensional format.
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Líquido Cefalorraquídeo , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Raíces Nerviosas Espinales/anatomía & histología , Columna Vertebral/anatomía & histología , HumanosRESUMEN
A method for separating binary chemical-shift components with a single image data acquisition by means of stimulated echoes is demonstrated. With a strategy analogous to the modified Dixon method, three stimulated echoes were acquired to form three complex images. In each of the images, the complex pixel intensities were imparted, by design of the pulse sequence, with a phase factor carrying chemical-shift or field inhomogeneity information. With these three images, true fat/water separation can be obtained in biologic tissues. Studies at high field strength (4.7 T) on a toluene phantom, a pseudo-binary chemical-shift system, were used to evaluate the applicability of the method. Its clinical feasibility was demonstrated on a healthy human subject in a 0.6-T whole-body imaging system.
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Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Humanos , Aumento de la Imagen , Columna Vertebral/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
Natural-abundance 13C NMR imaging of animal tissues is demonstrated using high-field (4.7-T) and surface coil techniques. Undecoupled images of an unfertilized egg yolk and an oxtail are presented. Analysis indicates the images map mainly methylene carbon or lipid signal intensity.
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Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Animales , Isótopos de Carbono , Bovinos , Pollos , Yema de Huevo , Análisis Espectral , Cola (estructura animal)RESUMEN
Dixon's method of chemical shift imaging of a two-component system is modified and extended without requiring additional imaging time. The modified method allows one to obtain truly segregated fat and water images of animal tissues. This is accomplished by acquiring additional image data from which information about in situ magnetic field inhomogeneity and bulk magnetic susceptibility can be derived. Applications to various anatomic sections of the normal human body are illustrated. The method is compared with the standard Dixon technique of chemical shift image separation.