[L-carnitine: properties and perspectives for use in sports practice].

The analysis of published data relating to the use in sports practice metabolic non-doping agent--L-carnitine. The review discusses some aspects of the mechanism of its action on the human body. The information is given about the role of carnitine in the energy processes, mechanisms of carnitine deficiency. On the basis of the literature is given scientific rationale for applying this metabolite in athletes, particularly with cardiovascular and immune disorders.

[Sufficiency with water-soluble vitamins and state of bone in pregnant women].

Vitamin status and bone strength have been estimated in 91 pregnant women (29.3 ± 4.6 years old) from Moscow by non-invasive methods. Sufficiency with vitamins C, B2, B6 has been evaluated by morning urinary excretion of ascorbic acid, riboflavin and 4-piridoxic acid determined by visual titration and fluorimetric methods. The rate of bone resorption has been measured by the ratio of urinary calcium and creatinine, determined by complexometric titration and spectrophotometrically. The study of the bone strength has been conducted using an ultrasonic densitometer (the speed of the ultrasonic waves along the cortical layer). The lack of vitamin C was found in 20.4% .of the women surveyed, vitamin B2--in 27.4%. Vitamin B6 deficiency was detected most frequently (90%). Excretion of vitamins B2 and B6 in women in the third trimester of pregnancy was lower as compared with the women in the first and second trimester. In 53.3% of the women surveyed an increase in urinary excretion of calcium per creatinine has been observed. Excretion of group B vitamins (especially vitamin B6, 1.75 fold, p < 0.05) in women taking vitamin supplements was higher compared to non-taking vitamins that indicates the better sufficiency of the organism with these vitamins. Among women who took vitamin complexes, inadequate supply with water-soluble vitamins C, B2 and B6 was detected less frequently (the difference was significant for vitamin B2) than among women who did not intake vitamin complexes (in 11.9, 27.7 and 42.4% vs 16.1, 54.8 and 48.8 %). The rate of bone resorption (Ca/creatinine) in women taking vitamins was smaller (0.19 ± 0.09 vs 0.24 ± 0.14, p > 0.05). Ca/creatinine ratio was within normal range in 40% of women who intake vitamins, while in women not taking vitamins--only in 22.2%; this value exceeded the upper limit of norm in the rest. The strength of bone was broken in women in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, having worse supply of vitamins. The percentage of agreement of the results of osteopenia diagnosis assessment (ultrasound densitometry and urinary Ca/creatinine) was 42.2%. Thus, the conclusion has been confirmed that the evaluation of the status of bone is possible only basing on the results of determination of several parameters.

[The role of the Consultative and Diagnostic Centre "Healthy Nutrition" in the diagnosis and nutritional prevention of non-communicable diseases].

In a consultative and diagnostic center "Healthy Nutrition" of Institute of Nutrition the nutritional status of 3500 patients (mean age 48.4 ± 0.3 years) liv- ing in the Moscow region, using a system Nutritest IP-3, including genomic analysis has been examined. In the analysis of dietary intake by an average review, increased energy intake due to excess intake of the total (44.2% energy) and saturated fat (13.6%) has been shown. 30.0% of patients were overweight and 34.1% were obese. Osteopenia was detected in 31.0% of men and 25.0% women, osteoporosis--20.9% and 30.3%, respectively. Analysis of the results of biochemical studies revealed increased cholesterol in 68.7% of patients, LDL cholesterol--at 63.9%, triglycerides-- at 22.5%, glucose--at 29.4%. The frequency of the occurrence of risk alleles of genes associated with the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus was: 47.8%--for the polymorphism rs9939609 (FTO gene), 8.3%--for polymorphism rs4994 (gene ADRB3), 60.2%--for the polymorphism rs659366 (gene UCP2), 36.6%--for the rs5219 polymorphism in the gene of ATP-dependent potassium channel.

[Bone mineral density in pregnant women from Moscow: possible effects of pregnancy dynamics and nutrient intake].

Supporting of bone health is one of the main approaches to provide health in pregnant women considering intensive calcium and other mineral mobilization from mass bone that is necessary forforming fetus bone. This mobilization may lead to decrease of bone mineral density and development of osteopenia and osteoporosis. The important factors of development of bone impairment in pregnancy are nutrition and particular deficient consumption of protein, Ca, vitamin D. The possible role of reduced intake of pregnant women other nutrients remains unexplored. The aim of the research was estimating the prevalence of bone mineral density decrease in regard to the particular course of pregnancy and studying possible effects of key nutrients on bone mineral density in pregnant women. 131 women at different stages of pregnancy were involved in the survey. The bone density assessment was conducted using Bone Densitometer Omnisense 7000. As a criterion for bone density decrease in women used a Z-score, which was considered as normal to -1.0, as reduced from -1.0 to -2,0, and as significantly reduced when Z-score was less than -2,0. Analysis of the actual nutrition was performed by a 24-hour recording of 58 pregnant women. Normal bone mineral density was detected in 54 women or 41% of the total number of women surveyed. In 51 (39%) pregnant women reduced bone mineral density was discovered, and in 26 (20%) patients--significantly reduced bone density. There was a considerable deviation in pregnant patients' diet from the nutrition guidelines, which include, in particular, the high content of fat and saturated fatty acid, reduced intake of some micronutrients such as calcium, zinc, folic acid, ß-carotene, vitamins A, B1, E. However, differences in the actual consumption of nutrients in women with varying bone mineral density have been identified only in case of consumption of fat and energy value of diets, also Mn and I. So, it may be suggested that the differences in bone mineral density between women in our study are caused by genetic polymorphism, which leads to differences in the actual demand for nutrients, sufficient for prevention of bone decrease, in individuals.

[Features of organization of nutrition for young athletes].

Organization of nutrition for young athletes implied a regime, which includes the distribution of meals throughout the day, the multiplicity of power an nutrients that must be strictly consistent with the mode of the training process. Athletes' requirements in energy and nutrients vary considerably depending on the sport discipline and the amount of intense of physical activity. In the Institute of Nutrition of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences the recommended average daily sets of products, which are based on daily energy expenditure of young athletes, depending on the duration and intensity of physical activity in diverse kinds sports has been developed, these kits provide young athletes the necessary nutrients and micronutrients. In precompetitive period athletes must be given high physical activity and the diet should be mainly protein and fat-containing, with a high level of fiber. The training process should be intense for three days, then the athlete is advised to transfer to the carbohydrate-rich diet that is combined with a significant reduction in the intensity of trainings--glycogen super compensation. During competition period meal should be well digestible and low-volume. It must contain proteins of high biological values and carbohydrates in the required quantity. During this period the inclusion of new dishes and products in the menu for athletes is not desirable. During marathon the main aim is to recover the energy, water, mineral resources, and to maintain normal blood glucose concentrations. This is achieved in the following ways: carbohydrate intake with a relatively small amount of liquid, high product content of vitamins and minerals that helps to maintain the water-salt metabolism at the appropriate level, taking food in liquid form, in small portions. In the recovery period adequate nutrition should achieve the following objectives: to restore the acid-base and fluid and electrolyte balance, eliminate the effect of metabolic products (urea, lactic acid, ammonia, etc) associated with high physical activity; restore carbohydrate stores, provide plastic exchange, synthesis processes. The article also contains the basic sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the catering departments, selection of products and sports doctors.

[Anatomic, physiological and metabolic characteristics of young athletes].

A rational approach to the organization of the training process, the competitive cycle, the recovery processes in the practice of child and youth sport requires knowledge of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the organism in these age periods. Exchange of amino acids in children of 6 to 12 years takes place very actively providing processes of growth and development. The children of preschool and early school age have tendency to hypoglycemia due to the imperfection of neurohumoral regulation of the mobilization of glycogen in the liver and increased utilization of glucose. Glucose utilization corresponds to its level in adults, ranging from 8 to 14 years of age. In children under the age of 10 an increased tendency to the formation of ketone bodies and ketosis is determined. Cholesterol levels increase rapidly after birth. From the period of puberty, girls have higher levels of total cholesterol, cholesterol in low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL) than boys. At the age of 6-12 years basal metabolic rate decreases to 1.3-1.5 kcal/kg/h. The muscular system increasingly develops. Functional features of the central nervous system is the predominance of excitation. Sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system prevails in heart's activity. The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary system significantly increases in the structure of the endocrine glands. The sensitivity of many endocrine glands to the tropic hormone produced in the adenohypophysis increases. At the age of 8-12 years the role of epinephrine, norepinephrine and other biogenic amines especially increases. Period of puberty at the age of 13-17 years is associated with a significant change in the hormonal status of the organism. A pubertal growth spurt takes place, which occurs 1-2 years earlier in girls than in boys. As for the skeletal system the most pronounced growth of tubular bones of the limbs, spine and increase of bone density, muscle mass occurs. Heart rate decreases, while the duration of the expulsion phase of blood, cardiac output, respiratory functional parameters and red blood cells and hemoglobin concentrations increase. Endurance rises, physical activity is more economical than in childhood.

[Connection between of overweight and consumption confectionary, fast food stuffs and soft drinks. Widespread investigation Russian schoolchildren].

Overweight appear one of the serious problem in European region WHO today. Obesity is polyetiological disease and result of different factors. The aim of the current studies was investigation of connection between consumption confectionary, fast food stuffs and soft drinks and body-mass index (BMI). At the beginning, was inspection of 434 schoolchildren 7-18 age old. As a result, was determined, that confectionary, fast food stuffs and soft drinks mach more popular, than ever stuffs. At the same time, was determined, that mean significance BMI was reliable above for children, who used confectionary, fast food stuffs and soft drinks frequently.