Clinical features of influenza disease in admitted children during the first postpandemic season and risk factors for hospitalization: a multicentre Spanish experience.

The main objectives of this study were to describe the characteristics of children with influenza infection during the postpandemic outbreak, and to compare sociodemographic and clinical data between patients who required hospitalization and those managed on an outpatient basis with a matched case-control study design. This is a multicentre paediatric study in Spain that included patients aged 6 month to 18 years in whom influenza infection was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction between December 2010 and March 2011. Among the 143 admitted patients, the main reason for admission was respiratory failure (123/143). In 55 there was some previously known disease. The median age was lower in patients without comorbidity (1.8 years: interquartile range 1.0-3.0 versus 5.3 years: interquartile range 1.3-10.7); p <0.01). The lag time from onset of symptoms to starting antiviral treatment was correlated with the length of hospital stay (Rho Spearman = + 0.32; p 0.01). Twenty patients required admission to the paediatric intensive care units, all due to respiratory failure. Children with chest X-ray opacities in more than one quadrant more frequently required admission to intensive care. Having a neurological disease conferred the highest risk of requiring hospitalization (OR 17.18) in a multivariate analysis. This study concludes that influenza in the paediatric population requiring hospitalization during the postpandemic season affected mainly children with neurological or pulmonary comorbidities and children of parents with a lower educational level. Most of the influenza infections caused respiratory symptoms, although neurological manifestations were also observed. Early initiation of oseltamivir was associated with a shorter length of hospital stay.

Bronquiolitis obliterante. Evolución a medio plazo / Bronchiolitis obliterans: Outcome in the medium term

Introducción: La bronquiolitis obliterante es una enfermedad respiratoria obstructiva crónica de la vía respiratoria inferior que se presenta principalmente después de infecciones víricas. La evolución a medio plazo difiere según el área geográfica. El objetivo ha sido comunicar los resultados en nuestro medio. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de casos diagnosticados de bronquiolitis obliterante (BO) entre diciembre-1994 y febrero-2011. El diagnóstico se estableció mediante TCAR pulmonar y función pulmonar; un caso precisó biopsia pulmonar. La exploración funcional se realizó con espirometría forzada (≥3 años de edad), pletismografía (≥5 años), pruebas de broncodilatación (PBD), difusión de monóxido de carbono (DLCO) (≥6 años) y óxido nítrico exhalado (FENO).Variables cuantitativas: edad al diagnóstico, morbilidad respiratoria antes del diagnóstico, tiempo de evolución hasta diagnóstico y de seguimiento, morbilidad respiratoria tras diagnóstico, resistencia (sReff) y conductancia específica de la vía aérea (sGeff), volumen residual, capacidad pulmonar total, volumen de gas intratorácico, FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, FEF25-75, DLCO y FENO. Variables cualitativas: sexo, motivo de consulta, infecciones virales, atopia, tabaquismo, TCAR pulmonar y tratamiento. Análisis descriptivo y estudio de patrón de función pulmonar antes y después de PBD mediante t de Student y test de Wilcoxon para muestras apareadas. Resultados: Cohorte de 22 casos, 10 (45,4%) niños y 12 (54,5%) niñas. Edad media al diagnóstico 4,87±3,27 años. El tiempo de seguimiento fue 5 años (rango 1-8 años). Virus relacionados con BO: influenza 2 (9,09%), parainfluenza 2 (9,09%), adenovirus 3 (13,69%), virus respiratorio sincitial 1 (4,5%) y rinovirus 1 (4,54%). TCAR pulmonar: patrón en mosaico en 22 (100%) y bronquiectasias en 8 (36,36%). Función pulmonar al diagnóstico: patrón obstructivo fijo e incremento de volúmenes pulmonares. El análisis global evolutivo constató disminución progresiva de FEV1, FVC, FVC/FEV1 y FEF25-75 e incremento de sReff y volumen residual con disminución de sGeff. Individualmente, hay tendencia a la estabilidad de la función pulmonar respecto a valores al diagnóstico. Morbilidad respiratoria baja tras diagnóstico. Conclusiones: En la mayoría de los casos se objetiva patrón funcional obstructivo fijo y estabilidad evolutiva de la función pulmonar con morbilidad respiratoria baja. La TCAR pulmonar y la función pulmonar son las pruebas diagnósticas que apoyan el diagnóstico(AU)

Background: Bronchiolitis obliterans is a chronic obstructive lung disease that follows a severe insult to the lower respiratory tract. Severity and outcome are different depending on the geographic area. The aim of this study was to communicate the results of our sample. Methods: A retrospective study was performed in a sample of boys and girls with a medical diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) between December 1994 and February 2011. The diagnosis was made by high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan and lung function. Lung biopsy was performed in one case. Pulmonary function testing included; forced spirometry (≥ 3 years old), plethysmography (≥ 5 years), bronchodilator tests (BDT), single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung (DLCO) (≥ 6 years) and measurement of exhaled lower respiratory nitric oxide (FENO). Quantitative variables were; age at diagnosis, respiratory morbidity before the diagnosis, time from the start of the symptomatology until the diagnosis, follow-up time, respiratory morbidity after the diagnosis, airway specific resistance (sReff), airway specific conductance (sGeff), residual volume, total lung capacity, thoracic gas volume, FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, FEF25-75, DLCO and FENO. Qualitative variables were; sex, reason for consulting, viral infections, atopy, smoke exposure, HRCT scan and current treatment. Descriptive analysis was performed and pulmonary function before and after BDT was studied using paired-sample Wilcoxon and Student's t-test. Results: We studied a cohort of 22 cases, 10 (45.4%) boys and 12 (54.5%) girls. The mean age at the diagnosis was 4.87±3, 27 years old. The follow-up period was 5 years (range 1 to 8 years). Related virus were; influenza 2 (9.09%), parainfluenza 2 (9.09%), adenovirus 3 (13.69%), syncytial respiratory virus 1 (4.5%) and rhinovirus 1 (4.54%). HRCT scan: mosaic pattern of lung attenuation 22 (100%) and bronchiectasis 8 (36.36%). Lung function at diagnosis showed fixed airflow obstruction and increased lung volumes. The global analysis showed a progressive decrease in FEV1, FVC, FVC/FEV1, FEF25-75 and increase in sReff and residual volume with decrease in sGeff. Individually, there was a tendency to stabilise the lung function comparing with initial values at diagnosis. Respiratory morbidity was low after the diagnosis. Conclusions: In most cases, fixed air-flow obstruction and lung function stability with low respiratory morbidity were observed. HRCT scan and lung function testing supported the diagnosis(AU)

[Bronchiolitis obliterans: outcome in the medium term]. / Bronquiolitis obliterante. Evolución a medio plazo.

BACKGROUND: Bronchiolitis obliterans is a chronic obstructive lung disease that follows a severe insult to the lower respiratory tract. Severity and outcome are different depending on the geographic area. The aim of this study was to communicate the results of our sample. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in a sample of boys and girls with a medical diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) between December 1994 and February 2011. The diagnosis was made by high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan and lung function. Lung biopsy was performed in one case. Pulmonary function testing included; forced spirometry (≥ 3 years old), plethysmography (≥ 5 years), bronchodilator tests (BDT), single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung (D(LCO)) (≥ 6 years) and measurement of exhaled lower respiratory nitric oxide (FE(NO)). Quantitative variables were; age at diagnosis, respiratory morbidity before the diagnosis, time from the start of the symptomatology until the diagnosis, follow-up time, respiratory morbidity after the diagnosis, airway specific resistance (sR(eff)), airway specific conductance (sG(eff)), residual volume, total lung capacity, thoracic gas volume, FEV(1), FVC, FEV(1)/FVC, FEF(25-75), D(LCO) and FE(NO). Qualitative variables were; sex, reason for consulting, viral infections, atopy, smoke exposure, HRCT scan and current treatment. Descriptive analysis was performed and pulmonary function before and after BDT was studied using paired-sample Wilcoxon and Student́s t-test. RESULTS: We studied a cohort of 22 cases, 10 (45.4%) boys and 12 (54.5%) girls. The mean age at the diagnosis was 4.87 ± 3, 27 years old. The follow-up period was 5 years (range 1 to 8 years). Related virus were; influenza 2 (9.09%), parainfluenza 2 (9.09%), adenovirus 3 (13.69%), syncytial respiratory virus 1 (4.5%) and rhinovirus 1 (4.54%). HRCT scan: mosaic pattern of lung attenuation 22 (100%) and bronchiectasis 8 (36.36%). Lung function at diagnosis showed fixed airflow obstruction and increased lung volumes. The global analysis showed a progressive decrease in FEV(1), FVC, FVC/FEV(1,) FEF(25-75) and increase in sR(eff) and residual volume with decrease in sG(eff). Individually, there was a tendency to stabilise the lung function comparing with initial values at diagnosis. Respiratory morbidity was low after the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: In most cases, fixed air-flow obstruction and lung function stability with low respiratory morbidity were observed. HRCT scan and lung function testing supported the diagnosis.

Hamartoma condromesenquimal endobronquial / Endobronchial chondromesenchymal hamartoma

Los tumores pulmonares primarios son poco frecuentes en la infancia. Dentro de estos, los endobronquiales son todavía menos frecuentes y entre los benignos, los pseudotumores inflamatorios y los hamartomas son los de mayor incidencia. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 2 años y medio de edad afecta de un hamartoma condromesenquimal endobronquial izquierdo con obstrucción del 90% de la luz bronquial. Se realizó resección completa de la masa endobronquial mediante broncoscopio rígido y aplicación de mitomicina C tópica. Desde la resección del tumor y tras un periodo de seguimiento de 12 meses, la paciente ha presentado una evolución favorable con desaparición inmediata de la clínica respiratoria y con fibrobroncoscopias sucesivas sin objetivar tumor residual (AU)

Primary lung tumours are uncommon in childhood. Among these tumours, endobronchial masses are even less common and, among benign tumours, inflammatory pseudotumours and hamartomas have the highest incidence in children. We present the case of a 2.5-year-old girl with a left endobronchial chondromesenchymal hamartoma with obstruction of 90% of the bronchial lumen. Complete resection of the endobronchial mass was performed by rigid bronchoscopy and application of topical mitomycin C. After tumour resection and a 12-month follow-up, the patient has shown a favourable outcome with immediate disappearance of respiratory symptoms. Successive fibreoptic bronchoscopies have shown no residual tumour (AU)

[Endobronchial chondromesenchymal hamartoma]. / Hamartoma condromesenquimal endobronquial.

Primary lung tumours are uncommon in childhood. Among these tumours, endobronchial masses are even less common and, among benign tumours, inflammatory pseudotumours and hamartomas have the highest incidence in children. We present the case of a 2.5-year-old girl with a left endobronchial chondromesenchymal hamartoma with obstruction of 90% of the bronchial lumen. Complete resection of the endobronchial mass was performed by rigid bronchoscopy and application of topical mitomycin C. After tumour resection and a 12-month follow-up, the patient has shown a favourable outcome with immediate disappearance of respiratory symptoms. Successive fibreoptic bronchoscopies have shown no residual tumour.