No evidence for the superiority of 3 T MRI over 1.5 T MRI for diagnosing wrist ligamentous lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSES: Our aim was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of native MRI regarding different ligamentous lesions of the wrist and to analyze the influence of technical characteristics, such as field strength, application of fat saturation, 3D sequences, and wrist coils. METHODS: The systematic search was performed using MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL databases. Studies that were published before the 12th of February 2024 were included. All studies comparing the diagnostic accuracy of native wrist MRI to that of wrist arthroscopy for suspected ligamentous lesions were included. Results were analyzed by anatomic localization and technical aspects of the MRI. To assess the quality of included studies, we used the revised QUADAS-2 tool. RESULTS: The systematic search revealed 5,181 articles. Thirty-seven studies, reporting 3893 ligamentous lesions, were eligible for inclusion. The studies displayed heterogeneity in terms of technical conditions, such as field strength, the use of wrist coils, the application of 3D sequences and fat saturation. Research methods also varied. Overall sensitivity and specificity were 0.78 (0.66 - 0.86) and 0.81 (0.70 - 0.89) for 1.5T MRI, while sensitivity was 0.73 (0.68 - 0.78) and specificity was 0.90 (0.59 - 0.98) for 3T MRI. There was no significant difference between the two subgroups (p=0,3807 and p=0,4248). Sensitivity was 0.82 (0.75 - 0.87) for triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) lesions, 0.63 (0.50 - 0.74) for scapholunate ligament (SL) tears, and 0.41 (0.25 - 0.60) for lunotriquetral ligament (LT) lesions. Specificity for TFCC lesions was 0.82 (0.73 - 0.89), for SL tears 0.86 (0.73 - 0.93), and for LT lesions 0.93 (0.81 - 0.98). CONCLUSION: The sensitivity and specificity of MRI is influenced by the anatomic location of the lesion and technical conditions. In terms of diagnostic accuracy, no significant difference was found between 1.5T and 3T MRI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III. Systematic review of Level II. - III.

Unidirectional hybridization between American paddlefish Polyodon spathula (Walbaum, 1792) and sterlet Acipenser ruthenus (Linnaeus, 1758).

Interspecific hybridizations among sturgeon species are feasible and often bidirectional. The American paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) from Family Polyodontidae and sturgeon species from Family Acipenseridae were reported capable of hybridization, but viable hybrids have been described only in crosses with the American paddlefish as paternal parents. In the reciprocal cross, the hybrids were not viable however embryos start to develop and reach late gastrula and early neurula stages. The goal of this study was to examine the hybridization between the sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) and the American paddlefish. Hybrid and purebred crosses were produced by artificial fertilization. Viable hybrid offspring were harvested (three month old) and verified in the families produced by female sterlet crossing with male American paddlefish. In the reciprocal hybrid crosses with female American paddlefish and male sterlet, the embryos development did not pass over 120 h post fertilization, indicating the unidirectional hybridization between American paddlefish and sterlet. Chromosome counting showed for the same ploidy level of viable hybrid and parent species. Analysis of three microsatellite markers confirmed the unidirectional hybridization between the American paddlefish and the sterlet species. Overall, the inferred genetic cause suggests that unidirectional hybridization between American paddlefish and sterlet may be the case not only for these two species but likely also between American paddlefish and other sturgeon species.

Uncovering the semantics of concepts using GPT-4.

The ability of recent Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 to generate human-like texts suggests that social scientists could use these LLMs to construct measures of semantic similarity that match human judgment. In this article, we provide an empirical test of this intuition. We use GPT-4 to construct a measure of typicality-the similarity of a text document to a concept. We evaluate its performance against other model-based typicality measures in terms of the correlation with human typicality ratings. We conduct this comparative analysis in two domains: the typicality of books in literary genres (using an existing dataset of book descriptions) and the typicality of tweets authored by US Congress members in the Democratic and Republican parties (using a novel dataset). The typicality measure produced with GPT-4 meets or exceeds the performance of the previous state-of-the art typicality measure we introduced in a recent paper [G. Le Mens, B. Kovács, M. T. Hannan, G. Pros Rius, Sociol. Sci. 2023, 82-117 (2023)]. It accomplishes this without any training with the research data (it is zero-shot learning). This is a breakthrough because the previous state-of-the-art measure required fine-tuning an LLM on hundreds of thousands of text documents to achieve its performance.

Discordant spatiotemporal dynamics of functional and phylogenetic diversity of rotiferan communities exposed to aquaculture effluent.

The growth of the human population brought about the global intensification of aquacultural production, and aquaculture became the fastest growing animal husbandry sector. Effluent from aquaculture is an anthropogenic environmental burden, containing organic matter, nutrients and suspended solids that affect water quality especially in the water bodies of high biodiversity and conservation value. Water quality assessment often relies on bioindicators, analysing changes in taxonomic diversity of various freshwater organismal groups. Stepping beyond taxon diversity, we used functional and phylogenetic diversities of rotifers to identify factors affecting their community organization in response to an aquaculture effluent gradient in the largest oxbow lake in the Carpathian Basin, Hungary. Sampling was carried out three times per season at five points along a 3.5 km section of the oxbow lake, including the point of effluent inflow. We used eight traits to evaluate functional diversity: body size, trophi type, feeding mode, protection type, body wall type, corona type, habitat preference and tolerance level. Functional and phylogenetic distances among the 24 species identified indicated trait conservatism. Rotiferan diversity increased with increasing distance from the point of influx in spring and summer. Among the factors affecting community organization in spring and summer, we find examples of environmental filtering, while in autumn the role of biotic interaction is more frequent. Under nutrient-rich conditions in spring and summer, organisms belonging to the same functional group were dominant, whereas under oligotrophic conditions, more diverse but less abundant groups were present. Considering functional and phylogenetic traits allowed us to identify organising forces of rotifer communities in the largest oxbow lake of the Hungarian Lowland.

Load-induced increase in muscle activity during 30° abduction in patients with rotator cuff tears and control subjects.

BACKGROUND: Rotator cuff muscles stabilise the glenohumeral joint and contribute to the initial abduction phase with other shoulder muscles. This study aimed to determine if the load-induced increase in shoulder muscle activity during a 30° abduction test is influenced by asymptomatic or symptomatic rotator cuff pathologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with unilateral rotator cuff tears (age, 64.3 ± 10.2 years), 25 older control subjects (55.4 ± 8.2 years) and 25 younger control subjects (26.1 ± 2.3 years) participated in this study. Participants performed a bilateral 30° arm abduction and adduction movement in the scapular plane with handheld weights (0-4 kg). Activity of the deltoid, infraspinatus, biceps brachii, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and upper trapezius muscles was analysed at maximum abduction angle after normalisation to maximum voluntary contraction. Shoulders were classified into rotator cuff tendinopathy, asymptomatic and symptomatic rotator cuff tears, and healthy based on magnetic resonance images. A linear mixed model (loads, shoulder types) with random effects (shoulder identification) was applied to the log-transformed muscle activities. RESULTS: Muscle activity increased with increasing load in all muscles and shoulder types (P < 0.001), and 1-kg increments in additional weights were significant (P < 0.001). Significant effects of rotator cuff pathologies were found for all muscles analysed (P < 0.05). In all muscles, activity was at least 20% higher in symptomatic rotator cuff tears than in healthy shoulders (P < 0.001). Symptomatic rotator cuff tears showed 20-32% higher posterior deltoid (P < 0.05) and 19-25% higher pectoralis major (P < 0.01) activity when compared with asymptomatic tears. CONCLUSIONS: Rotator cuff pathologies are associated with greater relative activity of shoulder muscles, even with low levels of additional load. Therefore, the inclusion of loaded shoulder tests in the diagnosis and rehabilitation of rotator cuff pathologies can provide important insight into the functional status of shoulders and can be used to guide treatment decisions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 2. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Ethical approval was obtained from the regional ethics committee (Ethics Committee Northwest Switzerland EKNZ 2021-00182), and the study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov on 29 March 2021 (trial registration number NCT04819724, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04819724 ).

Validation of a male-specific DNA marker confirms XX/XY-type sex determination in several Hungarian strains of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).

African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is a promising food fish species with significant potential and growing mass of production in freshwater aquaculture. Male African catfish possess improved production characteristics over females, therefore the use of monosex populations could be advantageous for aquaculture production. However, our knowledge about the sex determination mechanism of this species is still limited and controversial. A previously isolated male-specific DNA marker (CgaY1) was validated using offspring groups from targeted crosses (n = 630) and it was found to predict the sex of 608 individuals correctly (96.43% accuracy). Using the proportion of recombinants, we estimated the average genetic distance between the potential sex determination locus and the sex-specific marker to be 3.57 cM. As an earlier study suggested that both XX/XY and ZZ/ZW systems coexist in this species, we tested the applicability of their putative 'moderately sex-linked loci' and found that no sex-specific amplification could be detected for any of them. In addition, temperature-induced masculinization suggested by others was also tested, but no such effect was detected in our stocks when the published parameters were used for heat treatment. Altogether, our results support an exclusive XX/XY sex determination system in our African catfish stock and indicate a good potential for the future use of this male-specific DNA marker in research and commercial production.

Chronic stage magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with shoulder injury related to vaccine administration (SIRVA).

PURPOSE: Identify chronic shoulder MRI findings in patients with known shoulder injury related to vaccine administration (SIRVA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologists retrospectively reviewed the MRI of nine patients with clinically established SIRVA. MRI was performed at least 4 weeks after vaccination and included intravenous contrast-enhanced sequences. MRI was reviewed for the presence of erosions, tendonitis, capsulitis, synovitis, bone marrow oedema, joint effusion, bursitis, cartilage defects, rotator cuff lesions, and lymphadenopathy. The number and location of focal lesions were recorded. RESULTS: Erosions of the greater tuberosity were present in 8/9 (89%), tendonitis of the infraspinatus muscle tendon in 7/9 (78%), capsulitis, synovitis, and bone marrow oedema in 5/9 (56%) cases, respectively. Effusion was found in three, and subdeltoid bursitis, rotator cuff lesions as well as cartilage defects in one patient, respectively. None of our included subjects showed axillary lymphadenopathy. CONCLUSION: In this case series, greater humeral tuberosity erosions, infraspinatus muscle tendonitis, capsulitis, synovitis, and bone marrow oedema were common MRI findings in chronic SIRVA.

Isolation of compounds from the roots of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and their effects on human cancer cell lines.

Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is an invasive plant in Europe with spreading use in the contemporary folk medicine. The chemical composition of the above-ground parts is extensively studied, however, the metabolites of the roots are less discovered. By multiple chromatographic purification of the root extracts, we isolated thiophene A (1), n-dodecene (2), taraxerol-3-O-acetate (3), α-linoleic acid (4), (+)-pinoresinol (5), and thiophene E (7,10-epithio-7,9-tridecadiene-3,5,11-triyne-1,2-diol) (6). The 1H NMR data published earlier for 1 were supplemented together with the assignment of 13C NMR data. Thiophene E (6), which is reported for the first time from this species, exerted cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects on A-431 epidermoid skin cancer cells, whereas taraxerol-3-O-acetate (3) and α-linoleic acid (4) had slight antiproliferative effect on gynecological cancer cell lines. Thiophene E (6) and taraxerol-3-O-acetate (3) displayed antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects on MRC-5 fibroblast cells. Thiophene E (6) exerted weak antibacterial activity (MIC 25 µg/mL) on MRSA ATCC 43300, on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli AG100 and E. coli ATCC 25922 both thiophenes were inactive. Although the isolated compounds exerted no remarkable cytotoxic or antiproliferative activities, the effects on MRC-5 fibroblast cells highlight the necessity of further studies to support the safety of ragweed root.

Visual and quantitative assessment of hip implant-related metal artifacts at low field MRI: a phantom study comparing a 0.55-T system with 1.5-T and 3-T systems.

BACKGROUND: To investigate hip implant-related metal artifacts on a 0.55-T system compared with 1.5-T and 3-T systems. METHODS: Total hip arthroplasty made of three different alloys were evaluated in a water phantom at 0.55, 1.5, and 3 T using routine protocols. Visually assessment (VA) was performed by three readers using a Likert scale from 0 (no artifacts) to 6 (extremely severe artifacts). Quantitative assessment (QA) was performed using the coefficient of variation (CoV) and the fraction of voxels within a threshold of the mean signal intensity compared to an automatically defined region of interest (FVwT). Agreement was evaluated using intra/inter-class correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: Interreader agreement of VA was strong-to-moderate (ICC 0.74-0.82). At all field strengths (0.55-T/1.5-T/3-T), artifacts were assigned a lower score for titanium (Ti) alloys (2.44/2.9/2.7) than for stainless steel (Fe-Cr) (4.1/3.9/5.1) and cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloys (4.1/4.1/5.2) (p < 0.001 for both). Artifacts were lower for 0.55-T and 1.5-T than for 3-T systems, for all implants (p ≤ 0.049). A strong VA-to-QA correlation was found (r = 0.81; p < 0.001); CoV was lower for Ti alloys than for Fe-Cr and Co-Cr alloys at all field strengths. The FVwT showed a negative correlation with VA (-0.68 < r < -0.84; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Artifact intensity was lowest for Ti alloys at 0.55 T. For other alloys, it was similar at 0.55 T and 1.5 T, higher at 3 T. Despite an inferior gradient system and a larger bore width, the 0.55-T system showed the same artifact intensity of the 1.5-T system.

Image Quality of Lumbar Spine Imaging at 0.55T Low-Field MRI is Comparable to Conventional 1.5T MRI - Initial Observations in Healthy Volunteers.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the potential of 0.55T low-field MRI system in lumbar spine imaging with and without the use of additional advanced postprocessing techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The lumbar spine of 14 volunteers (32.9 ± 3.6 years) was imaged both at 0.55T and 1.5T using sequences from clinical routine. On the 0.55T scanner system, additional sequences with simultaneous multi-slice acquisition and artificial intelligence-based postprocessing techniques were acquired. Image quality of all 28 examinations was assessed by three musculoskeletal radiologists with respect to signal/contrast, resolution, and assessability of the spinal canal and neuroforamina using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = non-diagnostic to 5 = perfect quality). Interrater agreement was evaluated with the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and the Mann-Whitney U test (significance level: p < 0.05). RESULTS: Image quality at 0.55T was rated lower on the 5-point Likert scale compared to 1.5T regarding signal/contrast (mean: 4.16 ± 0.29 vs. 4.54 ± 0.29; p < 0.001), resolution (4.07 ± 0.31 vs. 4.49 ± 0.30; p < 0.001), assessability of the spinal canal (4.28 ± 0.13 vs. 4.73 ± 0.26; p < 0.001) and the neuroforamina (4.14 ± 0.28 vs. 4.70 ± 0.27; p < 0.001). Image quality for the AI-processed sagittal T1 TSE and T2 TSE at 0.55T was also rated slightly lower, but still good to perfect with a concomitant reduction in measurement time. Interrater agreement was good to excellent (range: 0.60-0.91). CONCLUSION: While lumbar spine image quality at 0.55T is perceived inferior to imaging at 1.5T by musculoskeletal radiologists, good overall examination quality was observed with high interrater agreement. Advanced postprocessing techniques may accelerate intrinsically longer acquisition times at 0.55T.

[Impact of antireflux surgery on gastroesophageal reflux-associated symptoms and quality of life.] / Laparoszkópos antirefluxmutétek hatása a gastrooesophagealis refluxszal járó tünetekre és a betegek életminoségére.

INTRODUCTION: Reflux disease has become endemic in the Western world. High quality hiatal reconstruction and fundoplication has a paramount importance in its therapy. While the primary goal of surgery is reducing reflux-associated disease burden, the evaluation and follow-up of disease-associated quality of life is essential. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to measure and evaluate the pre- and post-operative reflux-associated quality of life of patients undergoing surgery between 01. 12. 2015 and 31. 12. 2020 at a tertiary care hospital. METHOD: We utilized a health-related quality of life questionnaire both pre- and post-operatively. The main outcome measures were: patient-assessed heartburn, dysphagia, regurgitation, chest pain, nausea and vomiting. We also measured acid secretory medication use and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: We have assessed the pre- and post-operative questionnaries of 65 patients. All the symptoms above have decreased after surgery, and the changes were statistically significant (except for dysphagia). There was a tendency for minor weight loss after surgery. The use of acid secretion inhibitor medications decreased significantly. DISCUSSION: Our results are comparable to the outcomes of other tertiary care centers. Our workgroup has successfully adopted the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms of the surgical care of reflux disease. CONCLUSION: If the proper indications for surgery are met, laparoscopic hiatoplasty and Toupet fundoplication are capable tools in decreasing reflux-associated symptoms and improving reflux-associated quality of life. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(2): 57-63.

Load-Induced Glenohumeral Translation After Rotator Cuff Tears: Protocol for an In Vivo Study.

BACKGROUND: Rotator cuff tears are a common shoulder injury, but they sometimes remain undiagnosed, as symptoms can be limited. Altered shoulder biomechanics can lead to secondary damage and degeneration. In biomechanical analyses, the shoulder (ie, the glenohumeral joint) is normally idealized as a ball-and-socket joint, even though a translation is often observed clinically. To date, no conclusive changes in glenohumeral translation have been reported in patients with rotator cuff tears, and it is unknown how an additional handheld weight that is comparable to those used during daily activities will affect glenohumeral translations in patients with rotator cuff tears. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the load-induced glenohumeral translation (liTr) in patients with rotator cuff tears and its association with the load-induced changes in muscle activation (liMA). METHODS: Patients and asymptomatic controls will be recruited. Participants will fill out health questionnaires and perform 30° arm abduction and adduction trials, during which they will hold different handheld weights of a maximum of 4 kg while motion capture and electromyographic data are collected. In addition, fluoroscopic images of the shoulders will be taken for the same movements. Isometric shoulder muscle strength for abduction and rotation will be assessed with a dynamometer. Finally, shoulder magnetic resonance images will be acquired to assess muscle status and injury presence. The dose-response relationship between additional weight, liTr, and liMA will be evaluated. RESULTS: Recruitment and data collection began in May 2021, and they will last until the recruitment target is achieved. Data collection is expected to be completed by the end of 2022. As of November 2022, data processing and analysis are in progress, and the first results are expected to be submitted for publication in 2023. CONCLUSIONS: This study will aid our understanding of biological variations in liTr, the influence of disease pathology on liTr, the potential compensation of rotator cuff tears by muscle activation and size, and the association between liTr and patient outcomes. The outcomes will be relevant for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation planning in patients with rotator cuff tears. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04819724; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04819724. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/43769.

Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Ambrosia artemisiifolia on human adenocarcinoma and normal cell lines.

CONTEXT: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Asteraceae) contains sesquiterpene lactones as characteristic secondary metabolites. Many of these compounds exert antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects. OBJECTIVE: To isolate the sesquiterpene lactones from the aerial part of A. artemisiifolia and to elucidate their cytotoxic, antiproliferative and antibacterial effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The compounds were identified by one-dimensional (1D) and 2D NMR, HR-MS spectroscopy from the methanol extract. Isolated compounds were investigated for their cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects on human colonic adenocarcinoma cell lines and human embryonal lung fibroblast cell line using MTT assay. The selectivity of the sesquiterpenes was calculated towards the normal cell line. To check the effect of drug interactions between compounds and doxorubicin, multidrug-resistant Colo 320 cells were used. RESULTS: A new seco-psilostachyinolide derivative, 1,10-dihydro-1'-noraltamisin, and seven known compounds were isolated from the methanol extract. Acetoxydihydrodamsin had the most potent cytotoxic effect on sensitive (Colo205) cell line (IC50 = 7.64 µM), also the strongest antiproliferative effect on Colo205 (IC50 = 5.14 µM) and Colo320 (IC50 = 3.67 µM) cell lines. 1'-Noraltamisin (IC50 = 8.78 µM) and psilostachyin (IC50 = 5.29 µM) showed significant antiproliferative effects on the multidrug-resistant Colo320 cell line and had moderate selectivity against human embryonal lung fibroblast cell line. Psilostachyin C exhibited cytotoxic effects on Colo205 cells (IC50 = 26.60 µM). None of the isolated compounds inhibited ABCB1 efflux pump (EP; P-glycoprotein) or the bacterial EPs. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Acetoxydihydrodamsin, 1'-noraltamisin, and psilostachyin showed the most remarkable cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity on tumour cell lines and exerted selectivity towards MRC-5 cell line.

A comprehensive phytochemical and pharmacological review on sesquiterpenes from the genus Ambrosia.

Sesquiterpenes are bitter secondary metabolites characteristic to the genus Ambrosia (Asteraceae) and constitute one of the most diverse classes of terpenoids. These compounds exhibit broad-spectrum bioactivities, such as antiproliferative, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, molluscicidal, schistomicidal, larvicidal, and antiprotozoal activities. This review compiles and discusses the chemistry and pharmacology of sesquiterpenes of the Ambrosia species covering the period between 1950 and 2021. The review identified 158 sesquiterpenes previously isolated from 23 different Ambrosia species collected from across the American, African, and Asian continents. These compounds have guaiane, pseudoguaiane, seco-pseudoguaiane, daucane, germacrane, eudesmane, oplopane, clavane, and aromadendrane carbon skeletons. Most sesquiterpene compounds predominantly harbor the pseudoguaiane skeleton, whereas the eudesmanes have the most varied substituents. Antiproliferative and antiprotozoal activities are the most promising bioactivities of sesquiterpenes in Ambrosia and could lead to new pathways toward drug discovery.

Microaerobic enrichment of benzene-degrading bacteria and description of Ideonella benzenivorans sp. nov., capable of degrading benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene under microaerobic conditions.

In the present study, the bacterial community structure of enrichment cultures degrading benzene under microaerobic conditions was investigated through culturing and 16S rRNA gene Illumina amplicon sequencing. Enrichments were dominated by members of the genus Rhodoferax followed by Pseudomonas and Acidovorax. Additionally, a pale amber-coloured, motile, Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated B7T was isolated from the microaerobic benzene-degrading enrichment cultures and characterized using a polyphasic approach to determine its taxonomic position. The 16S rRNA gene and whole genome-based phylogenetic analyses revealed that strain B7T formed a lineage within the family Comamonadaceae, clustered as a member of the genus Ideonella and most closely related to Ideonella dechloratans CCUG 30977T. The sole respiratory quinone is ubiquinone-8. The major fatty acids are C16:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/iso-C15:0 2-OH). The DNA G + C content of the type strain is 68.8 mol%. The orthologous average nucleotide identity (OrthoANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) relatedness values between strain B7T and closest relatives were below the threshold values for species demarcation. The genome of strain B7T, which is approximately 4.5 Mb, contains a phenol degradation gene cluster, encoding a multicomponent phenol hydroxylase (mPH) together with a complete meta-cleavage pathway including a I.2.C-type catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) gene. As predicted by the genome, the type strain is involved in aromatic hydrocarbon-degradation: benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene are degraded aerobically and also microaerobically as sole source of carbon and energy. Based on phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, strain B7T is a member of the genus Ideonella and represents a novel species for which the name Ideonella benzenivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species is strain B7T (= LMG 32,345T = NCAIM B.02664T).

Virtual stick balancing: skill development in Newtonian and Aristotelian dynamics.

Human reaction delay significantly limits manual control of unstable systems. It is more difficult to balance a short stick on a fingertip than a long one, because a shorter stick falls faster and therefore requires faster reactions. In this study, a virtual stick balancing environment was developed where the reaction delay can be artificially modulated and the law of motion can be changed between second-order (Newtonian) and first-order (Aristotelian) dynamics. Twenty-four subjects were separated into two groups and asked to perform virtual stick balancing programmed according to either Newtonian or Aristotelian dynamics. The shortest stick length (critical length, Lc) was determined for different added delays in six sessions of balancing trials performed on different days. The observed relation between Lc and the overall reaction delay τ reflected the feature of the underlying mathematical models: (i) for the Newtonian dynamics Lc is proportional to τ2; (ii) for the Aristotelian dynamics Lc is proportional to τ. Deviation of the measured Lc(τ) function from the theoretical one was larger for the Newtonian dynamics for all sessions, which suggests that, at least in virtually controlled tasks, it is more difficult to adopt second-order dynamics than first-order dynamics.

Diagnostics of infrapatellar saphenous neuralgia-a reversible cause of chronic anteromedial pain following knee surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of diagnostic nerve block and ultrasound findings on therapeutic choices and predict the outcome after concomitant surgery in patients with suspected neuropathy of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve (IPBSN). METHODS: Fifty-five patients following knee surgery with suspicion of IPBSN neuralgia were retrospectively included. Ultrasound reports were assessed for neuroma and postsurgical scarring (yes/no). Responders and non-responders were assigned following anesthetic injection of the IPBSN. The type of procedure (neurectomy/interventional pain procedure/other than nerve-associated therapy) and pain score at initial follow-up were recorded and patients were assigned as positive (full pain relief) or negative (partial/no pain relief) to therapeutic nerve treatment. Factors associated with a relevant visual analog scale (VAS) reduction were assessed using uni- and multivariate logistic regression models and chi-square for quantitative and qualitative variables (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: Responders (37/55) more often had an entrapment or an evident neuroma of the IPBSN (97% vs. 6%). A positive Hoffmann-Tinel sign (p = 0.002) and the absence of knee joint instability (p = 0.029) predicted a positive response of the diagnostic nerve block (90%; 26/29). In the follow-up after therapeutic nerve treatment, all patients with full pain relief showed neuromas or entrapment of the IPBSN. Patients negatively responding to therapeutic nerve treatment more frequently showed an additional knee joint instability (25% vs. 4%). CONCLUSION: Selective denervation for neuropathic knee pain is beneficial in selected patients with significant VAS reduction after diagnostic nerve block. Non-responders following diagnostic nerve block but sonographic evidence of IPBSN pathologies need to be evaluated for other causes such as knee joint instability. KEY POINTS: • Sonographic diagnosis of neuroma or entrapment of the IPBSN is frequently seen in patients with anteromedial knee pain and leads to a good response to diagnostic nerve block following knee surgery. • The vast majority of patients with clinical signs of IPBSN neuropathy and response to a diagnostic nerve block sustained full pain relief following therapeutic nerve treatment. • Patients not responding to therapeutic IPBSN treatment have to be evaluated for other causes of anteromedial knee pain such as knee joint instability.

The mixed phylogenetic origin of northern pike (Esox lucius Linnaeus 1758) populations in the Middle Danubian drainage.

BACKGROUND: Pikes, members of genus Esox, are widespread freshwater predators of the northern hemisphere, and important sport fish also. From the Carpathian basin only one species, the northern pike (E. lucius) is noted. At the same time the pike stocks living in this area show high level of phenotypic variance (e.g. various body pattern) and its growth varies highly both among and within populations. These features usually explained by the environmental diversity of the area. Whereas we think that genetic reasons -e.g. the appearance of other/new pike species in the area- may also be responsible for these observed features. Since as no detailed information have been published from the pike populations of this area, so far; we conducted phylogenetic and morphological assay on 88 pike specimens, collected from 49 Middle Danubian sampling sites. RESULTS: Our phylogenetic surveys showed that the northern pike appear in the study area solely, but all the three of its major lineages (Northern, Circumpolar, Southern) were indicated. Only six specimens represent the Northern lineage, collected from the western part of the study area. The Circumpolar and Southern lineages were common in the Carpathian basin, but the Southern lineage showed higher levels of haplotype diversity than the Circumpolar clade. Which indicates that only the Southern lineage is native in the area, while the other two groups could have appeared in the Middle Danubian system either spontaneously or by human introduction. Moreover, the different clades appeared in the same populations, suggesting the opportunity of inter-lineage hybridisation. From the studied morphologicalal features, the number of scales on the lateral line and the head length showed significant differences among the lineages. At the same time the body pattern of the studied individuals seems to be rather influenced by the ontogenic changes than phylogeny. CONCLUSIONS: The high phenotypic variability of Middle Danubian northern pike populations may be due that all of its three major clades appeared and came in secondary contact in the area. In the within watershed spread of the non-native lineages the human stocking/transfer may play a considerable role.

Mitochondrial sequence diversity reveals the hybrid origin of invasive gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) populations in Hungary.

BACKGROUND: Invasive gibel carp, Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) has become well-established in the Hungarian waters and now are spreading in the European waters. On major concern now is the potential hybridization between gibel carp and the other invasive species in the Carassius auratus complex (CAC), which may further accelerate the spread of the whole invasive species complex. The identification of gibel carp and their hybrids is difficult because of its morphological similarity to the other species in CAC. Here we carry out a genomic assessment to understand the history of gibel carp invasion and its phylogenetic relationship with the other species in CAC. Three loci of the mitochondrial genome (D-loop, CoI, Cytb) were used to determine the phylogenetic origin of individuals and relarionship among six gibel carp populations and the other species in the CAC. METHODOLGY: A total of 132 gibel carp samples from six locations in Southern Transdanubia (Hungary) were collected after phenotypic identification to measure the genetic diversity within and among gibel carp populations of Southern Transdanubia (Hungary). The genetic background was examined by the sequences of the mitochondrial genome: D-loop, Cytochrome c oxidase I (CoI) and Cytochrome b (Cytb). Mitochondrial genetic markers are excellent tools for phylogenetic studies because they are maternally inherited. Successfully identified haplotypes were aligned and with reference sequences in nucleotide databases (i.e., NCBI-BLAST: National Centre for Biotechnology Information and BOLD: Barcode of Life Data System). The phylogenetic relationships among gibel carp populations were then analyzed together with the reference sequences to understand the relationship and the level of hybridization with the species in CAC. RESULTS: Among the 132 aligned D-loop sequences 22 haplotypes were identified. Further examination of representative individuals of the 22 haplotypes, six Cytb and four CoI sequences were detected. The largest number of haplotypes of all three loci were found in Lake Balaton, the largest shallow lake in Central Europe. Based on the NCBI-BLAST alignment of the D-loop, haplotypes of Carassius auratus auratus and Carassius a. buergeri in CAC were identified in the C. gibelio samples. Further analysis of haplotypes with the other two mitochondrial markers confirmed the occurrence of intragenus hybridization of C. gibelio in the Hungarian waters. CONCLUSION: By using three mitochondrial markers (D-loop, Cytb, CoI), we genomically characterized a gibel carp-complex in Hungarian waters and assessed the C. gibelio phylogenetic status between them. Hybrid origin of locally invasive Carassius taxon was detected in Hungary. It points out that invasive species are not only present in Hungary but reproduce with each other in the waters, further accelerating their spread.

Twelve new microsatellite loci of Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758.

The Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758) is native to almost entire Eurasia. For over the last two decades, this species became an important candidate for intensive freshwater aquaculture due to its high consumer's acceptance and overall market value. Hence, the intensive production of Eurasian perch has increased considerably allowing effective domestication; there is still a need for the development of effective selective breeding programmes allowing its further expansion. This process, in turn, can be significantly facilitated by molecular genetics. The genetic information of Eurasian perch and its populations is limited. Up to date information of regarding genetic diversity of many populations is still missing, including microsatellites for Eurasian perch, which could be useful during the selective breeding programmes allowing parental assignment and/or to follow heritability of desired traits. In this study, we have developed and characterized new polymorphic microsatellites. Subsequently, those 12 markers have been used further to compare two Hungarian and one Polish Eurasian perch populations. The Hungarian stocks had high genetic similarity (with low diversity), as we assumed, while the Polish population differed significantly. All populations deviated significantly from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and heterozygote deficiency was detected in all, showing the presence of an anthropogenic effect.