Safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of a novel 24-valent pneumococcal vaccine in toddlers: A phase 1 randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) significantly reduced pneumococcal disease burden. Nevertheless, alternative approaches for controlling more serotypes are needed. Here, the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a 24-valent (1/2/3/4/5/6A/6B/7F/8/9N/9V/10A/11A/12F/14/15B/17F/18C/19A/19F/20B/22F/23F/33F) pneumococcal vaccine based on Multiple Antigen-Presenting System (MAPS) technology (Pn-MAPS24v) was assessed in toddlers. METHODS: In this phase 1, blinded, dose-escalation, active-controlled multicenter study conducted in the United States (September/2020-April/2022), 12-15-month-old toddlers primed with three doses of 13-valent PCV (PCV13) were randomized 3:2 to receive a single dose of one of three Pn-MAPS24v dose levels (1 µg/2 µg/5 µg per polysaccharide) or PCV13 intramuscularly. Reactogenicity (within 7 days), treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs, within 180 days), serious/medically attended adverse events (SAEs/MAAEs, within 180 days), and immunogenicity (serotype-specific anti-capsular polysaccharide immunoglobulin G [IgG] and opsonophagocytic activity [OPA] responses at 30 days post-vaccination) were assessed. RESULTS: Of 75 toddlers enrolled, 74 completed the study (Pn-MAPS24v 1 µg/2 µg/5 µg: 15/14/16, PCV13: 29). Frequencies of local (60 %/67 %/31 %) and systemic events (67 %/67 %/75 %) in the Pn-MAPS24v 1 µg/2 µg/5 µg and the PCV13 (55 %, 79 %) groups were in similar ranges. TEAEs were reported by 47 %/40 %/63 % of Pn-MAPS24v 1 µg/2 µg/5 µg recipients and 52 % of PCV13 recipients. No vaccine-related SAE was reported. At 30 days post-vaccination, for each of the 13 common serotypes, ≥93 % of participants in each group had IgG concentrations ≥0.35 µg/mL; >92 % had OPA titers ≥lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), except for serotype 1 (79 %). For 7/11 unique serotypes (2/8/9N/11A/17F/22F/33F), at all dose levels, ≥78 % of Pn-MAPS24v recipients in each group had IgG concentrations ≥0.35 µg/mL and 80 %-100 % had OPA titers ≥LLOQ. CONCLUSIONS: In 12-15-month-old toddlers, a single dose of Pn-MAPS24v showed an acceptable safety profile, regardless of dose level; AEs were reported at similar frequencies by Pn-MAPS24v and PCV13 recipients. Pn-MAPS24v elicited IgG and OPA responses to all common and most unique serotypes. These results support further clinical evaluation in infants.

Post-hoc analysis of the safety and efficacy of isavuconazole in older patients with invasive fungal disease from the VITAL and SECURE studies.

Isavuconazole is a triazole with broad-spectrum antifungal activity. In this post-hoc analysis of two prospective clinical trials (VITAL and SECURE), the safety and efficacy of isavuconazole in patients aged ≥ 65 years with invasive fungal diseases were evaluated. Patients were divided into two subgroups (≥ 65 and < 65 years). Adverse events (AEs); all-cause mortality; and overall, clinical, mycological, and radiological response were assessed. A total of 155 patients ≥ 65 years were enrolled in both trials. Most patients reported AEs. In the isavuconazole arm of both studies, serious AEs (SAEs) were greater in patients ≥ 65 versus < 65 years: 76.7% versus 56.9% (VITAL); 61.9% versus 49.0% (SECURE). In SECURE, SAE rates were similar in the ≥ 65 years subgroup of both treatment arms (61.9% vs 58.1%), while in the < 65 years subgroup the SAE rate was lower in the isavuconazole arm (49.0% vs 57.4%). In VITAL, all-cause mortality through day 42 (30.0% vs 13.8%) was higher, and overall response at end of treatment (27.6% vs 46.8%) was lower in patients ≥ 65 years versus < 65 years. In SECURE, all-cause mortality was similar between both subgroups, and isavuconazole (20.6% vs 17.9%) and voriconazole (22.6% vs 19.4%) treatment arms. The overall response was lower in the ≥ 65 years than the < 65 years subgroup in the isavuconazole (23.7% vs 39.0%) and voriconazole (32.0% vs 37.5%) arms. The safety and efficacy of isavuconazole were better in patients < 65 versus ≥ 65 years, and the safety profile was more favorable than that of voriconazole in both subgroups.Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00634049 and NCT00412893.

Safety, Tolerability, and Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous and Oral Isavuconazonium Sulfate in Pediatric Patients.

Isavuconazole, administered as the water-soluble prodrug isavuconazonium sulfate, is a new triazole agent used to treat invasive fungal infections. This phase 1 study evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety, and tolerability of isavuconazole in 46 immunocompromised pediatric patients, stratified by age (1 to <6 [intravenous (i.v.) only], 6 to <12, and 12 to <18 years), receiving 10 mg/kg body weight (maximum, 372 mg) isavuconazonium sulfate either i.v. or orally. A population PK model using weight-based allometric scaling was constructed with the pediatric i.v. and oral data plus i.v. data from a phase 1 study in adults. The best model was a 3-compartment model with combined zero-order and first-order input, with linear elimination. Stepwise covariate modeling was performed in Perl-speaks-NONMEM version 4.7.0. None of the covariates examined, including age, sex, race, and body mass index, were statistically significant for any of the PK parameters. The area under the concentration-time curve at steady state (AUCSS) was predicted for pediatric patients using 1,000 Monte Carlo simulations per age cohort for each administration route. The probability of target attainment (AUCSS range, 60 to 233 µg · h/ml) was estimated; this target range was derived from plasma drug exposures in adults receiving the recommended clinical dose. Predicted plasma drug exposures were within the target range for >80% and >76% of simulated pediatric patients following i.v. or oral administration, respectively. Intravenous and oral administration of isavuconazonium sulfate at the studied dosage of 10 mg/kg was well tolerated and resulted in exposure in pediatric patients similar to that in adults. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT03241550).

Efficacy and Associated Drug Exposures of Isavuconazole and Fluconazole in an Experimental Model of Coccidioidomycosis.

Coccidioides spp. are important pathogens in regions where they are endemic, and new treatment options are needed. Here, isavuconazonium sulfate (ISAVUSULF) and fluconazole (FLU) were evaluated in experimental disseminated coccidioidomycosis to characterize drug exposures associated with efficacy. Broth macrodilution was performed on Coccidioides isolates to measure minimal effective concentrations (MEC) and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC). Mice were inoculated with Coccidioides posadasii (Silveira strain). Treatment started 4 days postinoculation. In model 1, mice were treated for 19 days, followed by 30 days of off-therapy observation, measuring survival through day 49 and residual fungal burden. Treatments included ISAVUSULF (prodrug; 186, 279, or 372 mg/kg twice daily), FLU (20 or 100 mg/kg once daily), and no treatment. Model 2 included 7-day treatment with ISAVUSULF (prodrug; 74.4, 111.6, or 148.8 mg/kg twice daily), FLU (20 or 100 mg/kg once daily), and no treatment. Serial plasma and tissues samples were obtained for pharmacokinetics (PK) and fungal burden measurement, respectively. Fifty percent minimal effective concentration (MEC50) values were 0.39 mg/liter (isavuconazole [ISAV]) and 12.5 mg/liter (FLU). Treatment with ISAVUSULF186 or with either FLU dose resulted in higher survival compared to that in the untreated group. Treatment with ISAVUSULF186 or ISAVUSULF279 twice daily or FLU100 reduced fungal burden in all organs (model 1). In model 2, a >1 log10 CFU/organ reduction was demonstrated, with ISAV area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) values achieved with 111.6 mg/kg twice daily (56.8 mg · h/liter) in the spleen and liver. FLU AUC values of 100 and 500 mg·h/liter for 20 and 100 mg/kg doses, respectively, resulted in a >1 log10 CFU/organ mean reduction in all organs. ISAVUSULF and FLU improved survival and reduced fungal burden. Increasing plasma drug exposures resulted in decreases in fungal burden.

Antifungal efficacy of isavuconazole and liposomal amphotericin B in a rabbit model of Exserohilum rostratum meningoencephalitis: A preclinical paradigm for management of CNS phaeohyphomycosis.

Treatment options for Exserohilum rostratum meningoencephalitis and other causes of phaeohyphomycosis of the central nervous system (CNS) are limited, while mortality and morbidity remain high. We therefore evaluated isavuconazole, a new antifungal triazole in comparison to liposomal amphotericin B (LAMB), in vitro and in the rabbit model of Exserohilum rostratum meningoencephalitis. We hypothesized that isavuconazole alone or in combination with LAMB or micafungin may be alternative options for treatment of CNS phaeohyphomycosis. We therefore investigated the in vitro antifungal activity of isavuconazole alone or in combination with amphotericin B deoxycholate (DAMB) or micafungin and efficacy of treatment with isavuconazole and LAMB in a rabbit model of experimental E. rostratum meningoencephalitis. Combination checkerboard plates were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations, minimal lethal concentrations, fractional inhibitory concentration indices, and Bliss surface analysis of isavuconazole and amphotericin B deoxycholate (DAMB), either alone or in combination. As there were no in vitro synergistic or antagonistic interactions for either combination of antifungal agents against the E. rostratum isolates, in vivo studies were conducted with isavuconazole and LAMB as monotherapies. Rabbits were divided in following groups: treated with isavuconazole at 60 mg/kg/d (ISAV60), LAMB at 5.0 (LAMB5), 7.5 (LAMB7.5), and 10 mg/kg/d (LAMB10), and untreated controls (UC). In ISAV60-, LAMB5-, LAMB7.5-, and LAMB10-treated rabbits, significant reductions of fungal burden of E. rostratum in cerebral, cerebellar, and spinal cord tissues (P < 0.01) were demonstrated in comparison to those of UC. These antifungal effects correlated with significant reduction of CSF (1→3)-ß-D-glucan levels vs UC (P < 0.05). These data establish new translational insights into treatment of CNS phaeohyphomycosis.

Pharmacodynamics of Isavuconazole in a Rabbit Model of Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis.

Cryptococcus spp., important fungal pathogens, are the leading cause of fungus-related mortality in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, and new therapeutic options are desperately needed. Isavuconazonium sulfate, a newer triazole antifungal agent, was studied to characterize the exposure-response relationship in a rabbit model of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Rabbits treated with isavuconazonium sulfate were compared with those treated with fluconazole and untreated controls. The fungal burden in the cerebrospinal fluid was measured serially over time, while the yeast concentrations in the brain and the eye (aqueous humor) were determined at the end of therapy. The exposure impact of isavuconazonium sulfate dosing in the rabbit was linked using mathematical modeling. Similar significant reductions in the fungal burden in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid in rabbits treated with isavuconazonium sulfate and fluconazole compared with that in the untreated controls were observed. No dose-dependent response was demonstrated with isavuconazonium sulfate treatment in this study. The treatment of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis with isavuconazonium sulfate was similar to that with fluconazole. Dose-dependent reductions in yeast over time were not demonstrated, which limited our ability to estimate the pharmacodynamic target. Further nonclinical and clinical studies are needed in order to characterize the extent of the exposure-response relationship in cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. However, this study suggests that isavuconazonium sulfate, like fluconazole, could be beneficial in the setting of consolidation and maintenance therapy, rather than induction monotherapy, in high-burden cryptococcal meningoencephalitis.

Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of VL-2397, a Novel Systemic Antifungal Agent: Analysis of a Single- and Multiple-Ascending-Dose Study in Healthy Subjects.

VL-2397, a novel, systemic antifungal agent, has potent in vitro and in vivo fungicidal activity against Aspergillus species. Plasma concentrations from a phase 1 study were used to construct a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model for VL-2397. Healthy subjects aged 18 to 55 years received single doses of VL-2397, ranging from 3 to 1,200 mg, multiple daily doses of 300, 600, or 1,200 mg for 7 days, or 300 mg three times/day for 7 days followed by 600 mg daily for 21 days. Plasma samples were collected throughout the dosing intervals. Sixty-six subjects provided 1,908 concentrations. Drug concentrations over time were increased less than dose proportionally for doses above 30 mg. Dose-normalized concentrations plotted over time did not overlap. A 3-compartment nonlinear saturable binding model fit the data well. Clearance increased with dose, and mean values ranged from 0.4 liters/h at 3 mg to 8.5 liters/h at 1,200 mg. Mean volume in the central compartment ranged from 4.8 to 6.9 liters across doses. In the first 24 h, once-daily dosing results in a rapid decrease in concentrations by hour 16 to approximately 1 mg/liter, regardless of dose, with slow clearance over time. Administration of 300 mg every 8 h achieved concentrations above 1 mg/liter over an entire 24-h period. There was a significant relationship between body surface area and clearance. The data suggest that VL-2397 has nonlinear saturable binding kinetics. Protein binding is the likely primary source of the nonlinearity. The PPK model can now be used to optimize dosing by bridging the kinetics to efficacious pharmacodynamic targets.

Outcomes by MIC Values for Patients Treated with Isavuconazole or Voriconazole for Invasive Aspergillosis in the Phase 3 SECURE and VITAL Trials.

This pooled analysis evaluated the relationship of isavuconazole and voriconazole MICs of Aspergillus pathogens at baseline with all-cause mortality and clinical outcomes following treatment with either drug in the SECURE and VITAL trials. Isavuconazole and voriconazole may have had reduced efficacy against pathogens with drug MICs of ≥16 µg/ml, but there was no relationship with clinical outcomes in cases where the MIC was <16 µg/ml for either drug.

In Vitro Activity of Isavuconazole against Opportunistic Fungal Pathogens from Two Mycology Reference Laboratories.

Monitoring antifungal susceptibility patterns for new and established antifungal agents seems prudent given the increasing prevalence of uncommon species associated with higher antifungal resistance. We evaluated the activity of isavuconazole against 4,856 invasive yeasts and molds collected worldwide. The 4,856 clinical fungal isolates, including 2,351 Candida species isolates, 97 non-Candida yeasts, 1,972 Aspergillus species isolates, and 361 non-Aspergillus molds, including 292 Mucorales isolates collected in 2015 to 2016, were tested using CLSI methods. The MIC values for isavuconazole versus Aspergillus ranged from 0.06 to ≥16 µg/ml. The modal MIC for isavuconazole was 0.5 µg/ml (range, 0.25 [A. nidulans and A. terreus species complex] to 4 µg/ml [A. calidoustus and A. tubingensis]). Eight A. fumigatus isolates had elevated isavuconazole MIC values at ≥8 µg/ml (non-wild type). Isavuconazole showed comparable activity to itraconazole against the Mucorales The lowest modal isavuconazole MIC values were seen for Rhizopus spp., R. arrhizus var. arrhizus, and R. microsporus (all 1 µg/ml). Candida species isolates were inhibited by ≤0.25 µg/ml of isavuconazole (range, 96.1% [C. lusitaniae] to 100.0% [C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. kefyr, and C. orthopsilosis]). MIC values were ≤1 µg/ml for 95.5% of C. glabrata isolates and 100.0% of C. krusei isolates. Isavuconazole was active against the non-Candida yeasts, including Cryptococcus neoformans (100.0% at ≤0.5 µg/ml). Isavuconazole exhibited excellent activity against most species of Candida and Aspergillus Isavuconazole was comparable to posaconazole and voriconazole against the less common yeasts and molds. Isavuconazole was generally less active than posaconazole and more active than voriconazole against the 292 Mucorales isolates. We confirm the potentially useful activity of isavuconazole against species of Rhizopus as determined by CLSI methods.

Exposure-Response Analysis of Micafungin in Neonatal Candidiasis: Pooled Analysis of Two Clinical Trials.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal candidiasis causes significant morbidity and mortality in high risk infants. The micafungin dosage regimen of 10 mg/kg established for the treatment of neonatal candidiasis is based on a laboratory animal model of neonatal hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis and pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) bridging studies. However, little is known about the how these PK-PD data translate clinically. METHODS: Micafungin plasma concentrations from infants were used to construct a population PK model using Pmetrics software. Bayesian posterior estimates for infants with invasive candidiasis were used to evaluate the relationship between drug exposure and mycologic response using logistic regression. RESULTS: Sixty-four infants 3-119 days of age were included, of which 29 (45%) infants had invasive candidiasis. A 2-compartment PK model fits the data well. Allometric scaling was applied to clearance and volume normalized to the mean population weight (kg). The mean (standard deviation) estimates for clearance and volume in the central compartment were 0.07 (0.05) L/h/1.8 kg and 0.61 (0.53) L/1.8 kg, respectively. No relationship between average daily area under concentration-time curve or average daily area under concentration-time curve:minimum inhibitory concentration ratio and mycologic response was demonstrated (P > 0.05). Although not statistically significant, mycologic response was numerically higher when area under concentration-time curves were at or above the PD target. CONCLUSIONS: While a significant exposure-response relationship was not found, PK-PD experiments support higher exposures of micafungin in infants with invasive candidiasis. More patients would clarify this relationship; however, low incidence deters the feasibility of these studies.

A Phase 3 Study of Micafungin Versus Amphotericin B Deoxycholate in Infants With Invasive Candidiasis.

BACKGROUND: Amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmB-D) is standard of care treatment for neonatal invasive candidiasis (IC). Micafungin (MCA) has broad-spectrum fungicidal activity against Candida spp. We compared the efficacy and safety of intravenous MCA with intravenous AmB-D and assessed the pharmacokinetics of MCA in infants >2-120 days of age with proven IC in a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, parallel-group, noninferiority study (NCT00815516). METHODS: Infants were randomized 2:1 to MCA (10 mg/kg/d) or AmB-D (1 mg/kg/d) for ≥21 days. Primary efficacy endpoint was fungal-free survival (FFS) 1 week after last study drug dose. MCA population pharmacokinetics included simulated area under the curve (AUC) at steady state and maximum plasma concentration after 2-hour infusion. AUC pharmacodynamic target exposure was 170 µg·h/mL. RESULTS: Thirty infants received MCA (n = 20) or AmB-D (n = 10). The trial was terminated early because of slow recruitment. FFS was observed in 12 of 20 [60%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 36%-81%] MCA-group infants and in 7 of 10 (70%; 95% CI: 35%-93%) AmB-D-group infants. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were anemia [MCA: n = 9 (45%); AmB-D: n = 3 (30%)] and thrombocytopenia [n = 2 (10%) and n = 3 (30%), respectively]. Model-derived mean AUC at steady state for MCA was 399.3 ± 163.9 µg·h/mL (95% prediction interval: 190.3-742.3 µg/mL); steady state and maximum plasma concentration after 2-hour infusion was 31.1 ± 10.5 µg/mL (95% prediction interval: 17.0-49.7 µg/mL). MCA exposures were above the AUC pharmacodynamic target exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Within the study limitations, infants with IC treated with MCA achieved similar FFS compared with AmB-D. Both agents were safe and well tolerated.

Exposure-Response Relationships for Isavuconazole in Patients with Invasive Aspergillosis and Other Filamentous Fungi.

Isavuconazole, the active moiety of the water-soluble prodrug isavuconazonium sulfate, is a triazole antifungal agent for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. The purpose of this analysis was to characterize the isavuconazole exposure-response relationship for measures of efficacy and safety in patients with invasive aspergillosis and infections by other filamentous fungi from the SECURE clinical trial. Two hundred thirty-one patients who received the clinical dosing regimen and had exposure parameters were included in the analysis. The primary drug exposure parameters included were predicted trough steady-state plasma concentrations, predicted trough concentrations after 7 and 14 days of drug administration, and area under the curve estimated at steady state (AUCss). The exposure parameters were analyzed against efficacy endpoints that included all-cause mortality through day 42 in the intent-to-treat (ITT) and modified ITT populations, data review committee (DRC)-adjudicated overall response at end of treatment (EOT), and DRC-adjudicated clinical response at EOT. The safety endpoints analyzed were elevated or abnormal alanine aminotransferase, increased aspartate aminotransferase, and a combination of the two. The endpoints were analyzed using logistic regression models. No statistically significant relationship (P > 0.05) was found between isavuconazole exposure and either efficacy or safety endpoints. The lack of association between exposure and efficacy indicates that the isavuconazole exposures achieved by clinical dosing were appropriate for treating the infecting organisms in the SECURE study and that increases in alanine or aspartate aminotransferase were not related to increase in exposures. Without a clear relationship, there is no current clinical evidence for recommending routine therapeutic drug monitoring for isavuconazole.

Combination Therapy with Isavuconazole and Micafungin for Treatment of Experimental Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. We hypothesized that simultaneous inhibition of biosynthesis of ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane and (1→3)-ß-d-glucan in the cell wall, respectively, by the antifungal triazole isavuconazole (ISA) and the echinocandin micafungin (MFG) may result in improved outcomes in experimental IPA in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Treatments included ISA at 20 mg/kg of body weight/day (ISA20), 40 mg/kg/day (ISA40), and 60 mg/kg/day (ISA60); MFG at 2 mg/kg/day (MFG2); combinations of ISA20 and MFG2, ISA40 and MFG2, and ISA60 and MFG2; and no treatment (untreated controls [UC]). The galactomannan index (GMI) and (1→3)-ß-d-glucan levels in serum were measured. The residual fungal burden (number of CFU per gram) was significantly reduced in ISA20-, ISA40-, ISA60-, ISA20-MFG2-, ISA40-MFG2-, and ISA60-MFG2-treated rabbits compared with that in MFG2-treated or UC rabbits (P < 0.01). Measures of organism-mediated pulmonary injury, lung weights, and pulmonary infarct score were lower in ISA40-MFG2-treated rabbits than in rabbits treated with ISA40 or MFG2 alone (P < 0.01). Survival was prolonged in ISA40-MFG2-treated rabbits in comparison to those treated with ISA40 or MFG2 alone (P < 0.01). These outcome variables correlated directly with significant declines in GMI and serum (1→3)-ß-d-glucan levels during therapy. The GMI correlated with measures of organism-mediated pulmonary injury, lung weights (r = 0.764; P < 0.001), and pulmonary infarct score (r = 0.911; P < 0.001). In summary, rabbits receiving combination therapy with isavuconazole and micafungin demonstrated a significant dose-dependent reduction in the residual fungal burden, decreased pulmonary injury, prolonged survival, a lower GMI, and lower serum (1→3)-ß-d-glucan levels in comparison to rabbits receiving isavuconazole or micafungin as a single agent.

Pharmacodynamics of Isavuconazole for Invasive Mold Disease: Role of Galactomannan for Real-Time Monitoring of Therapeutic Response.

BACKGROUND.: The ability to make early therapeutic decisions when treating invasive aspergillosis using changes in biomarkers as a surrogate for therapeutic response could significantly improve patient outcome. METHODS.: Cox proportional hazards model and logistic regression were used to correlate early changes in galactomannan index (GMI) to mortality and overall response, respectively, from patients with positive baseline GMI (≥0.5) and serial GMI during treatment from a phase 3 clinical trial for the treatment of invasive mold disease. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis in patients with isavuconazole plasma concentrations was conducted to establish the exposure necessary for GMI negativity at the end of therapy. RESULTS.: The study included 158 patients overall and 78 isavuconazole patients in the PK/PD modeling. By day 7, GMI increases of >0.25 units from baseline (3/130 survivors; 9/28 who died) significantly increased the risk of death compared to those with no increase or increases <0.25 (hazard ratio, 9.766; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.356-21.9; P < .0001). For each unit decrease by day 7 from baseline, the odds of successful therapy doubled (odds ratio, 2.154; 95% CI, 1.173-3.955). An area under the concentration-versus-time curve over half-maximal effective concentration (AUC:EC50) of 108.6 is estimated to result in a negative GMI at the end of isavuconazole therapy. CONCLUSIONS.: Early trends in GMI are highly predictive of patient outcome. GMI increases by day 7 could be considered in context of clinical signs to trigger changes in treatment, once validated. Our data suggest that this improves survival by 10-fold and positive outcome by 3-fold. These data have important implications for individualized therapy for patients and clinical trials. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION.: NCT00412893.

Impact of Mucositis on Absorption and Systemic Drug Exposure of Isavuconazole.

Isavuconazonium sulfate is the water-soluble prodrug of isavuconazole. Population analyses have demonstrated relatively predictable pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior in diverse patient populations. We evaluated the impact of mucositis on the oral isavuconazole exposure using population PK modeling. This study included patients treated in two phase 3 trials of isavuconazole, SECURE for treatment of invasive aspergillosis (IA) and other filamentous fungi and VITAL for patients with mucormycosis, invasive fungal disease (IFD) caused by other rare fungi, or IA and renal impairment. Mucositis was reported by site investigators and its impact on oral bioavailability was assessed. Use of the oral formulation was at the discretion of the investigator. Patients with plasma samples collected during the use of isavuconazonium sulfate were included in the construction of population PK model. Of 250 patients included, 56 patients had mucositis at therapy onset or as an adverse event during oral isavuconazole therapy. Levels of oral bioavailability were comparable, at 98.3% and 99.8%, respectively. The average drug exposures (average area under the curve [AUCave]) calculated from either the mean or median parameter estimates were not different between patients with and without mucositis. Mortality and overall clinical responses were similar between patients receiving oral therapy with and without mucositis. We found that isavuconazole exposures and clinical outcomes in this subset of patients with mucositis who were able to take oral isavuconazonium sulfate were comparable to those in patients without mucositis, despite the difference in oral bioavailability. Therefore, mucositis may not preclude use of the oral formulation of isavuconazonium sulfate.

In vitro combination therapy with isavuconazole against Candida spp.

Combination therapy may be an alternative therapeutic approach for difficult-to-treat Candida infections with the aim of increasing efficacy of antifungal therapy. Whether isavuconazole, an extended-spectrum triazole, possesses synergistic activity in combination therapy with echinocandins or polyenes for the treatment of invasive candidiasis has not been studied. We used Bliss independence drug interaction analysis and time-kill assays to examine the in vitro interactions of isavuconazole with amphotericin B or micafungin, an echinocandin, against strains of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei. The Bliss independence-based drug interactions modeling showed that the combination of isavuconazole and micafungin resulted in synergistic interactions against C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei. The degree of synergy ranged from 1.8% to 16.7% (mean %ΔΕ value) with the highest synergy occurring against C. albicans (⊙SYN% = 8.8%-110%). Time-kill assays showed that the isavuconazole-micafungin combination demonstrated concentration-depended synergy against C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. The combined interaction by Bliss analysis between isavuconazole and amphotericin B was indifferent for C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis while for C. glabrata was antagonistic (-2% to -6%) and C. krusei synergistic (3.4% to 7%). The combination of isavuconazole-amphotericin B by time-kill assay was antagonistic against C. krusei and C. glabrata. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that combinations of isavuconazole and micafungin are synergistic against Candida spp., while those of isavuconazole and amphotericin B are indifferent in vitro.

Prognostic value of galactomannan: current evidence for monitoring response to antifungal therapy in patients with invasive aspergillosis.

Galactomannan (GM) is a polysaccharide present in the cell wall of Aspergillus spp. that is released during growth of the organism. It has been successfully used to aide in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis allowing for earlier recognition of disease compared to conventional methods. Since its implementation in the clinic as a diagnostic tool, GM has been used in experimental models to measure therapeutic response. Several clinical studies describe the prognostic value of GM. Herein, we review the evidence supporting the utilization of GM antigen as a biomarker to measure response to systemic antifungal therapy.

Isavuconazonium sulfate: a new agent for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis.

INTRODUCTION: Invasive fungal infections are serious and life-threatening complications of many of today's medical enhancements. While we have seen an insurgence of new antifungal therapies on the market since the early 1990s that have contributed significantly to saving lives, there are still important gaps including narrow spectrum of activity, dose-limiting toxicities, or unpredictable pharmacokinetics. Isavuconazonium sulfate hopes to fill several of these gaps. AREAS COVERED: The in vitro and in vivo pharmacology, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and phase 3 clinical trials for isavuconazole are described with a specific focus on the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis. A literature search was conducted in PubMed as well as FDA and EMA websites, and abstracts from congress proceedings. Expert Commentary: Isavuconazole's pharmacokinetic profile, broad-spectrum antifungal activity, and clinical trial data make this new triazole a welcome addition to the armamentarium.

Isavuconazole Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis Using Nonparametric Estimation in Patients with Invasive Fungal Disease (Results from the VITAL Study).

Isavuconazonium sulfate (Cresemba; Astellas Pharma Inc.), a water-soluble prodrug of the triazole antifungal agent isavuconazole, is available for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis (IA) and invasive mucormycosis. A population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model was constructed using nonparametric estimation to compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) behaviors of isavuconazole in patients treated in the phase 3 VITAL open-label clinical trial, which evaluated the efficacy and safety of the drug for treatment of renally impaired IA patients and patients with invasive fungal disease (IFD) caused by emerging molds, yeasts, and dimorphic fungi. Covariates examined were body mass index (BMI), weight, race, impact of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on clearance (CL), and impact of weight on volume. PK parameters were compared based on IFD type and other patient characteristics. Simulations were performed to describe the MICs covered by the clinical dosing regimen. Concentrations (n = 458) from 136 patients were used to construct a 2-compartment model (first-order absorption compartment and central compartment). Weight-related covariates affected clearance, but eGFR did not. PK parameters and intersubject variability of CL were similar across different IFD groups and populations. Target attainment analyses demonstrated that the clinical dosing regimen would be sufficient for total drug area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/MIC targets ranging from 50.5 for Aspergillus spp. (up to the CLSI MIC of 0.5 mg/liter) to 270 and 5,053 for Candida albicans (up to MICs of 0.125 and 0.004 mg/liter, respectively) and 312 for non-albicans Candida spp. (up to a MIC of 0.125 mg/liter). The estimations for Candida spp. were exploratory considering that no patients with Candida infections were included in the current analyses. (The VITAL trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under number NCT00634049.).

Pharmacodynamics of isavuconazole in experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: implications for clinical breakpoints.

OBJECTIVES: Isavuconazole, a novel triazole antifungal agent, has broad-spectrum activity against Aspergillus spp. and other pathogenic fungi. The isavuconazole exposure-response relationship in experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis using galactomannan index (GMI) suppression as a marker of disease clearance was explored. METHODS: The impact of exposure on GMI suppression in persistently neutropenic rabbits treated with isavuconazonium sulphate (isavuconazole-equivalent dosages of 20, 40 or 60 mg/kg every 24 h, after a 90 mg/kg loading dose) for 12 days was linked using mathematical modelling. Bridging to humans using population pharmacokinetic (PK) data from a clinical trial in invasive aspergillosis was performed using Monte Carlo simulations. RESULTS: Mean plasma isavuconazole AUC/MIC (EC50) of 79.65 (95% CI 32.2, 127.1) produced a half-maximal effect in GMI suppression. The inhibitory sigmoid Emax curve dropped sharply after an AUC/MIC of ≥30 and was near maximum (EC80) at ∼130. Bridging the experimental PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) target to human population PK data was then used to return to the rabbit model to determine a clinically relevant PD endpoint. The clinical dosing regimen used in the trial would result in a mean GMI of 4.3 ±â€Š1.8, which is a 50% reduction from the starting GMI in the experiment. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical trial results showing the non-inferiority of isavuconazole to voriconazole for all-cause mortality further support the PK-PD endpoint, thereby demonstrating the usefulness of the rabbit model and endpoint for isavuconazole and implications on interpretive breakpoints. Importantly, the analysis supports this model as an important tool for development of antifungal agents.