RESUMEN
We revealed a relationship between water balance and LPO in the myocardium, liver, and blood plasma during massive blood loss and irradiation with He-Ne laser. Low-intensity laser irradiation of the plasma inhibits LPO and normalizes water balance in rat tissues during massive blood loss.
Asunto(s)
Hemorragia , Rayos Láser , Peroxidación de Lípido , Hígado/efectos de la radiación , Miocardio/metabolismo , Plasma/efectos de la radiación , Agua , Animales , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Plasma/metabolismo , Radiación , Ratas , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismoRESUMEN
Different forms of water content were studied in myocardium and liver of male rats at 2-h hypotension and during the early postreanimation period. The phenomenon of redistribution of free and bound water was found. Comparison of water balance during the postreanimation period in the myocardium and liver revealed that normalization of different forms of water occured in myocardium. In hepatocytes oedema remained over the whole period studied.
Asunto(s)
Agua Corporal/metabolismo , Hemorragia/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Miocardio/metabolismo , Resucitación , Animales , Rastreo Diferencial de Calorimetría , Hemorragia/patología , Hepatocitos/patología , Hipotensión/metabolismo , Hipotensión/patología , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Ratas , Equilibrio HidroelectrolíticoRESUMEN
The citogenetic lesions were evaluated in the marrow erythroblasts of 45 anesthetized white nonlinear male rats, weight--200-300 g who were subjected to an acute blood loss with a 1-hour arterial hypotension (ABR = 40 mm Hg); the micronucleus tests was made use of. Two stages of the increase of polychromatophilic erythrocytes with micronuclei in the marrow of the animals, who underwent a massive blood loss, were registered: stage 1--an incomplete marrow ischemia with a subsequent arterial hypotension and with a reliably confirmed formation of cytogenetic lesions in the marrow polychromatophilic erythrocytes; stage 2--the reperfusion period contributed to a 1.7-fold increase of polychromatophilic erythrocytes with micronuclei versus the previous stage. Mexidole, when used at 50 mg/kg prior to blood reinfusion, decreased the quantity of polychromatophilic erythrocytes with micronuclei to the basic level, which is indicative of reversibility and instability of cytogenetics impairments in the marrow cells of animals observed in the early post-resuscitation period.
Asunto(s)
Médula Ósea/patología , Hemorragia/patología , Picolinas/uso terapéutico , Sustancias Protectoras/uso terapéutico , Animales , Transfusión Sanguínea , Médula Ósea/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Eritroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Eritroblastos/patología , Hemorragia/terapia , Inyecciones Intraarteriales , Masculino , Micronúcleos con Defecto Cromosómico/efectos de los fármacos , Micronúcleos con Defecto Cromosómico/patología , Pruebas de Micronúcleos , Picolinas/administración & dosificación , Sustancias Protectoras/administración & dosificación , RatasRESUMEN
It was established, while modeling the global transient cerebral ischemia in experiments with 51 anesthetized nonlinear white rats (weight 300-330 g), that a preliminary administration of perftoran in the discussed pathology does not only improve the reperfusion process in the brain but also levels the deficits of crystalloid solutions used as blood substitutes (by the example of physiological solution). Therefore, the drug has a cytoprotective action on the vascular-system endothelium. A direct admixture of perftoran to the autoblood introduced after global transient cerebral ischemia improves essentially the reperfusion-period course in the brain versus the combination of physiological solution and autoblood.
Asunto(s)
Circulación Cerebrovascular/efectos de los fármacos , Fluorocarburos/uso terapéutico , Ataque Isquémico Transitorio/fisiopatología , Daño por Reperfusión/prevención & control , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Fluorocarburos/administración & dosificación , Inyecciones Intravenosas , Flujometría por Láser-Doppler , Masculino , RatasRESUMEN
To evaluate the body's compensatory reserves, experiments were made on anesthetized (with heparine) mongrel dogs of both sexes weighing 8-25 kg. The experiments have indicated that early monitoring of physiological parameters (external respiration, cardiovascular performance, hemostasis, red blood cell morphometry) in the first 5-10 minutes of acute massive hemorrhage is of high informative value. The generalization of vasoconstriction resulting in higher overall blood volume, the maintenance of venous return, tachypnea, active spontaneous hemodilution, and increased heart rate are the leading mechanisms of perfusion pressure maintenance in early acute hemorrhage. The severity of acute damage to the membranes of red blood cells and endotheliocytes and hence changes occurring in the suspension structure of blood, which drastically impairs its rheological parameters and fluidity, can play the key role in the pathogenesis of decompensatory cardiovascular and visceral functions in prolonged arterial hypotension. The findings open up new possibilities for early evaluation and prediction of the ensurina course of delayed massive hemorrhage.
Asunto(s)
Circulación Sanguínea/fisiología , Hemodinámica/fisiología , Hemorragia/fisiopatología , Homeostasis/fisiología , Enfermedad Aguda , Animales , Gasto Cardíaco/fisiología , Vasos Coronarios/fisiopatología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Perros , Recuento de Eritrocitos , Membrana Eritrocítica/patología , Femenino , Hemorragia/sangre , Peróxidos Lipídicos/sangre , Pulmón/irrigación sanguínea , Masculino , Contracción Miocárdica/fisiología , Función Ventricular Izquierda/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The paper provides evidence for that it is expedient to perform multi-stage intravascular low-intensity laser blood radiation in patients with severe mechanical trauma and massive blood loss in the early posttraumatic period. The use of laser radiation at a wavelength of 632.0 nm by inserting a disposable light guide (its end power was 1.5-2.0 mW, and the duration of a session--30 min) as part of complex therapy in this group of patients romotes the increase of plasma albumin transport ability and the general stimulation of natural detoxifixation mechanisms.
Asunto(s)
Hemorragia/radioterapia , Terapia por Luz de Baja Intensidad/métodos , Transporte de Proteínas/efectos de la radiación , Albúmina Sérica/metabolismo , Heridas y Lesiones/radioterapia , APACHE , Adulto , Hemorragia/etiología , Hemorragia/fisiopatología , Humanos , Índices de Gravedad del Trauma , Resultado del Tratamiento , Heridas y Lesiones/complicaciones , Heridas y Lesiones/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
The studies were carried out on 76 albino noninbred male rats weighing 210-420 g. Ischemia of a jejunal segment was induced by applying a tourniquet to the base of a loop with the mesentery until the circulation fully stopped. Nonoxygenated perfluorane (an experimental group) or saline solution (a control group) was injected in a dose of 0.8-1.0 ml/100 g intraarterially 15 minutes before the termination of ischemia. During 90 min of reperfusion, there was a progressive decline of blood pressure (BP) with reference to the ischemic period by 39.8 +/- 20.9 and 20.8 +/- 14.6% in an experimental and control groups, respectively (p > 0.05). Biomicroscopy indicated that by min 5 of reperfusion, a relative reduction in the diameter (50-400 microns) of nutrient mesenteric arteries was half as large as that in the control group (24.0 +/- 5.5 and 45.1 +/- 3.6%; p < 0.05); by min 90, differences decreased (41.5 +/- 4.2 and 50.3 +/- 2.8%, respectively; p > or = 0.05). In the experimental group, perfluorane prevents the development of irreversible structural changes in the reperfusion period: the remaining cryptal epithelium is a source of regeneration of the integumentary epithelium of forming villi of the small intestinal mucosa.
Asunto(s)
Fluorocarburos/uso terapéutico , Yeyuno/irrigación sanguínea , Daño por Reperfusión/prevención & control , Daño por Reperfusión/fisiopatología , Enfermedad Aguda , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Fluorocarburos/administración & dosificación , Inyecciones Intraarteriales , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/patología , Yeyuno/patología , Masculino , Microcirculación/efectos de los fármacos , RatasRESUMEN
Blood loss leads to the reduction in vitality of red blood cells (RBCs). However, the changes in morphology at different stages of hemorrhagic shock have not been studied. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify and quantitate the sequence of morphological changes in RBCs during hemorrhage. This study was performed on 15 adult inbred dogs. Blood samples were taken before hemorrhage, when the mean arterial pressure reached 40 mm Hg (initial stage of shock), and at a mean arterial pressure level of 20 mm Hg (decompensated stage of shock). The volume of blood removed averaged 33.6+/-8.9 and 55.1+/-6.9 mL/kg, respectively. Evaluation of RBC morphology was performed by computerized light microscopic morphometry and scanning electron microscopy. At the early stage of hemorrhage the number of "young-appearing" RBCs with large visible surface areas (41-50 microm2) increased from 17.7%+/-3.1% to 26.6%+/-3.5% (P < 0.05). Concomitantly, the number of "old-appearing" RBCs with small visible surface area (20-30 microm2) significantly decreased from 5.3%+/-2.7% to 2.7%+/-2.3% (P < 0.01). At the stage of decompensated blood loss, the opposite phenomenon was observed. The number of "old-appearing" RBCs increased to 8.2%+/-1.1% (P < 0.01), whereas the number of "young-appearing" RBCs decreased to 12.3%+/-4.2% (P< 0.01). The changes in visible surface area of RBCs was accompanied by significant alterations in their shape. The percentage of abnormal shaped RBCs increased from 8.9%+/-1.1% before the hemorrhage to 36.4%+/-5.8% at the stage of decompensated hemorragic shock (P < 0.01). Thus, during the late decompensated stage of hemorrhagic shock, RBCs assume shape and surface area changes that are similar to those seen in aging. These changes in RBC size and shape may be due to the effects of shock-induced oxidative stress.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/sangre , Eritrocitos/citología , Eritrocitos/patología , Choque Hemorrágico/sangre , Animales , Presión Sanguínea , Tamaño de la Célula , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Perros , Eritrocitos/ultraestructura , Femenino , Masculino , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Valores de ReferenciaRESUMEN
Molecular mechanisms of neuronal death (apoptosis and necrobiosis) in massive blood loss and at various stages of the postreanimation period are investigated from the neurobiological viewpoint. The activities of these processes are quantitatively evaluated and their specific features in incomplete cerebral ischemia, reperfusion (reanimation), and during the postischemic (postreanimation) period are analyzed.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis , Hemorragia/patología , Neuronas/patología , Isquemia Encefálica/patología , Humanos , ReperfusiónRESUMEN
Effects of intravascular low-intensive laser exposure of the blood on the hemostasis during acute blood loss and the early postresuscitation period after 4-min clinical death were studied on narcotized dogs (8-17 kg) of both sexes with different initial levels of heparin. During the preagonal period laser exposure caused hypercoagulation in animals with initial heparin content below 60 micrograms/ml. This acceleration of blood clotting prevented a drop in the activity of antithrombin III and hypercoagulation by the third hour of postresuscitation period. In animals with initial heparin content more than 60 micrograms/ml laser exposure caused hypocoagulation in the presence of reduced activity of antithrombin III by the third hour of the resuscitation period.
Asunto(s)
Hemostasis/efectos de la radiación , Rayos Láser , Resucitación , Animales , Antitrombina III/metabolismo , Perros , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
LPO products were measured in plasma and biogenic amines (serotonin, adrenalin, noradrenalin) in tissues of rats in different periods after hemorrhagic shock provoked by taking blood and maintenance of arterial pressure at the level of 40 mm Hg for 1 hour. Resuscitation was conducted by administration of autoblood. It was found that splenic serotonin levels decreased on experiment day 7 and went up on day 28. On late experiment stages noradrenalin levels in the adrenals were high. Early after resuscitation the trend was noted to higher LPO products concentration in plasma and serotonin in the brain stem. Intravenous injection of semax prevented serotonin fall in the spleen on experiment day 7. It is suggested that biogenic amines, especially serotonin system, are involved in mechanisms of postresuscitation disorders, in cerebral defects in particular, through prolongation of secondary hypoxia early after hemorrhagic shock and activation of hypothalamo-hypophyso-adrenal system late after the shock.
Asunto(s)
Glándulas Suprarrenales/metabolismo , Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/análogos & derivados , Aminas Biogénicas/metabolismo , Tronco Encefálico/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/uso terapéutico , Fragmentos de Péptidos/uso terapéutico , Resucitación , Choque Hemorrágico/metabolismo , Bazo/metabolismo , Glándulas Suprarrenales/química , Glándulas Suprarrenales/efectos de los fármacos , Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/uso terapéutico , Animales , Aminas Biogénicas/análisis , Química Encefálica/efectos de los fármacos , Tronco Encefálico/química , Tronco Encefálico/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Lípidos/sangre , Masculino , Ratas , Resucitación/métodos , Choque Hemorrágico/terapia , Bazo/química , Bazo/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Hemostatic system function was studied in dogs dying of acute blood loss and restoring to life after 4-min clinical death. Phasic changes in hemostatic system of two and three types occurred in the blood loss and reanimation, respectively. Dogs with favorable postresuscitation period exhibited hypercoagulation when dying, hypocoagulation 1 hour after reanimation and normal coagulation 3-6 hours after clinical death.
Asunto(s)
Coagulación Sanguínea/fisiología , Muerte , Hemorragia/fisiopatología , Resucitación , Animales , Perros , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
Specific features of Ca2+, Mg2+ dependent DNA endonucleolysis in the nuclei of the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and liver were investigated in mongrel anesthetized male and female dogs. The endonucleolysis was studied in different periods of long-term arterial hypotension and in postresuscitation period, with strain pUC 19 plasmids as substrate for determination of nuclear endonuclease activity. It was established that nuclear DNA-endonucleases coupled with chromatin activated earlier in brain cortical and hepatic neurons than in the hypothalamus. Changes in activity of the enzymes directly correlated with duration of CNS ischemia. Active endonucleolysis occurred in cerebral and hepatic nuclei even 3 months after the blood loss and resuscitation. Postresuscitation changes in Ca2+ and Mg2+ dependent endonucleases in cortical nuclei are phasic while in the liver their activity for three months did not differ much from that in the end of hypotension. The activity of nuclear endonucleases in the hypothalamus returned to normal after beginning of resuscitation and did not change later. The data obtained evidence for active involvement of apoptosis mechanisms in brain and liver cell degeneration in massive blood loss and in postresuscitation period including a late one.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/ultraestructura , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , ADN/metabolismo , Endonucleasas/metabolismo , Hemorragia/patología , Hígado/ultraestructura , Resucitación , Animales , Núcleo Celular/genética , Perros , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
Effect of low-intensity laser exposure of the blood on the central hemodynamics, oxygen transporting function of the blood, oxygen balance of the organism, and surface configuration of erythrocyte membranes was studied in dogs exposed to 2-h arterial hypotension (arterial pressure 40 mm Hg). Blood exposure was started from the tenth min of hypotension and went on for 45 min (group 2) or 120 min (group 3); group 1 was control. The best results were attained after 45-min laser exposure. A longer exposure creates prerequisites for complications, such as dysadaptation of the vascular tone and delayed decrease of hemoglobin concentration.
Asunto(s)
Sangre/efectos de la radiación , Rayos Láser , Choque Hemorrágico/sangre , Animales , Perros , Membrana Eritrocítica/metabolismo , Membrana Eritrocítica/ultraestructura , Femenino , Hemodinámica , Hemoglobinometría , Masculino , Oxígeno/metabolismo , Choque Hemorrágico/fisiopatología , Factores de TiempoAsunto(s)
Apoptosis , Hipotensión/patología , Hígado/patología , Resucitación , Animales , Fragmentación del ADN , Perros , Electroforesis en Gel de Agar , Endodesoxirribonucleasas/metabolismo , Femenino , Hipotensión/enzimología , Isquemia/enzimología , Isquemia/patología , Hígado/irrigación sanguínea , Hígado/enzimología , Masculino , Reperfusión , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Experiments on anesthetized non-inbred 8-17 kg b.w.dogs have demonstrated that cerebral ischemia consequent to 4-hour hypovolemic shock activates Ca(2+)-, Mg(2+)-dependent endonucleases in cell nuclei of the hypothalamus. Intravenous injection of calcium channels blocker verapamil (Orion) in a dose 0.1 mg/kg 30 min before blood loss prevents activation of the above endonucleases and makes it possible to avoid internucleosome fragmentation of genome DNA.
Asunto(s)
Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio/uso terapéutico , Calcio/farmacología , Núcleo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Endonucleasas/efectos de los fármacos , Hipotálamo/efectos de los fármacos , Magnesio/farmacología , Choque/tratamiento farmacológico , Verapamilo/uso terapéutico , Animales , Núcleo Celular/enzimología , Perros , Femenino , Hipotálamo/enzimología , Hipotálamo/ultraestructura , Masculino , Choque/enzimología , Choque/patologíaRESUMEN
The effect of low-intensive laser exposure at a wavelength of 634 nm and power 1 mWt at the tip of the light-guide on the blood anticoagulative system was studied in mongrel narcotized dogs of both sexes weighing 8 to 16 kg during the postresuscitation period after 4-min clinical death from massive blood loss. The anticoagulative system in the blood plasma was depleted during the reanimation period (the activities of plasmin and fibrinogen-heparin complexes and the level of heparin dropped). Intravascular laser exposure of the blood (for 30 min during blood loss after drop of the mean arterial pressure to 40 mm Hg and at the beginning of the second hour of the postreanimation period) boosted the activities of plasmin and fibrinogen-heparin complexes but failed to increase the level of heparin in the postreanimation period.
Asunto(s)
Fibrinólisis/efectos de la radiación , Terapia por Láser , Resucitación , Enfermedad Aguda , Animales , Arterias , Terapia Combinada , Muerte , Perros , Femenino , Hemorragia/sangre , Hemorragia/terapia , Masculino , Resucitación/métodos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Experiments on dogs have shown that left-ventricular contractility reduces and the processes of contraction and relaxation are discoordinated during the first minutes of dying from acute blood loss with the mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg. During the postreanimation period following a ten-min clinical death spontaneous respiration is resumed late (after 15.1 +/- 3.2 min), as are the corneal reflexes (after 46.1 +/- 8.5 min). If there are no changes in left-ventricular contractility in the course of dying, vital functions of the organism and neurological reflexes recover sooner (respiration after 6.1 +/- 2.0 min and corneal reflexes after 32.6 +/- 4.1 min). A relationship has been revealed between the severity of the postreanimation period and the degree of reduction of left-ventricular myocardial contractility during hypoperfusion (1 to 6 hrs after reanimation): the contractility index in animals with late neurologic recovery was lower than in those with a relatively early neurologic recovery.