Brain functional and structural changes in diabetic children. How can intellectual development be optimized in type 1 diabetes?

The neuropsychological functioning of people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is of key importance to the effectiveness of the therapy, which, in its complexity, requires a great deal of knowledge, attention, and commitment. Intellectual limitations make it difficult to achieve the optimal metabolic balance, and a lack of this alignment can contribute to the further deterioration of cognitive functions. The aim of this study was to provide a narrative review of the current state of knowledge regarding the influence of diabetes on brain structure and functions during childhood and also to present possible actions to optimize intellectual development in children with T1D. Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant literature using selected keywords. The results were summarized using a narrative synthesis. Disturbances in glucose metabolism during childhood may have a lasting negative effect on the development of the brain and related cognitive functions. To optimize intellectual development in children with diabetes, it is essential to prevent disorders of the central nervous system by maintaining peri-normal glycemic levels. Based on the performed literature review, it seems necessary to take additional actions, including repeated neuropsychological evaluation with early detection of any cognitive dysfunctions, followed by the development of individual management strategies and the training of appropriate skills, together with complex, multidirectional environmental support.

Intellectual development in children with type 1 diabetes Disturbances in glucose metabolism during childhood may have a lasting negative effect on the development of the brain and related cognitive functions. To optimize intellectual development in children with type 1 diabetes, it is essential to prevent disorders of the central nervous system by maintaining close to normal glycemic levels. Based on the performed literature review, it seems necessary to take additional actions, including repeated neuropsychological evaluation with early detection of cognitive dysfunctions, followed by the development of individual management strategies, and the training of appropriate skills, together with complex, multidirectional environmental support.

Fractal Dimension Analysis of Earth Magnetic Field during 26 August 2018 Geomagnetic Storm.

We analyse the fractal nature of geomagnetic field northward and eastward horizontal components with 1 min resolution measured by the four stations Belsk, Hel, Sodankylä and Hornsund during the period of 22 August-1 September, when the 26 August 2018 geomagnetic storm appeared. To reveal and to quantitatively describe the fractal scaling of the considered data, three selected methods, structure function scaling, Higuchi, and detrended fluctuation analysis are applied. The obtained results show temporal variation of the fractal dimension of geomagnetic field components, revealing differences between their irregularity (complexity). The values of fractal dimension seem to be sensitive to the physical conditions connected with the interplanetary shock, the coronal mass ejection, the corotating interaction region, and the high-speed stream passage during the storm development. Especially, just after interplanetary shock occurrence, a decrease in the fractal dimension for all stations is observed, not straightforwardly visible in the geomagnetic field components data.

Neuropeptide Y and Peptide YY in Association with Depressive Symptoms and Eating Behaviours in Adolescents across the Weight Spectrum: From Anorexia Nervosa to Obesity.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide YY (PYY) are involved in metabolic regulation. The purpose of the study was to assess the serum levels of NPY and PYY in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) or obesity (OB), as well as in a healthy control group (CG). The effects of potential confounders on their concentrations were also analysed. Eighty-nine adolescents were included in this study (AN = 30, OB = 30, and CG = 29). Anthropometric measurements and psychometric assessment of depressive symptoms, eating behaviours, body attitudes, and fasting serum levels of NPY and PYY were analysed. The AN group presented severe depressive symptoms, while the OB group held different attitudes towards the body. The levels of NPY were lower in the AN and OB groups as compared with the CG. The PYY levels were higher in the OB group than in the AN group and the CG. The severity of eating disorder symptoms predicted fasting serum concentrations of NPY. Lower levels of NPY in AN, as well as in OB suggests the need to look for a common link in the mechanism of this effect. Higher level of PYY in OB may be important in explaining complex etiopathogenesis of the disease. The psychopathological symptoms may have an influence on the neurohormones regulating metabolism.

Prader-Willi Syndrome - nutritional management in children, adolescents and adults.

Prader-Willi Syndrome is a genetic condition caused by an abnormality of chromosome 15, mostly resulting from a deletion.The prevalence of syndrome in Europe has been reported between 1 in 8,000 to 1 in 45,000 births. Characteristic features of the syndrome include hypotonia, short stature, psychomotor development delay, hypogonadism and progressive, life-threatening obesity. Treatment of Prader-Willi Syndrome consists of intensive rehabilitation, psychologicalcare, speech therapy and also, if patient is fulfilling appropriate criteria, growth hormone treatment. An extremely important element of therapy is also properly planned and implemented nutritional management. Adequate diet prevents the malnutrition in the first stage of life and the development of excessive weight in subsequent years. The aim of this article is to provide practical and accurate guidance on nutritional management and diet therapy for physicians and nutritionists who work with children, adolescents and adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome.