[Age-related changes in human vitreous]. / Vozrastnye izmeneniya steklovidnogo tela.

There are two main age-related changes that can occur in the vitreous body of healthy individuals throughout life: liquefaction (synchesis) and aggregation of collagen fibrils into dense bundles (syneresis). Progressive age-related degradation leads to posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). At present many classifications of PVD exist, in which authors relied either on the morphological features, or on the differences in pathogenesis before and after widespread use of OCT. The course of PVD can be either normal or anomalous. Physiological PVD induced by age-related vitreous changes progresses in specific stages. The review emphasizes that PVD can occur initially not only in the central zone of the retina, but also on the periphery with further spread to the posterior pole. Anomalous PVD can lead to various negative effects on the retina, as well as on the vitreous as a result of traction in the area of vitreoretinal interface.

[Widefield optical coherence tomography as an effective method for detecting imperceptible flap retinal tears (clinical observation)]. / Shirokopol'naya opticheskaya kogerentnaya tomografiya ­ effektivnyi metod vyyavleniya klapannogo razryva setchatki (klinicheskoe nablyudenie).

Certain late peripheral ruptures after acute posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) may remain undetected during the initial examination of the fundus due to the presence of vitreous hemorrhages and other factors, but they can lead to rhegmatogenic retinal detachment in the future. Hence, it is necessary to conduct an additional thorough examination using optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the vitreoretinal interface periphery in the presence of tear predictors: retinal and vitreal hemorrhages, vitreous pigment cells ("tobacco dust") in the anterior segment of the vitreous body, as well as hyper-reflective dots ("starry sky") in the vitreous body according to OCT scans of patients with acute symptomatic detachment of the hyaloid membrane. The article presents the case of a patient with a clinically imperceptible flap tear detected during acute posterior vitreous detachment. Widefield OCT of the vitreoretinal interface was performed by "sliding" from the center to the periphery of the retina, and revealed a flap tear located next to a dot retinal hemorrhage. OCT scanning of the retinal periphery is an effective modern diagnostic method in the ophthalmological clinical practice.

[OCT visualization of hyporeflective lacuna in the retrolental space]. / OKT-assotsiirovannaya vizualizatsiya giporeflektivnoi lakuny v retrolental'nom prostranstve.

PURPOSE: To investigate the vitreo-lenticular interface and anterior vitreous using high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective single-center pilot study included 34 patients (68 eyes) - 6 males and 28 females with a mean age of 58.4±12.0 years (age range 24-81 years). OCT scanning was performed on the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) device SOLIX (OPTOVUE, USA) in the Full Range AC mode with the following scan parameters: from 14 to 18 mm in horizontal length and 6.25 mm in the axial dimension. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio and increase image clarity of the final scan, averaging of eight simultaneous scans was performed. RESULTS: In all healthy volunteers, hyporeflective retrolental cavities-lacunae were observed in both eyes during visualization of the retrolental space in the horizontal and vertical planes. The median distance from the posterior pole of the lens to the lacuna was 697 µm. The median width of the lacuna was 157 µm. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, we consider this to be one of the first in vivo visualizations of a previously undescribed structure - hyporeflective retrolental lacuna - using SOLIX high-resolution OCT device. The retrolental lacuna may play the role of a buffer system, or belong to the lymphatic system of the vitreous body and the eye.

[Retrolental amyloidosis of the vitreous body (case study)]. / Retrolental'nyi amiloidoz steklovidnogo tela (klinicheskoe nablyudenie).

Accumulations of pathological amyloid protein in the vitreous can be a pathognomonic morphological sign of systemic amyloidosis, which is characterized by deposition of insoluble fibrillar protein aggregates (amyloid) in various organs and tissues. The article describes a clinical case of a female 65-year-old patient with bilateral vitreous floaters and histologically confirmed vitreous amyloidosis on the right eye. The patient had undergone YAG laser vitreolysis of the right eye 3 years ago on the Ultra Q Reflex system («Ellex¼, Australia) to treat an atypical Weiss ring. Diagnosis of vitreous amyloidosis was confirmed using the following equipment: video slit lamp SL9900 («CSO¼, Italy), optical coherence tomography system Solix («Optovue¼, USA), B-scan Plus («Accutome¼, USA), microscope CX41RF («Olympus Corporation¼, Japan). Due to significant visual deterioration in the right eye, the patient underwent vitrectomy. Microscopic examination of the surgical sample showed the presence of amyloid deposits revealed by the brick-red specific staining with congo red dye and apple-green birefringence of the stained areas in polarized light.

[Non-contact navigated laser retinopexy for peripheral retinal tears and rhegmatogenous degenerations: first experience]. / Pervyi opyt beskontaktnoi navigatsionnoi lazernoi retinopeksii perifericheskikh razryvov i regmatogennykh degeneratsii setchatki.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the first outcomes of non-contact navigated laser retinopexy for peripheral tears and rhegmatogenous degenerations of the retina. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective single-center interventional pilot study included 58 patients (68 eyes), among which 19 males and 39 females aged 47.5±16.9 years with peripheral retinal degenerations and symptomatic retinal tears who received non-contact laser retinopexy with the Navilas 577s navigated laser system and non-contact PRP widefield objective. All patients (68 eyes) underwent laser treatment for the following disorders: horseshoe tear in 13 eyes, retinal hole in 11 eyes, operculated retinal hole in 3 eyes, lattice degeneration in 19 eyes, snail track degeneration in 1 eye, vitreoretinal tufts in 16 eyes, and progressing bullous retinoschisis in 5 eyes. Pain intensity was assessed using a four-point verbal rating scale. RESULTS: All patients were followed up for 5 to 21 months (9.0±3.3 months on average). Stable condition of the retina was observed in 65 cases (95.5%). In 3 eyes (4.4%), newly formed retinal tears prompted additional laser treatment: horseshoe tear in 2 eyes and retinal hole in 1 eye. The mean pain score during non-contact navigated laser retinopexy was 0.9±0.5. No complications associated with laser treatment were observed. CONCLUSION: Non-contact navigated laser retinopexy performed with the Navilas 577s navigated laser system is a safe and well-tolerated procedure with effectiveness comparable to conventional laser retinopexy.

[Preventive laser treatment of tractional symptomatic retinal flap tears: long-term outcomes]. / Otdalennye rezul'taty profilakticheskogo lazernogo lecheniya traktsionnykh simptomaticheskikh klapannykh razryvov setchatki.

Tractional flap tears are the main cause of the development of regmatogenic retinal detachment (RRD). The main immediate treatment method for it is laser retinal coagulation. PURPOSE: Case monitoring of tractional symptomatic flap tears after laser treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 2014 to 2019 we observed 119 patients (130 eyes) with peripheral flap (horseshoe) retinal tears in acute posterior vitreous detachment. Laser coagulation of the retina was performed using Navilas 577s (577 nm), OcuLight GL (532 nm). Laser retinotomy of horseshoe tear flap and dissection of overhanging vessels were performed using Nd:YAG-ultra Q Reflex laser (1064 nm) and controlled with RTVue XR Avanti. RESULTS: At the initial examination before the preventive laser coagulation, the following conditions were found: regmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) - 8 eyes (6.2%), partial hemophthalmus - 29 (22.3%), preretinal hemorrhage - 15 (11.5%), epiretinal membrane - 9 (6.9%), non-full-thickness macular retinal breaks - 6 (4.6%), peripheral changes: retinal holes - 16 (12.3%), tears with operculum - 5 (3.8%), retinal degenerations - 40 eyes (30.8%). Observation for 5 years after laser retinopexy revealed new pathological changes: flap tears - 13 (10.6%); holes - 9 (7.4%); tears with operculum - 5 (4.1%); vitreoretinal tuft - 6 (4.9%); RRD - 3 cases (2.5%). In 16 patients (16 eyes) with horseshoe tear and pronounced vitreoretinal traction, the flap retinotomy was performed, which eliminated the traction component and prevented the development of RRD. CONCLUSION: Follow-up of tractional symptomatic flap tears for 5 years after preventive laser retinopexy revealed the appearance of retinal detachment in 2.5% of cases. Laser retinotomy of horseshoe tear after barrier retinopexy eliminated the traction component and helped prevent the development of RRD.

Adaptive responses of individual tissue structures of rat gingival mucosa to exposure to low-intensity 890-nm laser irradiation.

Adaptive reactions develop in rat gingival mucosa 1 min after single exposure to low-intensity 890-nm laser: the number of mast cells, degree and index of their degranulation, the diameter of blood vessels and their total area considerably increased. These parameters returned to normal after 1 day, while on days 3-7 they were below the control.

Left ventricle diastolic function in the patients after coronary arteries bypass graft combined with left ventricle aneurismectomy according to tissue doppler imaging: one year follow-up.

AIM: To evaluate left ventricle (LV) diastolic function dynamics in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after combined operation of coronary artery bypass graft with LV aneurismectomy (CABG + AE) according to the results of tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). METHODS: Forty patients after AMI underwent Doppler echocardiography (EchoCG) with TDI and M-mode colour-flow imaging before and in 3 and 12 months after CABG + AE. Mitral annulus (MA) TDI with velocity indices was performed in 4 segments of LV. RESULTS: Conventional transmitral diastolic Doppler indices before and after CABG + AE remained unchanged. TDI showed significant improvement of LV systolic (systolic movement velocity S: 6.1+/-0.8, 7.4+/-1.2 and 6.9+/-1.3 cm/sec. before and in 3 and 12 months after the operation, respectively, p<0.01) and diastolic function after the operation (MA early diastolic movement velocity (e'): 7.3 +/- 2.1, 8.4 +/- 1.5 and 8.9 +/- 1.8 cm/s.; ratio of transmitral early-flow velocity (E) to MA early-diastolic movement velocity (E/e'): 18.4 +/- 2.2, 12.3 +/- 1.8 and 11.5 +/- 2.3; ratio of E diastolic flow propagation velocity (Vp) 3.1 +/- 0.45, 2.2 +/- 0.38 and 1.8 +/- 0.16 before and in 3 and 12 months after the operation, respectively, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Results of the study demonstrate significant improvement of LV diastolic function in the patient after CABG + AE according to TDI, regardless of transmitral flow pattern. TDI is more sensitive and preload independent method of LV myocardial function evaluation.

[Efficacy of Norgalax and Normacol in preparation for examination of the large bowel]. / Effektivnost' primeneniia preparata "Norgalaks" i "Normakol" pri podgotovke k issledovaniiam tolstoi kishki.

The article contains the results of the prospective non-controlled study of norgalax and normacol enemas in preparation to endoscopic and radiological examinations of the large bowel. The results of investigation showed high effectiveness, simple use of enemas which can be recommended for preparation to examination of and surgery on the large bowel.