[Buccal micronucleus cytome assay in complex genetic-hygienic study of preschool children].

There are presented results of the cytome analysis of epithelium of buccal mucosa in 167 children aged of 5-7 years, permanently residing in the city of Magnitogorsk and visiting municipal kindergartens. Frequencies of the main indices of genotoxic and toxic effects were: cells with micronuclei - 0.29±0.04 %, with protrusions ofnuclei - 1.47±0.17 %, with double nuclei -1.96±0.13 %, with two nuclei - 3,28±0,16 %, with perinuclear vacuole - 9.66±0.86 %, with pycnosis of nucleus - 4.60±0.31 per 1000 cells, with karyorrhexis - 0.86±0.15per 1000 cells, with lysis of nucleus - 54.34±3.90 per 1000 cells, the condensed chromatin cells - 10.59±1.35 per 1000 cells. Most of these indices didn't differ from the same detected earlier in buccal epithelial cells from children of the same age in Moscow, except cells with perinuclear vacuole, which frequency in Moscow cohort was twice higher. Frequencies of cells with these anomalies were associated with the content of 19 out of 326 revealed components of contamination of the total-winter snow samples, taken on the territories of the kindergartens, which were visited by examined children. There was shown lack of differences from basic values of main indices previously establishedfor the children of the same age in Moscow, with the exception of cells with perinuclear vacuole, the rate of which in Moscow was twice higher. There were revealed confounding factors associated with test indices: gender of the child, the annual number of acute respiratory diseases, health group, income per one person in family, alcohol intake by parents.

[GENETIC EVALUATION OF CONTROL VARIANTS OF STRAINS SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM, USED IN THE TEST SALMONELLA/MICROSOME (Ames test)].

There were analyzed data of controls with solvents (DMSO and distilled water) of experiments performed in the laboratory of genetic monitoring in 2004-2014 on Salmonella typhimurium TA 100, TA 98 and TA 97 strains in the versions without and in the presence of metabolic activation. For all strains there was no revealed effect of the either solvent or system of metabolic activation on the average number of colonies of revertants in control. Generalized parameters (historical control) of the average number of colonies of revertants per plate: TA 100--number of experi- ments--317, average--118; 95% intervals of 71-165; TA 98--number of experiments--389, mean--22; 95% intervals 9-36; TA 97--the number of experiments--217, average--142; 95% intervals of 94-191.

[The effect of treatment of chrysotile with chloride iron (III) on the effect of genomic instability in cultured human lymphocytes].

All forms of asbestos are carcinogenic to humans, that caused the prohibition of its use in Europe, America, etc. However, the unique physical and chemical properties of asbestos and many opportunities for its applications in various industries and human activities require the creation of new technologies to. Analysis of genomic instability in human lymphocytes in a large range of doses (micronucleus test with cytochalasin B showed a decline of core indicators of genome instability (frequency of dividing cells with cytogenetic damage, asymmetry in the distribution of the genetic material in mitosis, proliferative activity) incubation of cells with asbestos modified chloride iron, as compared to the initial sample. These data are consistent with the results of analysis of the intensity of neutrophil chemiluminescence of luminol by exposure of human blood samples studied. Based on the findings made some practical recommendations to the protocol cytogenetic analysis of genomic instability of people exposed to asbestos.

[Instability and sensitivity of the genome of healthy children in Magnitogorsk].

Problem of the influence of factors of the industrial city on the hereditary apparatus of its residents has not been fully resolved, because of traditionally in such studies only the pollution of environment components is taken into account. However the existence of a set of contributing socialfactors that modify the genotoxic effects ofpollution, requires the creation of a new methodology for genetic and toxicological studies. For this purpose, in Magnitogorsk, where one of Russia's largest steel plants is located, we conducted a comprehensive survey, whose tasks included the analysis of the influence of the complex of exogenous and endogenous factors on the genome of children. In this publication there are presented the results of the fifth fragment of this work - the analysis of instability and individual sensitivity of the genome of 166 children of 5-7 years, residing in two districts of Magnitogorsk: around the steel plant and on the opposite bank of Ural river, where there are no large-scale industrial enterprises. The study was conducted in the micronucleus test on peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured with cytochalasin B. For assessment of individual sensitivity of genome blood cultures were exposed to standard N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) mutagen. Cytogenetic analysis was performed in binucleated cells accordingly to international protocol, as well as with the use of an extended protocol including 32 indices. Average group frequency of binuclear cells with micronuclei (0.5-0.7%) were found not differ from the levels defined in children residing in Europe, and not differ between areas of the town. However the extended protocol of cytogenetic analysis discovered that the real frequency of dividing cells with lesions in blood cultures of children was 1,49-1,66%. Higher spontaneous proliferative activity of the cells and the frequency of dividing cells with injuries were found in blood cultures of children residing in settlements around the Magnitogorsk steel plant, while the individual sensitivity of the genome in these children was lower than that of their peers from the opposite bank of the Ural river A similar conclusion, but already in relation to the state of the systems for adaptation of entire body has been made from results of other fragments of the study, published earlier.

[To a question on the impact of nanoparticles of metals present in the aquatic environment, on bacteria and continuous cell lines HEp-2 and BGM].

Promising application of nanoparticles and nanomaterials is the creation of sanitary hygienic means of new generation used for disinfection of water and indoor surfaces of mass use, furniture, sanitary technical equipment by virtue of modifying traditional materials to bring them effective biocidal properties, and for the development of methods in vitro for assessment their toxicity In this paper the possibility of the use various forms of silver, copper and aluminum as disinfectant for bacterial test organisms in the aquatic environment and assess their toxicity on biological models of continuous culture of BGM cells (a stable line of African green monkey kidney cells) and HEp-2 (Human epithelial type 2 (HEp-2) cells, derived from a human laryngeal carcinoma) is considered.

[Detection of potentially carcinogenic compounds persisting in atmospheric air and having high priority for hygienic regulation].

The algorithm for the choice of potentially carcinogenic compounds (PCS) among emitted into air and results of the study, undertaken for realization of this algorithm are presented. The investigation was carried out in Magnitogorsk - Russian town of black metallurgy - in frames of the other study, aimed to evaluation of the influence of atmospheric pollution on children's health and genomic instability. The 11 PCS for further profound study of biological activity were selected out of more than 300 PCS, persisting in the air. The carcinogenic activity for 6 compounds out of these 11 ones was already have been found out before, that testifies correctness of the created approach and its adequacy for detection PCS in atmospheric air.

[Role of repair gene polymorphism in estimating the sensitivity of human genome to radon in concentrations exceeding maximum permissible level].

The paper gives the results of investigating chromosome aberrations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes due to DNA repair genes, such as hOGG1, ADPRT, APE1, XRCC1, XpG, XpC, XpD, and NBS1, upon long-term exposure to excess indoor radon concentrations. The frequency of chromosome aberrations was found to be significantly lower in the carriers of the genotype hOGG1 326 Ser/Ser (versus the variant Ser/Cys), APE1 148 Asp/Asp (versus Val/Ala and Ala/Ala). The study polymorphic systems were shown to be of value in giving rise to individual types of chromosome aberrations (single fragments and chromosome exchanges).

[Taking into account the emotional tension of adults and children in the evaluation of the influence of environmental factors on genomic instability and sensitivity: results and prospects].

The paper summarizes the results of 8 genetic and psychological examinations in adults and children, which are aimed at evaluating the genotoxic effects of environmental factors on cultured lymphocytes. Human emotional tension was proved to be directly related to the level of genome damage, to genomic sensitivity to in vitro exposures, and to lymphocyte proliferative activity and to be inversely related to the level of apoptosis. There was an association of the degree of anxiety in children with their morbidity. High emotional tension in adult family members was found to negatively affect the degree of anxiety and the level of genomic instability in a child.

[Values of the micronucleus test on animal epithelial cells exposed to titanium dioxide].

The genetic safety of titanium dioxide (TD)-containing foods and cosmetic products has been little investigated. The study evaluated the mutagenic activity of TD in the micronucleus test with animal visceral mucosal epithelial cells. Two simethicone-coated anatase samples (mean size 160 and 33.2 nm) were inserted into the mouse stomach in doses of 40-200-1000 mg/kg seven times and applied as an ingredient of 10 and 25% cream (doses 250 and 625 mg/kg, respectively) to the hair-sheared rat skin once for 4 hours. Analysis of cytogenetic disorders (micronuclei, protrusions, and the atypical form of the nucleus) revealed no mutagenic properties of TD on the mucosal epithelium of the mouse and rat intestine, mouse prostomach, and rat uterine bladder. Enhanced mitotic activity was observed in all the study tissues after exposure of both samples to TD given in some or in all (in the rat urinary bladder mucosal epithelium) doses.

[Use of micronuclear test to assess drinking waters].

The effect of drinking waters with their altered structure and charge state (a total of 9 samples) on the epitheliocytes of the proventriculus, liver, and kidney was studied in rats after 6- and 12-month water consumption. It was found that in the absence of changes in the animals' morphofunctional status, the degree of water structuredness was associated with the frequency of epitheliocytes with nuclear protrusion into the proventricular mucosa following 6-month water consumption and with the manifestations of adipose degeneration, hepatocytic alterations, and stromal overgrowth into the liver after 12-month water use. The biological implication of little studied (additional) types of anomalies of the proventricular epitheliocytic nucleus: the necrotic nature of a perinuclear vacuole, the predominant implication of nuclear pyknosis and rrhexis to apoptosis and the association of binucleated patterns with the restorative proliferation of hepatic and renal tissues, was specified.

[Buccal epithelial micronuclear test in the comprehensive assessment of children's ecological well-being in Moscow].

In the buccal epithelial micronuclear test, only the higher frequency of cells with any nuclear degenerative changes is considered to be attributable to the adverse influence of environmental factors. Comprehensive examination of 223 children of 5-7 years of age, going to kindergartens and schools has indicated that the frequency of cells with nuclear chromatin condensation and incomplete nuclear lysis decreased when ambient air contamination was increased in the territories of children's establishments and when the child's throat was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus or the pharyngeal resident microflora inhibited. Some poor conditions of the nasal and buccal mucosae were also associated with the increase or decrease of cell frequencies. It is suggested that nuclear chromatin condensation and nuclear lysis (rather than other signs of cell degeneration and death) reflect natural cell aging. A moderate toxic effect causes epitheliocytic physiological development retardation and a more intensive effect accelerates aging of cells and induces their death.

[Proliferative activity parameters and their correlation with genetic damage of blood lymphocytes during cultivation under the conditions of cytokinetic block].

The subjects of the study were 15 volunteers aged 22 to 25 years, who underwent 25 air ionization sessions. The effects of genome instability were evaluated, and correlations between indicators of genome damage (lesions of micronuclei and nucleoplasmatic bridges) and parameters of proliferative and replicative activity (mitotic index, proliferative pool, the fraction of rapidly dividing cells, and replication index) of blood lymphocytes in the culture were studied. In order to establish the associations between the parameters, the parallel cultures were exposed to 0.07 mM of the standard mutagen MNNG during 5 hours. The study showed that the course of air ionization did not induce the micronuclei and nucleoplasmatic bridges in binuclear cells, but increased proliferative cell activity. This effect was accompanied by an increase in the fraction of rapidly dividing cells among all the dividing cells, and an increase in the dispersion of all proliferation parameters. MNNG induced a constant level of micronuclei in binuclear cells during the whole course, but not before the beginning of air ionization. The changes in the parameter "the fraction of dividing cells" (proliferative pool) were the most prominent manifestation of the suppression of proliferation by MNNG. MNNG loading inhibited the formation of binuclear cells most of all. The results demonstrate a non-random character of the correlation between the level of micronuclei in binuclear cells and proliferative activity parameters during cell cultivation under the conditions of cytokinetic block.

[Procedure for complex toxico-genetical investigations]. / Metodologiia provedeniia kompleksnykh genetiko-toksikologicheskikh issledovanií.

A biomonitoring system is proposed, which involves measurement of environmental genetoxicants, determination of mutagenic accumulation in biological substrates of human beings and the severity of genetic abnormalities in their somatic cells. The toxicogenetical monitoring system includes the assessment of the examinees mental status. The results of application of the system are given by using as an example two Yaroslavl (machine-building and oil-processing) plants.

[The evaluation of the mutagenic activity of pertussis vaccinal preparations]. / Otsenka mutagennoi aktivnosti kokliushnykh vaktsinal'nykh preparatov.

Two vaccine preparations obtained from Bordetella pertussis, whole-cell vaccine constituting one of the components of adsorbed DPT vaccine and acellular vaccine, were tested for mutagenicity. The doses of the preparations covered the range 1-100 ED50. Ames' test and the metaphase analysis of marrow cells of C57BL/6J mice were used. The acellular preparation was also tested on thymectomized mice, taking into consideration chromosomal aberrations in marrow metaphases. Whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccines did not induce mutations in Salmonella typhimurium and chromosomal aberrations in mouse marrow cells.