[Leptomeningeal B-cell follicles in multiple sclerosis: a role in the pathogenesis and prognostic value]. / Éktopicheskie limfoidnye V-kletochnye follikuly pri rasseiannom skleroze: rol' v patogeneze zabolevaniia i prognosticheskaia znachimost'.

B-lymphocytes play an important role in the development and maintenance of the inflammatory process in multiple sclerosis. Recently special attention has been paid to cell formations that are found in the meninges in patients with multiple sclerosis - the so-called leptomeningeal follicle-like structures that contain not only B-lymphocytes, but also other immunocompetent cells, creating a special environment for clonal expansion, selection and further proliferation of B-lymphocytes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with gadolinium-based contrast agents reveals local subarachnoid space contrasting that corresponds to the accumulation of the contrast agent by large lymphoid follicles. This phenomenon is called leptomeningeal contrast enhancement and according to some literature data, its severity correlates with the rate of progression of the disease and functional disability. The review presents the available literature on leptomeningeal follicle-like B-cell structures, as well as prospects of using leptomeningeal contrast enhancement on MRI as a potential biomarker for predicting disease severity in patients with multiple sclerosis.

[Brain atrophy and perfusion changes in patients with remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis]. / Atrofiia golovnogo mozga i perfuzionnye izmeneniia u patsientov s remittiruiushchim i vtorichno-progressiruiushchim rasseiannym sklerozom.

AIM: To study the relationship of brain atrophy and changes in perfusion with an increase in the level of disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty patients with remitting MS, 20 patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) and 20 healthy people were studied. The level of neurological deficit was assessed with EDSS and cognitive status with PASAT. MRI of the brain (standard impulse sequences and 3D-T1-MPR for voxel MRI-morphometry) and perfusion computed tomography with the assessment of visually intact white matter (VIWM) and thalamus were performed. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, patients with MS had a significant atrophy of subcortical gray matter. Patients with SPMS in addition had an atrophy of some cortical areas which was correlated with EDSS scores (p<0.05). The correlation between cognitive impairment and the volume of the left inferior parietal lobule (r=0.677; p=0.011) and worsening of perfusion of VIWM of frontal and parietal lobes, thalamus on both sides was observed in patients with SPMS compared to those with remitting MS. That was correlated with cognitive performance assessed by PASAT. CONCLUSION: Patterns of atrophy distribution in different types of MS were determined. The level of disability is correlated with the severity of brain atrophy. Hypoperfusion of VIWM that was correlated with cognitive impairment was found in patients with SPMS.

[A current view on the MRI diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: an update of 2016 revised MRI criteria]. / Sovremennyi vzgliad na MRT-diagnostiku rasseiannogo skleroza: obnovlennye MRT-kriterii 2016 g.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the primary method for confirming the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The article presents the current data on using MRI of the brain and spinal cord for diagnosis in suspected MS. Special attention is paid to the MRI criteria of McDonald and MAGNIMS for relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and primary-progressive MS (PPMS) in the latest revisions of 2010 and 2016. The information provided can help radiologists and neurologists to optimize the use of MRI in clinical practice for diagnosis of MS.

[Standartization of MRI studies in multiple sclerosis]. / Standartizatsiya MRT- issledovanii pri rasseyannom skleroze.

The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with multiple sclerosis has markedly increased in recent years. The main task of the MRI studies after the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is to assess the dynamics of MRI for determining disease progression and monitoring the efficacy of therapy. In this regard, it is very important to obtain the most identical baseline and follow-up MRI that is possible when a single standard protocol is used. This article presents the protocol of brain MRI and spinal cord MRI and interpretation of MRI studies in patients with multiple sclerosis.

[Radiologically isolated syndrome - MRI criteria and management tactic]. / Radiologicheski izolirovannyi sindrom (MRT-kriterii i taktika vedeniya bol'nogo).

The use of brain MRI for the diagnosis of neurological diseases has increased significantly over the past two decades. This has led to an increase in the discovery of chance findings, with asymptomatic lesions in the white matter being most frequent. Based on radiological criteria, these findings can be interpreted as demyelinating lesions in some cases. However, in the absence of clinical symptoms characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS), a diagnosis of MS can't be made in the patients with these incidental findings. These patients now met a diagnosis of radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS). Diagnostic and clinical approaches to patients with RIS are discussed in this article.

[Atrophy of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis: MRI-morphometry results]. / Atrofiia tsentral'noi nervnoi sistemy pri rasseiannom skleroze: dannye MRT-morfometrii.

Nowadays the majority of multiple sclerosis (MS) research pays attention to the neurodegenerative component, using a magnetic resonance imaging voxel-based morphometry for its assessment. Cerebral atrophy occurs in the earliest stages of MS in different clinical phenotypes and progresses three times faster than in healthy individuals. WM atrophy involved almost all brain regions, but is less pronounced than GM loss. GM atrophy has distinct patterns of regional distribution in patients with different clinical phenotypes, more extensive in the progressive than in the relapsing disease phenotypes. Deep GM atrophy is demonstrated to correlate with WM lesion as well as cortical atrophy. GM atrophy shows significant correlations with T2 lesion volume, cognitive function and measures of physical disability. In addition to cerebral loss, MS patients frequently develop spinal cord atrophy, which also correlates with clinical impairment. However, the order of GM and WM involvement still remains unclear. And further research of atrophy MRI-predictors is needed in order to monitor clinical course of MS.