Accuracy and reproducibility of tablet-based applications for three-dimensional facial scanning: an in-vitro study.

AIM: An in-vitro study was performed to investigate the overall and regional accuracy and precision of digital three-dimensional facial scans obtained from four tablet-based applications (Bellus Dental Pro, Capture: 3D scan anything, Heges, and Scandy Pro 3D scanner) on an iPad Pro® (Apple Store, Cupertino, CA, USA), equipped with LiDAR and TrueDepth technology, compared to the validated manual measurements using a digital vernier caliper (DVC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The accuracy of the various applications was determined through multiple scans of a three-dimensional (3D) printed mannequin face using iPad Pro®. For precision evaluation, the mannequin's face was scanned five times with each application, and these models were compared using the coefficient of variation (CV). The descriptive statistics were done from SPSS version 23 (IBM Company, Chicago, USA). One-sample t-test was used to analyze the difference between the control and the various scans. RESULTS: While the applications Capture, Heges, and Scandy tended to overestimate the measured values compared to DVC, the Bellus application underestimated these values. Scandy showed the highest mean difference in the Go - Ch (R) measurement, with a value of 2.19 mm. All the others average differences were less than 1.60mm. The assessment of precision showed that the coefficient of variation ranged from 0.16% and 6.34%. CONCLUSION: The iPad Pro® (2020) showed good precision and reasonable reliability, and it appears to be an interesting and favorable technology for the acquisition of surface images of facial-like structures. Moreover, further clinical investigations should be conducted.

Accuracy (trueness and precision) of four tablet-based applications for three-dimensional facial scanning: An in-vitro study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the overall and regional accuracy (trueness and precision) of digital three-dimensional (3D) facial scans obtained from four tablet-based applications, which were (Bellus) the Bellus Dental Pro® (Bellus3D, Inc. Campbell, CA, USA), (Capture) the Capture®: 3D Scan Anything (Standard Cyborg, Inc. San Francisco, CA, USA), (Heges) the Heges® (by Marek Simonik, Ostrava, North Moravia, Czech Republic), and (Scandy) the Scandy Pro 3D Scanner® (Scandy LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA). METHODS: A mannequin's face was marked with 63 landmarks. Subsequently, it was scanned 5 times using each scan application on an iPad Pro® (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA). The digital measurements were obtained with MeshLab® (CNR-ISTI, Pisa, Tuscany, Italy) and compared to the manual measurements using a digital vernier calliper (Truper Herramientas S.A., Colonia Granada, Mexico City, Mexico). The absolute mean difference and the standard deviation of the dimensional discrepancies were calculated. Moreover, the data were analysed by using one-way ANOVA, Levene's test, and Bonferroni´s correction. RESULTS: The absolute mean trueness values were Bellus 0.41 ± 0.35 mm, Capture 0.38 ± 0.37 mm, Heges 0.39 ± 0.38 mm, and Scandy 0.47 ± 0.44 mm. Moreover, precision values were Bellus 0.46 mm, Capture 0.46 mm, Heges 0.54 mm, and Scandy 0.64 mm. Comparing the regions, Capture and Scandy showed the highest absolute mean difference, which was 0.81 mm in the Frontal and Zygomaticofacial regions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The trueness and precision of all four tablet-based applications were clinically acceptable for diagnosis and treatment planning. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The future of the three-dimensional facial scan is auspicious, and it has the potential to be affordable, accurate, and of great value for clinicians in their daily practice.

Esthetic perception of orthodontic appliances by Brazilian children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE:: The objective of this present study was to understand how children and adolescents perceive esthetic attractiveness of a variety of orthodontic appliances. It also analyzed preferences according to patients' age, sex and socioeconomic status. METHODS:: A photograph album consisting of eight photographs of different orthodontic appliances and clear tray aligners placed in a consenting adult with pleasing smile was used. A sample of children or adolescents aged between 8 and 17 years old (n = 276) was asked to rate each image for its attractiveness on a visual analog scale. Comparisons between the appliances attractiveness were performed by means of nonparametric statistics with Friedman's test followed by Dunn's multiple comparison post-hoc test. Correlation between appliances and individuals' socioeconomic status, age, sex, and esthetic perception was assessed by means of Spearman's correlation analysis. RESULTS:: Attractiveness ratings of orthodontic appliances varied nonsignificantly for children in the following hierarchy: traditional metallic brackets with green elastomeric ligatures > traditional metallic brackets with gray elastomeric ligatures > sapphire esthetic brackets; and for adolescents, as follows: sapphire esthetic brackets > clear aligner without attachments > traditional metallic brackets with green elastomeric ligatures. The correlation between individuals' socioeconomic status and esthetic perception of a given appliance was negative and statistically significant for appliances such as the golden orthodontic brackets and traditional metallic brackets with green elastomeric ligatures. CONCLUSION:: Metal appliances were considered very attractive, whereas aligners were classified as less attractive by children and adolescents. The correlation between esthetic perception and socioeconomic status revealed that individuals with a higher socioeconomic level judged esthetics as the most attractive attribute. For those with higher economic status, golden orthodontic brackets and traditional metallic brackets with green elastomeric ligatures were assessed as the worst esthetic option.

Esthetic perception of orthodontic appliances by Brazilian children and adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this present study was to understand how children and adolescents perceive esthetic attractiveness of a variety of orthodontic appliances. It also analyzed preferences according to patients' age, sex and socioeconomic status. Methods: A photograph album consisting of eight photographs of different orthodontic appliances and clear tray aligners placed in a consenting adult with pleasing smile was used. A sample of children or adolescents aged between 8 and 17 years old (n = 276) was asked to rate each image for its attractiveness on a visual analog scale. Comparisons between the appliances attractiveness were performed by means of nonparametric statistics with Friedman's test followed by Dunn's multiple comparison post-hoc test. Correlation between appliances and individuals' socioeconomic status, age, sex, and esthetic perception was assessed by means of Spearman's correlation analysis. Results: Attractiveness ratings of orthodontic appliances varied nonsignificantly for children in the following hierarchy: traditional metallic brackets with green elastomeric ligatures > traditional metallic brackets with gray elastomeric ligatures > sapphire esthetic brackets; and for adolescents, as follows: sapphire esthetic brackets > clear aligner without attachments > traditional metallic brackets with green elastomeric ligatures. The correlation between individuals' socioeconomic status and esthetic perception of a given appliance was negative and statistically significant for appliances such as the golden orthodontic brackets and traditional metallic brackets with green elastomeric ligatures. Conclusion: Metal appliances were considered very attractive, whereas aligners were classified as less attractive by children and adolescents. The correlation between esthetic perception and socioeconomic status revealed that individuals with a higher socioeconomic level judged esthetics as the most attractive attribute. For those with higher economic status, golden orthodontic brackets and traditional metallic brackets with green elastomeric ligatures were assessed as the worst esthetic option.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo foi compreender como crianças e adolescentes percebem a atratividade estética de uma variedade de aparelhos ortodônticos. Também foram analisadas as preferências segundo idade, sexo e nível socioeconômico. Métodos: foi utilizado um álbum de fotografias contendo oito imagens de um mesmo adulto sorrindo, utilizando diferentes aparelhos ortodônticos e alinhadores estéticos. Crianças e adolescentes, com idades entre 8 e 17 anos (n = 276), foram orientadas a classificar cada imagem em uma escala visual analógica, de acordo com a atratividade. Comparações entre a atratividade dos aparelhos foram realizadas por meio do teste estatístico não paramétrico de Friedman seguido pelo teste post-hoc de Dunn para comparações múltiplas. As correlações entre a atratividade de cada aparelho e o nível socioeconômico, idade e sexo foram avaliadas segundo o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: a atratividade dos aparelhos ortodônticos variou, de maneira não significativa, para as crianças na seguinte ordem: braquete metálico com ligadura verde > braquete metálico tradicional com ligadura cinza > braquete estético de safira. Para os adolescentes, variou na seguinte ordem: braquete estético de safira > alinhadores estéticos transparentes sem anexos > braquete metálico com ligadura verde. A correlação entre o nível socioeconômico e a percepção estética foi positiva e estatisticamente significativa para os alinhadores transparentes sem anexos, para os adolescentes do sexo feminino. Conclusões: os aparelhos metálicos foram considerados muito atrativos pelas crianças, enquanto o braquete estético e os alinhadores transparentes foram classificados como mais atrativos pelos adolescentes. A correlação entre a percepção estética e o nível socioeconômico revelou que o nível socioeconômico não influenciou na atratividade para crianças e adolescentes do sexo masculino. No entanto, adolescentes do sexo feminino com maior nível socioeconômico avaliaram os dispositivos estéticos como os mais atrativos.