Recent Outcomes and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning in Neurosurgery.

Neurosurgeons receive extensive technical training, which equips them with the knowledge and skills to specialise in various fields and manage the massive amounts of information and decision-making required throughout the various stages of neurosurgery, including preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care and recovery. Over the past few years, artificial intelligence (AI) has become more useful in neurosurgery. AI has the potential to improve patient outcomes by augmenting the capabilities of neurosurgeons and ultimately improving diagnostic and prognostic outcomes as well as decision-making during surgical procedures. By incorporating AI into both interventional and non-interventional therapies, neurosurgeons may provide the best care for their patients. AI, machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) have made significant progress in the field of neurosurgery. These cutting-edge methods have enhanced patient outcomes, reduced complications, and improved surgical planning.

Clearing the Fog: A Review of Antipsychotics for Parkinson's-Related Hallucinations: A Focus on Pimavanserin, Quetiapine and Clozapine.

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, including hallucinations. The use of antipsychotic medications is a common strategy to manage hallucinations associated with Parkinson's disease psychosis (PDP). However, careful consideration is necessary when selecting the most appropriate drug due to the potential risks associated with the available treatment options. Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs), such as Pimavanserin and Clozapine, have effectively controlled PDP symptoms. On the contrary, the support for utilizing quetiapine is not as substantial as other antipsychotics because research studies specifically investigating its application are still emerging and relatively recent. The broad mechanisms of action of AAPs, involving dopamine and serotonin receptors, provide improved outcomes and fewer side effects than typical antipsychotics. Conversely, other antipsychotics, including risperidone, olanzapine, aripiprazole, ziprasidone, and lurasidone, have been found to worsen motor symptoms and are generally not recommended for PDP. While AAPs offer favorable benefits, they are associated with specific adverse effects. Extrapyramidal symptoms, somnolence, hypotension, constipation, and cognitive impairment are commonly observed with AAP use. Clozapine, in particular, carries a risk of agranulocytosis, necessitating close monitoring of blood counts. Pimavanserin, a selective serotonin inverse agonist, avoids receptor-related side effects but has been linked to corrected QT (QTc) interval prolongation, while quetiapine has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of mortality. This review aims to analyze the benefits, risks, and mechanisms of action of antipsychotic medications to assist clinicians in making informed decisions and enhance patient care.

Proposing a sphenoid bone quality score: a novel concept for transsphenoidal surgery.

Transsphenoid surgery is a common procedure for removing pituitary and other sellar tumors. The quality and density of the sphenoid bone, which serves as the access route to the sellar region, can affect the surgical outcomes and complications. However, there is no standardized method to assess sphenoid bone quality. I propose a sphenoid bone quality score, based on criteria and parameters derived from preoperative imaging techniques. This score could provide information on the bone characteristics and challenges of each case, and help to select the optimal surgical approach, instruments, grafts, and measures. This score could also enable a consistent evaluation of the surgery and the outcomes, and facilitate the communication and collaboration among different medical disciplines.

The critical pharmaceutical situation in Sudan 2023: A humanitarian catastrophe of civil war.

The situation in Sudan have deteriorated since the ongoing war outbreak in April 2023. This article sheds light on the pharmacological status in Sudan in terms of shortage of supply, rising demands, and regulatory issues. The ongoing civil war has acutely impacted the dilapidated pharmaceutical status of Sudan, patients have suffered from the paucity of medical services forcing an out-of-control rise in underreported morbidity and mortality. To mitigate this uprising issue, an increase in stakeholder communication is crucial to deal with this national threat and establish a system for reporting the shortage.

Emerging Treatments for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

The current landscape of therapeutic strategies for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a significant adverse neurological event commonly resulting from the rupture of intracranial aneurysms, is rapidly evolving. Through an in-depth exploration of the natural history of SAH, historical treatment approaches, and emerging management modalities, the present work aims to provide a broad overview of the shifting paradigms in SAH care. By synthesizing the historical management protocols with contemporary therapeutic advancements, patient-specific treatment plans can be individualized and optimized to deliver outstanding care for the best possible SAH-related outcomes.

Posttraumatic hydrocephalus: Recent advances and new therapeutic strategies.

Background: Hydrocephalus or ventriculomegaly is a condition brought on by an overabundance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricular system. The major contributor to posttraumatic hydrocephalus (PTH) is traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), especially in individuals with occupations set in industrial settings. A variety of criteria have been employed for the diagnosis of PTH, including the combination of neurological symptoms like nerve deficits and headache, as well as an initial improvement followed by a worsened relapse of altered consciousness and neurological deterioration, which is detected by computed tomography-brain imaging that reveals gradual ventriculomegaly. Aim: In this article, we discuss and summarize briefly the current understandings and advancements in the management of PTH. Methods: The available literature for this review was searched on various bibliographic databases using an individually verified, prespecified approach. The level of evidence of the included studies was considered as per the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine recommendations. Results: The commonly practiced current treatment modality involves shunting CSF but is often associated with complications and recurrence. The lack of a definitive management strategy for PTH warrants the utilization of novel and innovative modalities such as stem cell transplantations and antioxidative stress therapies. Conclusion: One of the worst complications of a TBI is PTH, which has a high morbidity and mortality rate. Even though there hasn't been a successful method in stopping PTH from happening, hemorrhage-derived blood, and its metabolic by-products, like iron, hemoglobin, free radicals, thrombin, and red blood cells, may be potential targets for PTH hindrance and management. Also, using stem cell transplantations in animal models and antioxidative stress therapies in future studies can lower PTH occurrence and improve its outcome. Moreover, the integration of clinical trials and theoretical knowledge should be encouraged in future research projects to establish effective and updated management guidelines for PTH.

The molecular landscape of neurological disorders: insights from single-cell RNA sequencing in neurology and neurosurgery.

Single-cell ribonucleic acid sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as a transformative technology in neurological and neurosurgical research, revolutionising our comprehension of complex neurological disorders. In brain tumours, scRNA-seq has provided valuable insights into cancer heterogeneity, the tumour microenvironment, treatment resistance, and invasion patterns. It has also elucidated the brain tri-lineage cancer hierarchy and addressed limitations of current models. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have been molecularly subtyped, dysregulated pathways have been identified, and potential therapeutic targets have been revealed using scRNA-seq. In epilepsy, scRNA-seq has explored the cellular and molecular heterogeneity underlying the condition, uncovering unique glial subpopulations and dysregulation of the immune system. ScRNA-seq has characterised distinct cellular constituents and responses to spinal cord injury in spinal cord diseases, as well as provided molecular signatures of various cell types and identified interactions involved in vascular remodelling. Furthermore, scRNA-seq has shed light on the molecular complexities of cerebrovascular diseases, such as stroke, providing insights into specific genes, cell-specific expression patterns, and potential therapeutic interventions. This review highlights the potential of scRNA-seq in guiding precision medicine approaches, identifying clinical biomarkers, and facilitating therapeutic discovery. However, challenges related to data analysis, standardisation, sample acquisition, scalability, and cost-effectiveness need to be addressed. Despite these challenges, scRNA-seq has the potential to transform clinical practice in neurological and neurosurgical research by providing personalised insights and improving patient outcomes.

The effectiveness of telehealth interventions in suicide prevention: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Suicidal attempt is a significant risk factor for future attempts, with the highest risk during the first-year post-suicide. Telepsychiatry has shown promise by providing easy access to evidence-based interventions during mental health crises. AIMS: investigation the effectiveness of telehealth interventions in suicide prevention. METHODS: Four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Ovid) were systematically searched for studies on patients undergoing telepsychiatry intervention (TPI) up to June 2022. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of telehealth interventions in suicide prevention. Continuous data were pooled as standardised mean difference (SMD), and dichotomous data were pooled as risk ratio using the random effects model with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Sixteen studies were included in the review. Most studies were case-control and randomised controlled trials conducted in Europe and North America. The findings of the studies generally showed that TPIs are effective in reducing suicide rates (odds ratio = 0.68; 95% CI [-0.47, 0.98], p = .04) and suicidal reattempts. The interventions were also found to be well-accepted, with high retention rates. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that TPIs are well-accepted and effective in reducing suicide rates and reattempts. It is recommended to maintain telephone follow-ups for at least 12 months. Further research is needed to understand the potential of telepsychiatry in suicide prevention fully.

Vascular multiple sclerosis: addressing the pathogenesis, genetics, pro-angiogenic factors, and vascular abnormalities, along with the role of vascular intervention.

Dysfunction in the epithelium, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and consequent leukocyte and T-cell infiltration into the central nervous system define Vascular Multiple Sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects around 2.5 million individuals worldwide, is the leading cause of neurological impairment in young adults, and can have a variety of progressions and consequences. Despite significant discoveries in immunology and molecular biology, the root cause of MS is still not fully understood, as do the immunological triggers and causative pathways. Recent research into vascular anomalies associated with MS suggests that a vascular component may be pivotal to the etiology of MS, and there can be actually a completely new entity in the already available classification of MS, which can be called 'vascular multiple sclerosis'. Unlike the usual other causes of MS, vascular MS is not dependent on autoimmune pathophysiologic mechanisms, instead, it is caused due to the blood vessels pathology. This review aims to thoroughly analyze existing information and updates about the scattered available findings of genetics, pro-angiogenetic factors, and vascular abnormalities in this important spectrum, the vascular facets of MS.

Innovative Discoveries in Neurosurgical Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Narrative Review.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) encapsulate conditions in which neural cell populations are perpetually degraded and nervous system function destroyed. Generally linked to increased age, the proportion of patients diagnosed with a NDD is growing as human life expectancies rise. Traditional NDD therapies and surgical interventions have been limited. However, recent breakthroughs in understanding disease pathophysiology, improved drug delivery systems, and targeted pharmacologic agents have allowed innovative treatment approaches to treat NDDs. A common denominator for administering these new treatment options is the requirement for neurosurgical skills. In the present narrative review, we highlight exciting and novel preclinical and clinical discoveries being integrated into NDD care. We also discuss the traditional role of neurosurgery in managing these neurodegenerative conditions and emphasize the critical role of neurosurgery in effectuating these newly developed treatments.

Basic Life Support (BLS) Knowledge Among General Population; a Multinational Study in Nine Arab Countries.

Introduction: Basic Life Support (BLS) is a medical treatment used in life-threatening emergencies until the sufferer can be properly cared for by a team of paramedics or in a hospital. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding BLS and the contributing factors among the Arab non-medical population. Methods: An online survey-based cross-sectional study was conducted among non-medical populations in nine Arab countries between April 13, 2022, and June 30, 2022. The utilized questionnaire consisted of two parts: part one included socio-demographic characteristics and part two measured knowledge of BLS through an online survey. Results: The research included a total of 4465 participants. 2540 (56.89%) of the participants were knowledgeable about BLS. The mean basic life support knowledge scores of participants who received training were higher than those who had not (20.11 ± 4.20 vs. 16.96 ± 5.27; p< 0.01). According to the nations, Yemen scored the highest, while Morocco had the lowest levels of BLS knowledge (19.86 ± 4.71 vs. 14.15 ± 5.10, respectively; p< 0.01). Additionally, individuals who resided in urban areas scored on average higher than those who did in rural areas (17.86 ± 5.19 vs. 17.13 ± 5.24, p= 0.032) in understanding basic life support. Age, information sources, and previous training with theoretical and practical classes were significant predictors of BLS knowledge. Conclusion: The level of BLS knowledge among non-medical people in Arab nations is moderate but insufficient to handle the urgent crises that we face everywhere. In addition to physicians being required to learn the BLS principles, non-medical people should also be knowledgeable of the necessary actions to take in emergency events.

The ASGLOS Study: A global survey on how predatory journals affect scientific practice.

Predatory journals and conferences are an emerging problem in scientific literature as they have financial motives, without guaranteeing scientific quality and exposure. The main objective of the ASGLOS project is to investigate the predatory e-email characteristics, management, and possible consequences and to analyse the extent of the current problem at each academic level. To collect the personal experiences of physicians' mailboxes on predatory publishing, a Google Form® survey was designed and disseminated from September 2021 to April 2022. A total of 978 responses were analysed from 58 countries around the world. A total of 64.8% of participants indicated the need for 3 or fewer emails to acquire a criticality view in distinguishing a real invitation from a spam, while 11.5% still have doubt regardless of how many emails they get. The AGLOS Study clearly highlights the problem of academic e-mail spam by predatory journals and conferences. Our findings signify the importance of providing academic career-oriented advice and organising training sessions to increase awareness of predatory publishing for those conducting scientific research.

Circadian rhythm in systemic autoimmune conditions: Potential of chrono-immunology in clinical practice: A narrative review.

The circadian rhythm (CR) is a fundamental biological process regulated by the Earth's rotation and solar cycles. It plays a critical role in various bodily functions, and its dysregulation can have systemic effects. These effects impact metabolism, redox homeostasis, cell cycle regulation, gut microbiota, cognition, and immune response. Immune mediators, cycle proteins, and hormones exhibit circadian oscillations, supporting optimal immune function and defence against pathogens. Sleep deprivation and disruptions challenge the regulatory mechanisms, making immune responses vulnerable. Altered CR pathways have been implicated in diseases such as diabetes, neurological conditions, and systemic autoimmune diseases (SADs). SADs involve abnormal immune responses to self-antigens, with genetic and environmental factors disrupting self-tolerance and contributing to conditions like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Inflammatory Myositis. Dysregulated CR may lead to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to the systemic responses observed in SADs. Sleep disturbances significantly impact the quality of life of patients with SADs; however, they are often overlooked. The relationship between sleep and autoimmune conditions, whether causal or consequential to CR dysregulation, remains unclear. Chrono-immunology investigates the role of CR in immunity, offering potential for targeted therapies in autoimmune conditions. This paper provides an overview of the connections between sleep and autoimmune conditions, highlighting the importance of recognizing sleep disturbances in SADs and the need for further research into the complex relationship between the CR and autoimmune diseases.

The African cancer burden: what is the potential role of modern oncology innovation in reducing the continent's rapidly rising mortality?

With increasing prevalence and an expected rise in disease burden, cancer is a cause of concern for African healthcare. The cancer burden in Africa is expected to rise to 2.1 million new cases per year and 1.4 million deaths annually by the year 2040. Even though efforts are being made to improve the standard of oncology service delivery in Africa, the current state of cancer care is not yet on par with the rise in the cancer burden. Cutting-edge technologies and innovations are being developed across the globe to augment the battle against cancer; however, many of them are beyond the reach of African countries. Modern oncology innovations targeted to ward Africa would be promising to address the high cancer mortality rates. The innovations should be cost-effective and widely accessible to tackle the rapidly rising mortality rate on the African continent. Though it may seem promising, a multidisciplinary approach is required to overcome the challenges associated with the development and implementation of modern oncology innovations in Africa.

The current state of neuropalliative care in developing countries. Where are we now?

The need for improved palliative care in developing countries is great. Of 58 million people who die every year, 45 million die in developing countries. An estimated 60% (27 million) of these people in poor nations would benefit from palliative care, and this number is growing as chronic diseases such as cancer rise rapidly. Yet a combination of highly restrictive policies on opioid prescription and a lack of awareness within the medical profession conspire to deprive patients of palliative care. Human rights advocates argue that this neglect is a breach of human rights that is tantamount to torture. This editorial explores the neuropalliative approach and addresses the current state of neuropalliative care in developing countries.

The Role of Advanced Imaging in Neurosurgical Diagnosis.

Neurosurgery as a specialty has developed at a rapid pace as a result of the continual advancements in neuroimaging modalities. With more sophisticated imaging options available to the modern neurosurgeon, diagnoses become more accurate and at a faster rate, allowing for greater surgical planning and precision. Herein, the authors review the current heavily used imaging modalities within neurosurgery, weighing their strengths and weaknesses, and provide a look into new advances and imaging options within the field. Of the many imaging modalities currently available to the practicing neurosurgeon, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and ultrasonography (US) are used most heavily within the field for appropriate diagnosis of neuropathologies in question. For each, their strengths are weighed regarding appropriate capabilities in accurate diagnosis of cranial or spinal lesions. Reasoning for choosing one over the other for various pathologies is also reviewed. Current limitations of each is also assessed, providing insight for possible improvement for each. New advancements in imaging options are subsequently reviewed for best uses within neurosurgery, including the new utilization of FIESTA sequencing, glymphatic mapping, black-blood MRI, and functional MRI. The specialty of neurosurgery will continue to heavily rely on improvements within imaging options available for improved diagnosis and greater surgical outcomes for the patients treated. The synthesis of techniques provided herein may provide meaningful guidance for neurosurgeons in effectively diagnosing neurological pathologies while also helping guide future efforts in neuroimaging developments.