Effect of risedronate on osteoblast differentiation, expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and apoptosis in mesenchymal stem cells.

Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (BPs) are antiresorptive drugs used for the treatment of metabolic bone diseases. Bone marrow stromal cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived osteoblasts that originate from MSCs are known to regulate osteoclast differentiation and activation via the expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). Although the effects of nitrogen-containing BPs on osteoclasts and osteoblasts have been well investigated, their effects in MSCs have not been clarified. In this study, we investigated the effects of risedronate (RIS), a nitrogen-containing BP, on osteoblast differentiation, RANKL expression and apoptosis in human and rat MSCs. RIS suppressed the formation of mineralized nodules and mRNA expression of differentiation marker genes such as bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin in MSC-derived osteoblasts. The RANKL expression induced by 1,25-(OH)(2) vitamin D(3) was not affected by RIS in human MSC-derived osteoblasts. In addition, treatment with high-concentration RIS induced chromatin condensation, an apoptosis feature, in MSCs. RIS-induced chromatin condensation was suppressed by a pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-FMK and a cell-permeable isoprenoid analogue geranylgeraniol. These results indicate that RIS suppressed osteoblast differentiation and induced caspase- and isoprenoid depletion-dependent apoptosis and suggest that the antiresorptive effect of RIS is not mediated by a decrease in the RANKL expression in MSC-derived osteoblasts.

Effects of bromide upon reaction of nucleosides with hydrogen peroxide induced by ultraviolet light.

When ultraviolet light was irradiated on a neutral solution of deoxynucleosides and hydrogen peroxide, concentrations of all the deoxynucleosides decreased greatly. Addition of bromide in the system suppressed the reactions of 2'-deoxycytidine, 2'-deoxythymidine, and 2'-deoxyadenosine, but not that of 2'-deoxyguanosine. Addition of hydroxyl radical scavengers suppressed the reaction. The effect of deuterium oxide, an enhancer of singlet oxygen, was small. It is reported that hydroxyl radical, generating from hydrogen peroxide by ultraviolet irradiation, can react with bromide forming bromine radical, and that bromine radical reacts with bromide forming dibromide radical anion. Our result of dose dependency of bromide suggests that dibromide radical anion is the reaction species to react only with 2'-deoxyguanosine.