Efficacy and safety of cardioversion with continuous landiolol infusion for atrial tachyarrhythmia in an inflammatory state caused by volvulus in a child with TARP syndrome and postoperative tetralogy of Fallot.

A 2-year-old boy was diagnosed with TARP syndrome and underwent surgery for tetralogy of Fallot. He developed fever and had an acute abdomen. After 12 hours, atrial tachyarrhythmia (300 beats/min [bpm]) occurred. After nine administration of adenosine and two cardioversions, it relapsed promptly. Landiolol (10 µg/kg/min) was administered until the heart rate decreased to 270 bpm, and cardioversion was performed until sinus rhythm was normal. Exploratory laparotomy revealed small bowel volvulus. Systemic inflammation causing an acute abdomen may be associated with atrial tachyarrhythmia in postoperative tetralogy of Fallot. We speculated that landiolol lowered the defibrillation threshold of the atrium.

Sequential use of second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors following imatinib therapy in pediatric chronic myeloid leukemia: A report from the Japanese Pediatric Leukemia/Lymphoma Study Group.

BACKGROUND: The details of the sequential use of imatinib for first-line treatment followed by second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (2G-TKIs) for pediatric chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are still unknown. This study analyzed clinical responses and adverse effects of the use of 2G-TKIs following imatinib in pediatric chronic phase (CP)-CML. PROCEDURES: The Japanese Pediatric Leukemia/Lymphoma Study Group conducted a retrospective study of patients with newly diagnosed CML from 1996 to 2011. A total of 152 cases that received imatinib as first-line therapy were analyzed. RESULTS: Excluding 46 cases treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation before nilotinib and dasatinib became available, 31 of 106 patients changed to 2G-TKIs. The primary reason for changing from imatinib was poor response, followed by intolerance, with the main reason for the latter being musculoskeletal events. Switches from imatinib to 2G-TKIs with intolerance occurred significantly earlier than switches with poor response. Sixteen and 15 patients were treated with nilotinib and dasatinib, respectively, following imatinib therapy. After switching to 2G-TKIs, the response status improved in 63% of evaluable patients. The adverse effect profiles of nilotinib and dasatinib tended to be different, with hyperbilirubinemia observed in 33% of nilotinib-treated patients, but in none of the cases with dasatinib. CONCLUSION: This retrospective study represents the first series of children and adolescents in whom sequential use of imatinib followed by 2G-TKIs was reported. These data provide useful insights into the selection of 2G-TKIs as first-line treatment for children and adolescents with CP-CML.

Regional evaluation of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia genetic susceptibility loci among Japanese.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) performed mostly in populations of European and Hispanic ancestry have confirmed an inherited genetic basis for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but these associations are less clear in other races/ethnicities. DNA samples from ALL patients (aged 0-19 years) previously enrolled onto a Tokyo Children's Cancer Study Group trial were collected during 2013-2015, and underwent single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray genotyping resulting in 527 B-cell ALL for analysis. Cases and control data for 3,882 samples from the Nagahama Study Group and Aichi Cancer Center Study were combined, and association analyses across 10 previous GWAS-identified regions were performed after targeted SNP imputation. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns in Japanese and other populations were evaluated using the varLD score based on 1000 Genomes data. Risk associations for ARID5B (rs10821936, OR = 1.84, P = 6 × 10-17) and PIP4K2A (rs7088318, OR = 0.76, P = 2 × 10-4) directly transferred to Japanese, and the IKZF1 association was detected by an alternate SNP (rs1451367, OR = 1.52, P = 2 × 10-6). Marked regional LD differences between Japanese and Europeans was observed for most of the remaining loci for which associations did not transfer, including CEBPE, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and ELK3. This study represents a first step towards characterizing the role of genetic susceptibility in childhood ALL risk in Japanese.

Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency.

The clinical outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was retrospectively analyzed in 6 patients with leukocyte adhesion deficiency. Of 3 patients transplanted with myeloablative conditioning, 2 patients had complete chimerism and 1 patient had mixed chimerism. By contrast, all 3 patients transplanted with reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) had mixed chimerism, one of whom progressed to secondary graft failure. All patients with low-level mixed chimerism and secondary graft failure were rescued by donor lymphocyte infusion or a second HSCT. RIC-HSCT is feasible for leukocyte adhesion deficiency, although further refinement/modification of conditioning is required to achieve higher donor chimerism levels.

Necrotizing Ulcer After BCG Vaccination in a Girl With Leukocyte-adhesion Deficiency Type 1.

Leukocyte-adhesion deficiency-1 is a recessively inherited disorder associated with recurrent bacterial infections, severe periodontitis, peripheral leukocytosis, and impaired wound healing. We diagnosed moderate-type leukocyte-adhesion deficiency-1 in a 7-year-old girl who developed a necrotizing ulcer after Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination. The patient showed moderate expression of CD18 in neutrophils with a homozygous splice mutation with c.41_c.58+2dup20 of ITGB2 and experienced recurrent severe infections complicated with systemic lupus erythematosus. She received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a matched elder brother with heterozygous mutation of ITGB2, and has since remained free of infection and systemic lupus erythematosus symptoms without immunosuppression therapy.

Fludarabine, cytarabine, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and idarubicin for relapsed childhood acute myeloid leukemia.

BACKGROUND: The combination of fludarabine (Flu), high-dose cytarabine (Ara-C) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF; FLAG), with anthracyclines has become standard chemotherapy for refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in European children and adults. To clarify the efficacy and the safety of FLAG-idarubicin (IDA) for children prospectively, we planned a multicenter phase II study (AML-R11) by the Japanese Pediatric Leukemia/Lymphoma Study Group. METHODS: Patients with AML aged between 2 and 20 years old, who had the first bone marrow (BM) relapse or induction failure, were enrolled. The FLAG-IDA regimen consisted of Flu 30 mg/m2 for 5 days, Ara-C 2 g/m2 for 5 days, G-CSF (lenograstim) 5 µg/kg for 6 days and IDA 10 mg/m2 for 3 days. The primary endpoint was remission rate after therapy. RESULTS: Due to drug supply issues, the trial was suspended after the inclusion of seven eligible patients. There were six cases of early relapse within 1 year of the first remission. All seven patients completed the therapy and no early death was observed. Hematological toxicity was common, and one patient developed grade 4 non-hematological toxicity of bacterial meningitis. Although only one patient with late relapse achieved complete remission, minimal residual disease was positive on both flow cytometry and Wilms' tumor 1 mRNA. Two patients were alive in remission following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, whereas the other five patients died of either the disease or treatment-related causes. CONCLUSION: FLAG-IDA might be tolerable for children with refractory AML although the efficacy should be further investigated.

Central hypothyroidism in a pediatric case of primary acute monoblastic leukemia with central nervous system infiltration: A case report.

RATIONALE: Central nervous system (CNS) leukemia is a frequent diagnosis in pediatric acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and includes neural symptoms. However, CNS leukemia is rarely associated with central hypsothyroidism. PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSES: A 2-year-old female with AML with MLL rearrangement presented with CNS infiltration. Laboratory tests suggested the presence of central hypothyroidism (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]: 0.48 mIU/ml, normal range 0.7-6.4 mIU/ml; serum free thyroxine [FT4]: 0.62 ng/dl, normal range 0.8-2.2 ng/dl; free triiodothyronine: 1.57 pg/ml, normal range 2.7-5.6 pg/ml). Magnetic resonance imaging detected no lesions in the hypothalamus, pituitary, or thyroid. INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES: Levothyroxine (2.5 mg/kg/day) was administered together with chemotherapy and intrathecal injection of methotrexate, cytarabine, and hydrocortisone into the cerebrospinal fluid. The FT4 concentration increased after levothyroxine treatment, but later decreased after relapse of CNS leukemia. The TSH concentrations remained low. After remission of CNS leukemia, the TSH and FT4 concentrations quickly recovered to their normal ranges. LESSONS: We believe that the CNS leukemia directly affected TSH and thyroid hormone secretion in our patient.

Flow cytometric analysis as an additional predictive tool of treatment response in children with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia treated with imatinib.

Bone marrow samples of newly diagnosed children with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) were obtained at diagnosis and after imatinib initiation and stained with anti-human CD34, CD38, CD123, CD45RA, cMpl, and lineage antibodies. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that granulocyte macrophage progenitor predominance in CML progenitors at diagnosis and elevated cMpl expression in bone marrow progenitors at 3 months may predict poor outcome in children with chronic-phase CML treated with imatinib. We recommend flow cytometric analysis of bone marrow in the early phase of treatment, as it is a convenient tool that may predict treatment response and guide CML management.

ZNF384-related fusion genes define a subgroup of childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a characteristic immunotype.

Fusion genes involving ZNF384 have recently been identified in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 7 fusion partners have been reported. We further characterized this type of fusion gene by whole transcriptome sequencing and/or polymerase chain reaction. In addition to previously reported genes, we identified BMP2K as a novel fusion partner for ZNF384 Including the EP300-ZNF384 that we reported recently, the total frequency of ZNF384-related fusion genes was 4.1% in 291 B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients enrolled in a single clinical trial, and TCF3-ZNF384 was the most recurrent, with a frequency of 2.4%. The characteristic immunophenotype of weak CD10 and aberrant CD13 and/or CD33 expression was revealed to be a common feature of the leukemic cells harboring ZNF384-related fusion genes. The signature gene expression profile in TCF3-ZNF384-positive patients was enriched in hematopoietic stem cell features and related to that of EP300-ZNF384-positive patients, but was significantly distinct from that of TCF3-PBX1-positive and ZNF384-fusion-negative patients. However, clinical features of TCF3-ZNF384-positive patients are markedly different from those of EP300-ZNF384-positive patients, exhibiting higher cell counts and a younger age at presentation. TCF3-ZNF384-positive patients revealed a significantly poorer steroid response and a higher frequency of relapse, and the additional activating mutations in RAS signaling pathway genes were detected by whole exome analysis in some of the cases. Our observations indicate that ZNF384-related fusion genes consist of a distinct subgroup of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a characteristic immunophenotype, while the clinical features depend on the functional properties of individual fusion partners.

Burkitt-Type Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia With Precursor B-Cell Immunophenotype and Partial Tetrasomy of 1q: A Case Report.

Burkitt-type acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is thought as a variant of Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia and derived from mature B-cell lymphoblast.B-ALL was developed in a 10-year-old girl. Two characteristics were apparent in this case. First, the lymphoblastic cells were positive for CD10, CD19, CD20, and CD22, but negative for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and surface immunoglobulins, indicating a B-cell immunophenotype. The detection of t(8;14)(q24;q32) with a chromosomal analysis is required for a diagnosis of B-ALL. Second, der(1)(pter → q32.1::q32.1 → q21.1::q11 → qter) was detected, in which 1q21.1 to 1q32.1 was inverted and inserted. Finally, partial tetrasomy of 1q was also present. Because B-ALL with abnormal chromosome 1 has been reported poor outcome, the usual chemotherapy for stage 4 Burkitt lymphoma with added rituximab was administered for our patient.We report B-ALL with precursor B-cell immunophenotype and interesting partial tetrasomy of 1q.

Residual disease detected by multidimensional flow cytometry shows prognostic significance in childhood acute myeloid leukemia with intermediate cytogenetics and negative FLT3-ITD: a report from the Tokyo Children's Cancer Study Group.

Residual disease (RD) after induction chemotherapy may predict clinical outcome in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In the present study, we investigated the prognostic significance of RD detected by multidimensional flow cytometry (MDF) among 34 children treated for AML in a clinical trial (JPLSG AML-05) in Japan. Bone marrow samples were analyzed at the points of the end of the first induction course (BMA-1) and second induction course (BMA-2) by MDF. RD was evaluated by detecting the immature cells showing abnormal antigen expression pattern; CD34(+), CD15(+), CD7(+). Thirteen (39.4 %) of 34 patients at BMA-1 and 8 (27.6 %) of 34 at BMA-2 had RD levels ≥0.1 %. There was no significant difference in 3y-EFS and 3y-OS between patients with RD levels ≥0.1 % and those with RD levels <0.1 % (53.8 versus 70.0 %, P = 0.30 and 50.0 versus 66.7 %, P = 0.27, respectively). However, IR cytogenetics and negative FLT3-ITD patients with RD levels ≥0.1 % exhibited significantly lower 3y-EFS and 3y-OS than those with RD levels <0.1 % (33.3 versus 83.3 %, P = 0.02 and 20.0 versus 76.9 %, P = 0.005, respectively). Our study suggests that RD shows prognostic relevance in pediatric patients with IR cytogenetics and negative FLT3-ITD AML.

Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is an early predictor of acute kidney injury in premature infants.

Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) is produced in response to tubular epithelial injury and is a biomarker of tubulointerstitial injury. The aim of the present study was to examine whether acute kidney injury (AKI) could be predicted by measuring uNGAL in very low-birth weight (VLBW) infants. Forty VLBW infants with birthweight below 1,500 g were enrolled in the present study. uNGAL and serum creatinine (sCre) were measured daily from postnatal days 0 to 8. Infants with sCre ≥1.2 mg/dl were diagnosed with AKI. The relationship of uNGAL with sCre was measured on the day after uNGAL measurement (next-day sCre) was examined. The results showed that 16 infants had sCre ≥1.2 mg/dl in this period. Logistic regression analysis revealed that uNGAL on postnatal days 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 was correlated with next-day sCre (P<0.05). uNGAL corrected by urinary Cre (uCre) (uNGAL/uCre) was only correlated with an increase in next-day sCre on postnatal days 5 and 6 (P<0.05). For the logistic analysis, subjects with high and low uNGAL levels based on the median value for each day, uNGAL on postnatal days 2, 3 and 6 in the high uNGAL group was correlated with an increase in next-day sCre. Thus, AKI may be predicted by measuring uNGAL in VLBW infants. This measurement was non-invasive, and is potentially useful for the evaluation of renal function in VLBW infants.

Leukostasis in Children and Adolescents with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Japanese Pediatric Leukemia/Lymphoma Study Group.

BACKGROUND: The details of leukostasis in children and adolescents with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are unknown. This study determined the characteristics of leukostasis in children and adolescents with CML. PROCEDURE: A total of 256 cases from a retrospective study of patients with CML conducted by the Japanese Pediatric Leukemia/Lymphoma Study Group from 1996 to 2011 were analyzed, and of these, 238 cases were evaluated in this study. RESULTS: Leukostasis was diagnosed in 23 patients (9.7%). The median leukocyte count and spleen size below the left costal margin in cases with leukostasis were significantly higher and larger when compared to those in cases without leukostasis (458.5 × 10(9) /l vs. 151.8 × 10(9) /l (P < 0.01), and 13 vs. 5 cm (P < 0.01), respectively). Leukostasis occurred with ocular symptoms in 14 cases, priapism in four cases, and dyspnea, syncope, headache, knee pain, difficulty hearing, and aseptic necrosis of the femoral head in one case each. One case had two leukostasis symptoms simultaneously. Three cases were diagnosed before imatinib became available. Five cases received special treatment, and in the remaining 15 cases, all of these symptoms resolved after treatment with imatinib. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study represents the largest series of children and adolescents in which leukostasis of CML has been reported. Our data provide useful insight into the characteristics of leukostasis in recent cases of children and adolescents with CML.

Usefulness of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography for Follow-Up of 13-cis-Retinoic Acid Treatment for Residual Neuroblastoma After Myeloablative Chemotherapy.

13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cis-RA) treatment is used as a second-line treatment for residual or recurrent neuroblastoma. However, determining the duration of 13-cis-RA treatment for residual and recurrent neuroblastoma can be a problem because it is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment.We performed 13-cis-RA treatment to remove residual active neuroblastoma cells in an 8-year-old boy with stage 4 neuroblastoma that developed from a left sympathetic ganglion and had been treated with chemotherapy, surgery, autologous peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation, and radiotherapy. F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (F-FDG-PET) and iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (I-MIBG) scintigraphy obtained immediately before 13-cis-RA treatment both showed positive findings in the area of the primary lesion. At 18 months after 13-cis-RA treatment, there was accumulation on I-MIBG scintigraphy but no uptake on F-FDG-PET, and 13-cis-RA treatment was suspended. The patient has been in complete remission for 3 years. In comparing the effectiveness of the 2 imaging modalities for monitoring the response to 13-cis-RA treatment, we considered that F-FDG-PET was superior to I-MIBG scintigraphy because F-FDG-PET images were not affected by the cell differentiation induced by 13-cis-RA treatment in our case. Thus, F-FDG-PET was useful for determining the treatment response and outcomes.We have reported a case of residual neuroblastoma treated with differentiation-inducing 13-cis-RA therapy. Different results were produced with F-FDG-PET and I-MIBG scintigraphy. The cessation of 13-cis-RA treatment was based on F-FDG-PET findings and there has been no relapse for 3 years.

Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney with calcification and a novel chromosomal abnormality: a case report.

A 9-year-old male presented with a renal tumor that showed a cystic structure with calcification on computed tomography. A pathological analysis of the resected tumor suggested clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK). Thus, this patient suffered atypical CCSK with significant calcification and gross necrosis. A novel chromosomal abnormality was also identified in the tumor.

Comparison of chemotherapeutic agents as a myeloablative conditioning with total body irradiation for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A study from the pediatric ALL working group of the Japan Society for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: As a partner of total body irradiation (TBI) in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), various cytotoxic agents are used, but the optimal combination is still unclear. PROCEDURE: We retrospectively analyzed 767 children who received TBI-based myeloablative allogeneic HSCT in complete remission (CR), using nationwide registry data of the Japan Society for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Combinations of chemotherapy were categorized as follows: cyclophosphamide (CY) (n = 74), melphalan (L-PAM) (n = 139), CY + etoposide (VP16) (n = 408), CY + cytarabine (AraC) (n = 73), and others (n = 73). RESULTS: Event-free survival (EFS) at 5 years after HSCT was 62.2% for CY, 71.4% for L-PAM, 67.6% for CY + VP16, 52.6% for CY + AraC, and 59.1% for others (P = 0.009). Further detailed comparison of LPAM and CY + VP16 demonstrated superior EFS for LPAM (83.2 ± 6.7%), with a marked difference compared with CY + VP16 (66.7 ± 4.9%) when limited to HSCT from a matched related donor (MRD), and this result was reproduced regardless of disease status (CR1 or CR2). However, EFS for CY + VP16 (68.3 ± 2.8%) was comparable to that for LPAM (64.5 ± 5.7%, P = 0.37) in HSCT from alternative donors, because higher non-relapse mortality attenuated the advantage of LPAM. CONCLUSIONS: For pediatric ALL in remission, LPAM could provide superior EFS for HSCT from MRD; however, compared to LPAM, CY + VP16 has similar EFS for HSCT from an alternative donor.

Transplantation for juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: a retrospective study of 30 children treated with a regimen of busulfan, fludarabine, and melphalan.

We report the outcomes of 30 patients with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) who received unmanipulated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) with oral or intravenous busulfan, fludarabine, and melphalan between 2001 and 2011. Mutations in PTPN11 were detected in 15 patients. Six patients received human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched HSCT from related donors, and 24 patients received HSCT from alternative donors, including 13 HLA-mismatched donors. Primary engraftment failed in five patients, all of whom had received allografts from HLA-mismatched donors. HLA-mismatched HSCT resulted in poorer event-free survival than HLA-matched HSCT (28.8 vs. 70.6 %). Three patients died of transplantation-related causes, and eight patients experienced hematological relapse (including five patients who died due to disease progression). Eight patients received a second HSCT, and four of these patients have survived. The 5-year estimated overall survival for all patients was 72.4: 88.9 % for the patients without a mutation in PTPN11 (n = 10) and 58.3 % for the patients with a mutation in PTPN11 (n = 15) (P = 0.092). The conditioning regimen reported in the present study achieved hematological and clinical remission in >50 % of patients with JMML who received HSCT from alternative donors, and may also be effective for JMML patients with PTPN11 mutation.

Necessary stem cell transplantation using myeloablative therapy for myelodysplastic syndrome with progression of genotypic abnormalities and TP53 dysfunction in a young adult.

A 14-yr-old male was admitted to our hospital with MDS and the chromosomal abnormality 45,XY,der(5;17)(p10;q10). He rapidly developed karyotype abnormalities, accompanied by the loss of tumor suppressor gene TP53 function. He suffered an early relapse after reduced-intensity-conditioning SCT and ultimately required myeloablative therapy before a second SCT. We consider that the analysis of TP53 mutations is essential when planning the treatment of patients with MDS.