The psychoanalysis of time.

The experience of time has been studied psychoanalytically largely through the conceptual frameworks of ego psychology and classical analysis. The implications of self psychology and Lacanian theory for understanding time experience have been relatively little explored. These implications would develop, on the one hand, from Kohut's investigations of fragmentation phenomena and, on the other, from Lacan's concept of the ego and his use of the short session. But time experience cannot be understood entirely in terms of individual histories and the psychoanalytic situation. A preoccupation with time is central to Western culture and is traceable to the social context--thirteenth-century monasticism--in which the clock was first invented. Time enters the analytic session especially in the handling of beginnings and ends, reflecting divergent notions of the purpose of treatment. The standing of time-frame rules in the different systems defined by ego psychology, self psychology, and Lacanian theory are examined together with their underlying assumptions about the nature of reality. These metaphysical issues--no longer academic but made concretely meaningful in each session--go beyond illuminating the concept of time. Our response to them will determine both the direction of each patient's treatment and the course of psychoanalysis itself.

The analyst's space.

The space the analyst creates in his consulting room gives expression to the most primitive elements in his personality. It does this despite, and even by means of, the professional conventions it incorporates. This phenomenon is first apparent in Freud's office where the space of the psychoanalytic situation originated. Here the room itself--filled with the antiquities he collected so passionately--met important narcissistic/symbiotic needs. In this sense it encodes a very early, unanalyzed level of relationship with his mother. It is suggested here that these phenomena, visible in Freud's office, are continuing elements of the analytic frame. Because of the character of the analyst and the structure of the relationship, the room becomes a mise-en-scène in which the narcissistic/symbiotic layers of both participants' characters are played out. Failing to recognize this may lead the analyst to treat seemingly regressive behavior as resistance and to intervene at developmental levels the patients has not achieved. Indeed, such "regressions" can only be understood as products of the situation itself. Phenomenologically, the analyst has become the corner in which he took refuge as a child; the corner to which the patient now comes for sanctuary. Because this connection is unconscious it cannot be called an alliance. Rather, it is a fortuitous interlocking that--like mother-child symbiosis--constitutes a matrix for new growth.

C-type RNA virus from hamster cells transformed in vitro by 1-B-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine.

Evidence of type-C RNA viral activity in fetal hamster cells transformed in vitro by 1-B-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) after at least one in vivo passage is described. The virus possesses properties typical of other type-C RNA viruses, such as: a) morphology as determined with the electron microscope, b) presence of 70S RNA, c) enhanced expression following treatment with halogenated pyrimidines, d) group specific antigens of hamster type, and e) a buoyant density of 1.15 g per cm3. However, the virus particles are deficient in RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity under conditions that easily detect Rauscher Leukemia virus and will infect neither hamster, rat, mouse, human nor rabbit cells. The possible role of this virus in chemical carcinogenesis of cultured hamster fetal cells is discussed.

1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-induced malignant transformation of hamster and rat cells in culture.

The potent antileukemic chemotherapeutic drug, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), was observed to transform malignantly secondary hamster fetal cells as well as established rat cells in vitro. Results indicated that: (a) hamster cells altered by treatment with ara-C are morphologically indistinguishable from cells transformed with benzo(a)pyrene; (b) the ara-C-induced transformation can be observed under conditions of little or no inhibition of DNA synthesis and little or no cytotoxicity; (c) the transformation can occur with only a 6-hr exposure to ara-C; and (d) the transformation of hamster cells seems to require cellular DNA synthesis for cells in S phase are much more sensitive to ara-C-induced transformation than are G1-arrested cells. Representative transformed colonies of hamster and rat cells produced rapidly growing fibrosarcomas in inoculated newborn hamsters and rats, respectively. Control cells remained nontumorigenic.