Patients' Persistent Symptoms, Clinician Demographics, and Geo-Economic Factors Are Associated with Choice of Therapy for Hypothyroidism by European Thyroid Specialists: The "THESIS" Collaboration.

Background: Hypothyroidism is common, however, aspects of its treatment remain controversial. Our survey aimed at documenting treatment choices of European thyroid specialists and exploring how patients' persistent symptoms, clinician demographics, and geo-economic factors relate to treatment choices. Methods: Seventeen thousand two hundred forty-seven thyroid specialists from 28 countries were invited to participate in an online questionnaire survey. The survey included respondent demographic data and treatment choices for hypothyroid patients with persistent symptoms. Geo-economic data for each country were included in the analyses. Results: The response rate was 32.9% (6058 respondents out of 17,247 invitees). Levothyroxine (LT4) was the initial treatment preferred by the majority (98.3%). Persistent symptoms despite normal serum thyrotropin (TSH) while receiving LT4 treatment were reported to affect up to 10.0% of patients by 75.4% of respondents, while 28.4% reported an increasing such trend in the past 5 years. The principal explanations offered for patients' persistent symptoms were psychosocial factors (77.1%), comorbidities (69.2%), and unrealistic patient expectations (61.0%). Combination treatment with LT4+liothyronine (LT3) was chosen by 40.0% of respondents for patients who complained of persistent symptoms despite a normal TSH. This option was selected more frequently by female thyroid specialists, with high-volume practice, working in countries with high gross national income per capita. Conclusions: The perception of patients' dissatisfaction reported by physicians seems lower than that described by hypothyroid patients in previous surveys. LT4+LT3 treatment is used frequently by thyroid specialists in Europe for persistent hypothyroid-like symptoms even if they generally attribute such symptoms to nonendocrine causes and despite the evidence of nonsuperiority of the combined over the LT4 therapy. Pressure by dissatisfied patients on their physicians for LT3-containing treatments is a likely explanation. The association of the therapeutic choices with the clinician demographic characteristics and geo-economic factors in Europe is a novel information and requires further investigation.

Characteristics of specialists treating hypothyroid patients: the "THESIS" collaborative.

Introduction: Thyroid specialists influence how hypothyroid patients are treated, including patients managed in primary care. Given that physician characteristics influence patient care, this study aimed to explore thyroid specialist profiles and associations with geo-economic factors. Methods: Thyroid specialists from 28 countries were invited to respond to a questionnaire, Treatment of Hypothyroidism in Europe by Specialists: an International Survey (THESIS). Geographic regions were defined according to the United Nations Statistics Division. The national economic status was estimated using World Bank data on the gross national income per capita (GNI per capita). Results: 5,695 valid responses were received (response rate 33·0%). The mean age was 49 years, and 65·0% were female. The proportion of female respondents was lowest in Northern (45·6%) and highest in Eastern Europe (77·2%) (p <0·001). Respondent work volume, university affiliation and private practice differed significantly between countries (p<0·001). Age and GNI per capita were correlated inversely with the proportion of female respondents (p<0·01). GNI per capita was inversely related to the proportion of respondents working exclusively in private practice (p<0·011) and the proportion of respondents who treated >100 patients annually (p<0·01). Discussion: THESIS has demonstrated differences in characteristics of thyroid specialists at national and regional levels, strongly associated with GNI per capita. Hypothyroid patients in middle-income countries are more likely to encounter female thyroid specialists working in private practice, with a high workload, compared to high-income countries. Whether these differences influence the quality of care and patient satisfaction is unknown, but merits further study.

Vitamin D Deficiency Prevalence in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Significantly Decreased during the Pandemic in Slovakia from 2020 to 2022 Which Was Associated with Decreasing Mortality.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to changes in lifestyle, which could influence vitamin D status on a population level. The purpose of our study was to compare 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalized because of severe COVID-19 during two waves of the pandemic (2020/21 vs. 2021/22). A total of 101 patients from the 2021/22 wave were compared with 101 sex- and age-matched subjects from the 2020/21 wave. Patients from both groups were hospitalized during the winter season from 1 December to 28 February. Men and women were analyzed together and separately. The mean 25(OH)D concentration increased from 17.8 ± 9.7 ng/mL to 25.2 ± 12.6 ng/mL between waves. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) decreased from 82% to 54%. The prevalence of adequate serum 25(OH)D concentration (>30 ng/mL) increased from 10% to 34% (p < 0.0001). The proportion of patients with a history of vitamin D supplementation increased from 18% to 44% (p < 0.0001). Low serum 25(OH)D concentration was independently associated with mortality after adjusting for age and sex for the whole cohort of patients (p < 0.0001). The prevalence of inadequate vitamin D status in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Slovakia decreased significantly, probably due to a higher rate of vitamin D supplementation during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Supplementation with myo-inositol and Selenium improves the clinical conditions and biochemical features of women with or at risk for subclinical hypothyroidism.

Purpose: The present study aims to evaluate the effect of myo-Inositol plus Selenium supplementation in patients affected by subclinical hypothyroidism. Methods: One hundred and forty-eight patients were included in the study from 8 different centers of Slovakia, and treated for 6 months with a daily dose of 600 mg myo-Ins plus 83 mcg Se. The patients included at the enrollment were women of reproductive age (18-50), who exhibit values of TSH in the range 2.5-5 mU/l and positivity to antibodies TPO-Ab/TG-Ab, or otherwise values of TSH in the range 5-10 mU/l both with and without positivity to antibodies TPO-Ab/TG-Ab. Results: Patients affected by subclinical hypothyroidism exhibited a significant improvement of their condition when treated for 6 months with a combination of myo-Inositol and Selenium. The TSH values significantly ameliorated along with the index of autoimmunity and the thyroid status. In a sub-class of patients, the auto-antibody titer decreased after myo-inositol + Selenium administration. The treatment also induces a regularization of the menstrual cycle and a reduction of the cholesterol in the patients enrolled for the study. Furthermore, a significant improvement is observed in the perception of the symptoms associated with subclinical hypothyroidism over the treatment period. Conclusion: A dietary supplementation with of myo-Inositol and Selenium in the treatment of patients affected by subclinical hypothyroidism exhibits a beneficial role in the recovery of TSH values, in the improvement of the symptoms associated to this condition and in the maintenance of the thyroid functions.The trial was approved by the Ethical Committee from National Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetology of Lubochna, Slovakia, date 18.12.2018, registration number: 3124/2018.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Significantly Decreases in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia during the First 48 Hours after Hospital Admission.

It is unclear how ongoing inflammation in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration. The objective of our study was to examine serum 25(OH)D levels during COVID-19 pneumonia. Patients were admitted between 1 November and 31 December 2021. Blood samples were taken on admission (day 0) and every 24 h for the subsequent four days (day 1−4). On admission, 59% of patients were 25(OH)D sufficient (>30 ng/mL), and 41% had 25(OH)D inadequacy (<30 ng/mL). A significant fall in mean 25(OH)D concentration from admission to day 2 (first 48 h) was observed (30.7 ng/mL vs. 26.4 ng/mL; p < 0.0001). No subsequent significant change in 25(OH)D concentration was observed between day 2 and 3 (26.4 ng/mL vs. 25.9 ng/mL; p = 0.230) and day 3 and day 4 (25.8 ng/mL vs. 25.9 ng/mL; p = 0.703). The absolute 25(OH)D change between hospital admission and day 4 was 16% (4.8 ng/mL; p < 0.0001). On day 4, the number of patients with 25(OH)D inadequacy increased by 18% (p = 0.018). Therefore, serum 25(OH)D concentration after hospital admission in acutely ill COVID-19 patients should be interpreted with caution. Whether low 25(OH)D in COVID-19 reflects tissue level vitamin D deficiency or represents only a laboratory phenomenon remains to be elucidated in further prospective trials of vitamin D supplementation.

Acromegaly: Clinical Care in Central and Eastern Europe, Israel, and Kazakhstan.

Acromegaly is a rare condition typically caused by benign pituitary adenomas, resulting in excessive production of growth hormone. Clinical manifestations of acromegaly are diverse, varying from the overgrowth of body tissue to cardiovascular, metabolic, and osteoarticular disorders. Symptoms may emerge slowly, overlapping with other diseases and often involve many different healthcare specialists. In the last decade, efforts to provide an accurate and timely diagnosis of acromegaly have improved disease management and clinical experience. Despite this progress, marked differences in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of acromegaly exist from country-to-country. To address these inconsistencies in the region comprising Central and Eastern Europe, Israel, and Kazakhstan, a panel of acromegaly experts from 13 of these countries was convened. Acromegaly experts from each country provided available information on the approaches from their country, including regional treatment centers and multidisciplinary teams, treatment access, reimbursement and availability, and physician education, disease awareness, and patient advocacy. Across several areas of acromegaly management, divergent approaches were identified and discussed, including the provision of multidisciplinary care, approved and available treatments, and disease awareness programs. These were recognized as areas of potential improvement in the management of acromegaly, in addition to participation in national and regional acromegaly registries. Further experience exchange will facilitate the identification of specific strategies that can be adapted in each country, and widespread participation in acromegaly registries will enable their evaluation. It is anticipated that this approach will support the optimization of acromegaly patient care across this region.

Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia with 25(OH)D levels lower than 12 ng/ml are at increased risk of death.

OBJECTIVES: There is no consensus on specific serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH) D) levels associated with higher risk of severe outcome in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). According to the literature patients with serum 25(OH) D levels <12 ng/ml are clearly deficient at all ages. Our aim was to assess COVID-19 mortality in the settings of severe 25(OH) D deficiency. A cohort study of 357 patients with COVID-19 was conducted. Subjects were monitored until discharge or in-hospital death. At admission, severity parameters (C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, Charlson comorbidity index, etc.) were assessed. These parameters were compared regarding 25(OH) D levels threshold 12 ng/ml, where values below 12 ng/ml were considered absolute vitamin D deficiency. RESULTS: 25(OH) D levels at the time of admission were independently associated with mortality (p <0.05). Nonsurvivors (N = 168) had lower 25(OH) D levels, SO2, higher age, CRP, viral load, and Charlson comorbidity index in comparison to survivors. Patients with serum 25(OH) D levels <12 ng/ml had higher mortality (55% vs 45 %), viral load (21.5 vs 23.1), and Charlson comorbidity index (5.3 vs 4.4) than those with serum 25(OH) D levels >12 ng/ml (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COVID-19 with serum 25(OH) D levels <12 ng/ml have higher mortality. Among other factors, severe vitamin D deficiency likely leads to poor outcome.

Serum Afamin a Novel Marker of Increased Hepatic Lipid Content.

Aim: Afamin is a liver-produced glycoprotein, a potential early marker of metabolic syndrome. Here we investigated regulation of afamin in a course of the metabolic disease development and in response to 3-month exercise intervention. Methods: We measured whole-body insulin sensitivity (euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp), glucose tolerance, abdominal adiposity, hepatic lipid content (magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy), habitual physical activity (accelerometers) and serum afamin (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in 71 middle-aged men with obesity, prediabetes and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Effects of 3-month exercise were investigated in 22 overweight-to-obese middle-aged individuals (16M/6F). Results: Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, but not obesity, were associated with increased serum afamin (p<0.001). Afamin correlated positively with hepatic lipids, fatty liver index and liver damage markers; with parameters of adiposity (waist circumference, %body fat, adipocyte diameter) and insulin resistance (fasting insulin, C-peptide, HOMA-IR; p<0.001 all). Moreover, afamin negatively correlated with whole-body insulin sensitivity (M-value/Insulin, p<0.001). Hepatic lipids and fasting insulinemia were the most important predictors of serum afamin, explaining >63% of its variability. Exercise-related changes in afamin were paralleled by reciprocal changes in insulinemia, insulin resistance and visceral adiposity. No significant change in hepatic lipid content was observed. Conclusions: Subjects with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes had the highest serum afamin levels. Afamin was more tightly related to hepatic lipid accumulation, liver damage and insulin resistance than to obesity.

Vertebral Fractures Occur Despite Control of Acromegaly and Are Predicted by Cortical Volumetric Bone Mineral Density.

CONTEXT: Recent studies suggest that cortical bone could also play a role in vertebral fracture (VF) development in acromegaly. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the occurrence of VFs and their relationship to dual energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived bone parameters. METHODS: A single-center 2-year prospective study of acromegaly patients was conducted. Each subject had L1-4 spine, femoral neck and total hip (TH) areal BMD measured using DXA, and trabecular bone score (TBS) measurement performed. 3D Shaper™ was used to assess proximal femur trabecular and cortical volumetric (v)BMD, cortical surface (s)BMD, and cortical thickness (Cth). VF assessment was performed using the lateral spine imaging IVA™ mode with a Hologic Horizon® densitometer using a semiquantitative approach. Study outcomes were assessed at 2 time points: baseline and month 24. RESULTS: 70 acromegaly patients (34 M/36F; average 55.1 years) were studied, including 26 with active disease. In 13 patients, 9 with controlled disease, VF was observed. A decrease in TBS, sBMD, neck trabecular vBMD, TH, and neck cortical vBMD in VF compared with non-VF subjects was observed (P < .05). Multivariate analysis of fracture prediction showed TH cortical vBMD as the best fracture prediction parameter with area under the curve of 0.774. TBS was negatively associated with fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HBA1c) at each time point during the follow-up. CONCLUSION: From the total number of 13 VF subjects, 9 were in the controlled disease group. The most sensitive and specific predictor of incident VF was TH cortical vBMD, suggesting that cortical bone is involved in fracture development.

Application of surgical mask with high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) leads to improved oxygenation in patients with COVID-19: a set of case reports.

The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the development of acute infectious illness named COVID-19. While most people have a mild course of the disease, a significant minority of patients will develop some degree of respiratory insufficiency requiring hospitalization. In case of failure of conventional oxygen therapy, the method of choice in patients with respiratory insufficiency is ventilation with high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC). In order to reduce the dispersion of infectious aerosol during HFNC treatment, nasal cannula is often covered with a surgical mask in many hospitals. According to recent observations, the application of a surgical mask in these patients could also have a positive effect on oxygenation parameters without clinically relevant side effects. In the present set of case reports, we demonstrate this effective, simple and affordable way how to improve oxygenation in patients with COVID-19 and hypoxemic respiratory failure treated with HFNC.

Osteoporosis in premenopausal women.

In contrast to postmenopausal women diagnostic process and treatment of premenopausal osteoporosis in young women reamin poorly defined. A low bone mineral density in premenopausal women is not associated with the same risk of fractures as in postmenopausal women, therefore diagnosis requires not only densitometric examination but depends on the consideration of other risk factors. Most cases of premenopausal osteoporosis are associated with chronic diseases affecting bone metabolism. Treatment of the underlying disease may improve bone density as well as bone quality. Rarely, a bone-specific antiporotic therapy may be used, although quality evidence is scarce. This article will review current opinion on definition, diagnosis and treatment of premenopausal osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis in diabetes mellitus patients.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is currently a pandemic problem, and the number of diabetic patients is constantly increasing. There are known and established diabetic complication but it is also comorbidities associated with DM cannot be forgotten. One of these is osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. In diabetic patients, the fractures are usually 2 to 6 times higher. In management of diabetes we should screen also the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. From a diabetic point of view, optimum glycaemic control should be achieved, however, we should take into account the effect of antidiabetic agents on bone. In this summary data on the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis in patients with DM as well as on the effect of antidiabetic agents on bone are presented.

ESE audit on management of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency in clinical practice.

Guidelines recommend adults with pituitary disease in whom GH therapy is contemplated, to be tested for GH deficiency (AGHD); however, clinical practice is not uniform. AIMS: 1) To record current practice of AGHD management throughout Europe and benchmark it against guidelines; 2) To evaluate educational status of healthcare professionals about AGHD. DESIGN: On-line survey in endocrine centres throughout Europe. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Endocrinologists voluntarily completed an electronic questionnaire regarding AGHD patients diagnosed or treated in 2017-2018. RESULTS: Twenty-eight centres from 17 European countries participated, including 2139 AGHD patients, 28% of childhood-onset GHD. Aetiology was most frequently non-functioning pituitary adenoma (26%), craniopharyngioma (13%) and genetic/congenital mid-line malformations (13%). Diagnosis of GHD was confirmed by a stimulation test in 52% (GHRH+arginine, 45%; insulin-tolerance, 42%, glucagon, 6%; GHRH alone and clonidine tests, 7%); in the remaining, ≥3 pituitary deficiencies and low serum IGF-I were diagnostic. Initial GH dose was lower in older patients, but only women <26 years were prescribed a higher dose than men; dose titration was based on normal serum IGF-I, tolerance and side-effects. In one country, AGHD treatment was not approved. Full public reimbursement was not available in four countries and only in childhood-onset GHD in another. AGHD awareness was low among non-endocrine professionals and healthcare administrators. Postgraduate AGHD curriculum training deserves being improved. CONCLUSION: Despite guideline recommendations, GH replacement in AGHD is still not available or reimbursed in all European countries. Knowledge among professionals and health administrators needs improvement to optimize care of adults with GHD.

Secondary Fracture Prevention: Consensus Clinical Recommendations from a Multistakeholder Coalition.

Osteoporosis-related fractures are undertreated, due in part to misinformation about recommended approaches to patient care and discrepancies among treatment guidelines. To help bridge this gap and improve patient outcomes, the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research assembled a multistakeholder coalition to develop clinical recommendations for the optimal prevention of secondary fractureamong people aged 65 years and older with a hip or vertebral fracture. The coalition developed 13 recommendations (7 primary and 6 secondary) strongly supported by the empirical literature. The coalition recommends increased communication with patients regarding fracture risk, mortality and morbidity outcomes, and fracture risk reduction. Risk assessment (including fall history) should occur at regular intervals with referral to physical and/or occupational therapy as appropriate. Oral, intravenous, andsubcutaneous pharmacotherapies are efficaciousandcanreduce risk of future fracture.Patientsneededucation,however, about thebenefitsandrisks of both treatment and not receiving treatment. Oral bisphosphonates alendronate and risedronate are first-line options and are generally well tolerated; otherwise, intravenous zoledronic acid and subcutaneous denosumab can be considered. Anabolic agents are expensive butmay be beneficial for selected patients at high risk.Optimal duration of pharmacotherapy is unknown but because the risk for second fractures is highest in the earlypost-fractureperiod,prompt treatment is recommended.Adequate dietary or supplemental vitaminDand calciumintake shouldbe assured. Individuals beingtreatedfor osteoporosis shouldbe reevaluated for fracture risk routinely, includingvia patienteducationabout osteoporosisandfracturesandmonitoringfor adverse treatment effects.Patients shouldbestronglyencouraged to avoid tobacco, consume alcohol inmoderation atmost, and engage in regular exercise and fall prevention strategies. Finally, referral to endocrinologists or other osteoporosis specialists may be warranted for individuals who experience repeated fracture or bone loss and those with complicating comorbidities (eg, hyperparathyroidism, chronic kidney disease).

Vitamin D supplementation as an important factor in COVID-19 prevention and treatment: what evidence do we have?

The immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D and its potential in prevention and treatment of acute respiratory infections have long been of interest to many scientific teams around the world. Several meta-analyses in the last 10 years have confirmed the protective (albeit of modest size) effect of vitamin D against respiratory infections. Because of many overlapping risk factors for vitamin D deficiency and severe COVID-19 infection, many experts believe that vitamin D supplementation could play an important role in prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus disease. Based on available data on the immunological action of vitamin D, it is possible that vitamin D could modulate the bodys response to SARS-CoV-2 infection both in the early viraemic phase and in later hyperinflammatory phase typical for the severe course of the disease. The first available data from epidemiological studies suggest that low serum vitamin D levels are associated with increased susceptibility to the new coronavirus infection as well as with severe course of the disease.

Secondary Fracture Prevention: Consensus Clinical Recommendations from a Multistakeholder Coalition.

Osteoporosis-related fractures are undertreated, due in part to misinformation about recommended approaches to patient care and discrepancies among treatment guidelines. To help bridge this gap and improve patient outcomes, the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research assembled a multistakeholder coalition to develop clinical recommendations for the optimal prevention of secondary fracture among people aged 65 years and older with a hip or vertebral fracture. The coalition developed 13 recommendations (7 primary and 6 secondary) strongly supported by the empirical literature. The coalition recommends increased communication with patients regarding fracture risk, mortality and morbidity outcomes, and fracture risk reduction. Risk assessment (including fall history) should occur at regular intervals with referral to physical and/or occupational therapy as appropriate. Oral, intravenous, and subcutaneous pharmacotherapies are efficacious and can reduce risk of future fracture. Patients need education, however, about the benefits and risks of both treatment and not receiving treatment. Oral bisphosphonates alendronate and risedronate are first-line options and are generally well tolerated; otherwise, intravenous zoledronic acid and subcutaneous denosumab can be considered. Anabolic agents are expensive but may be beneficial for selected patients at high risk. Optimal duration of pharmacotherapy is unknown but because the risk for second fractures is highest in the early post-fracture period, prompt treatment is recommended. Adequate dietary or supplemental vitamin D and calcium intake should be assured. Individuals being treated for osteoporosis should be reevaluated for fracture risk routinely, including via patient education about osteoporosis and fractures and monitoring for adverse treatment effects. Patients should be strongly encouraged to avoid tobacco, consume alcohol in moderation at most, and engage in regular exercise and fall prevention strategies. Finally, referral to endocrinologists or other osteoporosis specialists may be warranted for individuals who experience repeated fracture or bone loss and those with complicating comorbidities (eg, hyperparathyroidism, chronic kidney disease). © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Biologic treatment in comparison to methotrexate has positive effect on trabecular bone score in rheumatoid arthritis patients: 1-year follow-up.

INTRODUCTION: Biologic treatment may influence activity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as areal bone mineral density (aBMD). Decreased aBMD explains the fracture risk in RA patients only partially. The trabecular bone score (TBS), novel texture parameter reflects degradation of trabecular bone and therefore could be used as a further parameter to predict the risk of fragility fracture. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) and conventional synthetic (cs) DMARDs (methotrexate) on aBMD and TBS in patients suffering from active RA. METHODS: A 12 month prospective trial was performed in 105 active RA patients. The cohort was divided into two groups: group 1 (n = 84, mean age 54 yrs) treated with bDMARDs and group 2 (n = 21, mean age 53 yrs) treated with csDMARDs. The mean daily dose of prednisone at baseline was 6.2 and 6.6 mg (NS) between group 1 and 2, respectively. Patients with anti-osteoporotic treatment were not included. All patients received calcium (600 mg) and cholecalciferol (800IU). Lumbar spine (LS) and FN aBMD (by DXA, Hologic) were measured at baseline and after 1 year of treatment. TBS was generated using TBS Insight software (Medimaps, Switzerland). RESULTS: Treatment with bDMARDS led to decrease in mean prednisone dose and to increase of 1.7% (p < 0.05) in TBS and OC levels of 26% (p < 0.001) but not on aBMD and CTX after treatment. The greatest TBS increase (2.7%, p < 0.05) was observed in premenopausal females within group 1. No effect of csDMARDS on measured parameters was observed. CONCLUSION: Treatment of patients suffering from active RA with bDMARDs in comparison to csDMARDS led to increase of TBS, with greater increment of TBS in premenopausal women, despite no change in aBMD.

Non-invasive DXA-derived bone structure assessment of acromegaly patients: a cross-sectional study.

Introduction Impaired bone microarchitecture is involved in vertebral fracture (VF) development among acromegaly patients. Aim of the study Comparison of DXA-derived bone parameters, areal BMD (aBMD), trabecular bone score (TBS) and 3D-SHAPER parameters in acromegaly patients with healthy controls. Methods This cross-sectional study evaluated acromegaly patients and a control group of healthy subjects. In all subjects, a single measurement of pituitary axis hormone levels, bone turnover markers, aBMD, (total hip (TH) and lumbar spine (LS)), TBS and 3D-SHAPER of the proximal femur region was performed. All subjects underwent DXA assessment of VF using the semiquantitative approach. Results One hundred six patients with acromegaly (mean age 56.6 years, BMI 30.2 kg/m2) and 104 control subjects (mean age 54.06 years, 28.4 BMI kg/m2) were included. After adjustment for weight, LS aBMD, TBS and TH trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD) remained lower (P = 0.0048, <0.0001 and <0.0001, respectively) while cortical thickness (Cth) at TH and neck remained thicker (P = 0.006) in acromegaly patients compared with controls. The best multivariate model (model 1) discriminating patients with and without acromegaly included TBS, TH trabecular vBMD and TH Cth parameters (all P < 0.05). Twenty-two VFs (13 acromegaly subjects) were recognized. In these subjects after adjustment for age, FN aBMD, TH cortical sBMD and TH cortical vBMD remained significantly associated with the prevalent VF (OR = 2.69 (1.07-6.78), 2.84 (1.24-6.51) and 2.38 (1.11-5.10) for neck aBMD, TH cortical sBMD and TH cortical vBMD respectively)). The AUCs were similar for each parameter in this model. Conclusions Acromegaly patients, regardless of VF presence, have lower trabecular bone quantitative parameters, but those with VFs had decreased cortical density.

High Serum Fractalkine is Associated with Lower Trabecular Bone Score in Premenopausal Women with Graves' Disease.

Chemokine CX3CL1 (fractalkine) may be an important factor linking thyroid status and bone remodeling, through tetrac, a derivative of thyroxine. This study explores the relationship between serum fractalkine levels and parameters of thyroid status and bone in premenopausal women with Graves' disease (GD) in comparison to healthy controls. This cross-sectional study included three premenopausal female groups: active GD; cured GD, and healthy age-, gender-, and BMI-matched controls. Measurement of serum fractalkine levels (Quantikine® ELISA), total amino-terminal peptide of procollagen type 1 (P1NP), CTx, thyroid hormones, BMD and trabecular bone score (TBS) were performed in all study subjects. Sixty women (21, 16, and 23 in active GD, cured GD, and healthy control groups, respectively) were included. Serum fractalkine levels were higher (p<0.05) in active and cured GD subjects compared to healthy controls (mean 0.7±0.14; 0.93±0.15, and 0.48±0.13 ng/ml, respectively). Lumbar spine BMD was lowest in the cured GD group in comparison to active GD and control group subjects (0.926±0.03; 1.016±0.03; 1.051±0.03 g/cm2; p<0.05, respectively). TBS was lower (p<0.05) in both GD groups than controls being lowest in those with active GD (1.395±0.02; 1.402±0.02, 1.469±0.02, respectively). Serum fractalkine concentration was positively correlated with fT4, and negatively correlated with TBS values. GD in pre-menopausal females is associated with increased serum fractalkine concentration and decreased TBS. Fractalkine may be a currently unappreciated link between hyperthyroidism and bone; further research into this possibility is needed.