Interlaboratory Comparison of Six Real-Time PCR Assays for Detection of Bovine Leukemia Virus Proviral DNA.

Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is increasingly being used for the detection of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) proviral DNA. Nevertheless, quality control for the validation and standardization of such tests is currently lacking. Therefore, the present study was initiated by three Office International des Epizooties (OIE) reference laboratories and three collaborating laboratories to measure the interlaboratory variability of six already developed and available BLV qPCR assays. For that purpose, an international panel of 58 DNA samples reflecting the dynamic range of the majority of the assays was distributed to six testing centers. Based on qualitative results, the overall agreement among all six laboratories was moderate. However, significant variability in the measurement of the BLV proviral DNA copy number was observed among different laboratories. Quantitative PCR assays, even when performed by experienced staff, can yield large variability in BLV proviral DNA copy numbers without harmonization. Further standardization of different factors (i.e., utilization of unified protocols and unique calibrators) should increase interlaboratory agreement.

Blood dendritic cells in cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV): isolation and phenotyping.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are most potent antigen presenting cells (APCs) with unique ability to prime effective immune responses. They express higher levels of MHC class II and accesory molecules on their surface, than other professional APCs. The investigations were performed on DCs generated from blood with the use of microbeads magnetically labeled with mouse anti human CD14. Flow cytometry was applied for determination of DCs immunophenotype in healthy and naturally infected with BLV cattle. For immunophenotyping mouse monoclonal antibodies anti bovine: CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, MHC-I and MHC-II were used. Our results demonstrated that dendritic cells infected with BLV expressed very high percentage of determinants: CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, MHC-I and MHC-II class. Leukaemic DCs exhibited DCs morphology and had a phenotype of mature DCs. The expression of gp51 glycoprotein of BLV on leukaemic DCs was detected in flow cytometry investigations.

Serological survey for bovine immunodeficiency virus in dairy cattle from Poland.

A seroprevalence study of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) was undertaken on 1,541 serum samples from Holstein cattle from 23 herds, located in different geographical regions of Poland. The analysis was performed using ELISA, with recombinant Gag protein of BIV as antigen. The average BIV prevalence was 4.9% in individual cattle, while the percentage of herds harboring at least one seropositive animal, was 82.6%. To demonstrate the correlation of BIV and bovine leukemia virus infection, all sera were analysed for BLV antibodies and there was only a slight association between both infections. Overall, these results show that BIV infection is present in dairy cattle in Poland at a prevalence rate found in other European countries.

Isolation and characterization of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in goats from Poland.

The caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) was isolated from monocyte-derived macrophages (M/M), but not from PBMC of seropositive goats by co-cultivation with goat synovial membrane cells. Out of eight M/M co-cultures, CAEV was evidenced by the syncytia formation and presence of proviral DNA in two and four cultures, respectively. Two virus isolates from co-cultures showing cytopathic effects were further confirmed as CAEV by western blotting, PCR, and sequence analysis. The nucleotide sequence of gag gene showed 92.0% and 90.3% homology to the prototype CAEV-Co strain. Supernatants harvested from these cultures induced syncytia when cultured with uninfected cells and the resultant titer was 10(3.5) and 10(2.5) TCID50 per ml. New CAEV isolates are suitable candidates for further analysis of their genetic and biological properties.

Isolation and partial characterization of bovine foamy virus from Polish cattle.

The first isolation and partial characterization of bovine foamy virus (BFV), also known as bovine syncytial virus, in Poland is described. This virus was isolated by co-cultivation of peripheral blood leukocytes from infected cattle with permissive Cf2Th cells. The new isolate, called BFV100 was identified using several techniques: electron microscopy, western blotting, PCR and sequencing of a part of the gag and pol/env genes. Based on syncytia induction, antigenic determinants, primer binding sites and sequence analysis, it can be concluded that isolate BFV100 is bovine foamy virus and is related to the known American and German BFV isolates by sequence homology and antigenic relatedness.

Application of PCR technique in diagnosis of small ruminant lentivirus infection in sheep and goats.

Detection of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) in sheep and goats usually relies on serological testing. In this study, we evaluated semi-nested PCR and nested PCR techniques applied as a diagnostic tool for detection of maedi-visna virus (MVV) and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) in naturally infected sheep and goats, respectively. The examination of 193 ovine and 85 caprine serum samples by the ELISA revealed the presence of specific antibodies in 133 (69%) and 18 (21.2%) animals, respectively. Presence of proviral DNA was manifested in 103 (53.4%) sheep and 12 (14.2%) goats. Despite the relatively lower sensitivity of PCR, the fact of detection of proviral DNA in 19 out of 60 ovine samples and 7 out of 67 caprine samples collected from animals previously negative by ELISA was noteworthy. In conclusion, the data demonstrated that combinations of both ELISA and PCR might afford optimal detection of SRLVs infection.

[PCR-based detection of proviral DNA of bovine immunodeficiency virus].

A set of primers was developed to detect by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the proviral DNA of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV). A short fragment of 101 bp BIV gene was selected as a target for primers; sequences of proviral DNA isolated from both a cell culture with BIV and from lymphocytes of an experimentally infected animal were known for the fragment. An amplicon of an expected size was detected by standard PCR in a transformed cell series of bovine testicles with Florida 112 BIV DNA, and in a plasmid DNA with a cloned proviral DNA of R29 BIV. Described in the paper are the results of a theoretical comparison of primers used in the detection of BIV by PCR. The presence of non-complementary nucleotides in the set of "primer-single stranded amplicon" was shown to bring about false positive results in the detection of BIV by PCR. No 1500 bp PCR product was detected after PCR with a synthesized pair of primers and with 100% homology for all known BIV isolates complementary to env gene. Finally, the issue of how to detectVIR in clinical samples obtained from experimentally and naturally infected is discussed.

The detection of bovine leukemia virus proviral DNA by PCR-ELISA.

A sensitive non-radioactive microplate hybridization assay for the detection of proviral DNA of bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product is described. The PCR products are labeled by adding digoxigenin-dUTP to the nested PCR reaction and are captured by a microtitre plate coated with oligonucleotide probe, which is complementary to the inner region of the amplification product. Captured products are reacted with an anti-DIG Fab fragment conjugated to peroxidase, and detected using a colorimetric reaction. The PCR-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), detecting as low as 10(-4) ng of proviral DNA in a background of 1 microg of BLV-negative DNA, was up to 100-fold more sensitive than ethidium bromide staining, and showed equal sensitivity to Southern blot hybridization. Using this method it was possible to monitor the presence of proviral DNA in four sheep infected experimentally with BLV, over a 10 months postinfection period, as well as in 29 cattle infected naturally. The test is rapid and highly sensitive and is a useful additional tool for the detection of BLV-infected animals.

Identification of different BLV provirus isolates by PCR, RFLPA and DNA sequencing.

A first attempt for the investigation of molecular epidemiology of BLV was carried out. PCR amplicons of a part of the env gene of BLV isolated from 309 cattle of different geographical origin were compared with known BLV env sequences. Using RFLPA most of the PCR products can be assigned to the Australian, the Japanese or the Belgian subgroup. A phylogenetic tree resulting from the comparison of the sequences of these env fragments demonstrates the relations and differences between and within the subgroups.

Expression of bovine leukemia virus protein p24 in Escherichia coli and its use in the immunoblotting assay.

The gag gene encoded protein, p24 of bovine leukemia virus (BLV), was cloned and expressed as thioredoxin-6xHis-p24 protein in Escherichia coli. The bacterial cells carrying plasmid pT7THis-p24 expressed the protein of 38 kDa that was detected by immunoblotting analysis using anti-p24 monoclonal antibodies and sera from BLV infected cattle and sheep. The purified p24 fusion protein was shown to be sensitive and specific for detection of BLV antibodies in the infected cattle.

Amplification of T-cell receptor alpha- and beta-chain transcripts from mouse spleen lymphocytes by the nonpalindromic adaptor-polymerase chain reaction.

We employed the nonpalindromic adaptor-PCR (NPA-PCR) method to amplify T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha- and beta-chain transcripts from the spleen of normal SJL mice. The NPA-PCR method has been specifically designed for the amplification of transcripts with variable or unknown 5' ends, such as TCRs and immunoglobulins (Ig). This method has certain distinct advantages over existing two-sided PCR methods for the amplification of TCR transcripts. Two NPA-PCR amplifications are sufficient to amplify all the TCR transcripts (one for the alpha-chain and another one for the beta-chain). Amplification of TCR transcripts by classical two-sided PCR requires a minimum of 45 amplification reactions for the murine TCR (20 for the V alpha families and 25 for the V beta families), using 45 different V-family-specific amplification primers. cDNA was synthesized from spleen RNA, using oligonucleotides complementary to sequences of either the murine TCR C alpha or C beta regions. The NotI restriction site was conjugated to these primers and therefore, a NotI restriction site was incorporated at the 3' end of the cDNA. A double-stranded nonpalindromic adaptor (EcoRI-XmnI strand and XmnI G strand, which are complementary to each other) was ligated onto both ends of the double-stranded cDNA. The adaptor was removed from the 3' end by NotI nuclease digestion whereas the adaptor was retained at the 5' end. Two rounds of PCR amplification were carried out. In the first, the EcoRI-XmnI adaptor was used as 5' end amplification primer; an antisense C region primer, designated mC alpha 2 or mC beta 2 (for the alpha- and beta-chain, respectively), was used as 3' amplification primer. In the second round of PCR amplification the same 5' end primer and a 3' end antisense primer, designated mC alpha 1 or mC beta 1, were used. These mC alpha 1 and mC beta 1 primers are located 5' to the mC alpha 2/mC beta 2 primers that were used for the first amplification. The amplified transcripts were cloned. Colonies were screened using a 32P-labeled probe, either C alpha or C beta, located 5' to those used for the last amplification and many positive clones were isolated and sequenced. All clones were unique when compared to each other, as anticipated for polyclonal T-cell populations. Comparison of the sequences obtained to those in the GENBANK/EMBL database revealed that they were typical of mouse alpha- or beta-chain TCR. With the exception of two beta-chain TCR transcripts, all the sequences shown here (36 alpha-chain and 20 beta-beta chain) have not been previously reported to the GENBANK/EMBL database.

Inducible nitric oxide synthase in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection.

We investigated the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection of susceptible (SJL) and resistant (C57BL/6 [B6]) strains of mice. TMEV is an excellent model of virus-induced demyelinating disease, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous studies of others have suggested that NO may play a role in the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease. The presence and level of iNOS were determined in the brains and spinal cords of SJL and B6 TMEV-infected mice by the following methods: (i) PCR amplification of iNOS transcripts, followed by Southern blotting with an iNOS-specific probe, and (ii) immunohistochemical staining with an anti-iNOS-specific affinity-purified rabbit antibody. iNOS-specific transcripts were determined in the brains and spinal cord of both SJL and B6 TMEV-infected mice on days 0 (control), days 3, 6, and 10 (encephalitic stage of disease), and days 39 to 42, 66, and 180 (demyelinating phase) postinfection (p.i.). iNOS-specific transcripts were found in the brains and spinal cords of both SJL and B6 TMEV-infected mice at 6, 10, and 39 (SJL) days p.i., but they were absent in mock-infected mice and in TMEV-infected SJL and B6 mice at 0, 3, 66, and 180 days p.i. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the presence of iNOS protein in both TMEV-infected SJL and B6 mice at days 6 and 10 p.i., but not at days 0, 3, 66, and 180 days p.i. Weak iNOS staining was also observed in TMEV-infected SJL mice at 42 days p.i. iNOS-positive staining was found in reactive astrocytes surrounding areas of necrotizing inflammation, particularly in the midbrain. Weak iNOS staining was also observed in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage in areas of parenchymal inflammation and necrosis (mesencephalon) and in leptomeningeal and white matter perivascular infiltrates of the spinal cord. Rod-shaped microglia-like cells and foamy macrophages (myelin-laden) were iNOS negative. These results suggest that NO does not play a direct role in the late phase of demyelinating disease in TMEV-infected mice.

Molecular mimicry between Fc receptor and S peplomer protein of mouse hepatitis virus, bovine corona virus, and transmissible gastroenteritis virus.

We have previously demonstrated molecular mimicry between the S peplomer protein of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and Fc gamma R (Fc gamma R). A monoclonal antibody (MAb) to mouse Fc gamma R (2.4G2 anti-Fc gamma R MAb), purified rabbit immunoglobulin, but not their F(ab')2 fragments, as well as mouse and rat IgG, immunoprecipitated (1) recombinant S peplomer protein expressed by a vaccinia virus recombinant in human, rabbit, and mouse cells, and (2) natural S peplomer protein from cells infected with several strains of MHV and MHV escaped mutants. We report here results of studies documenting molecular mimicry between Fc gamma R and S peplomer protein of viruses representing three distinct antigenic subgroups of the Coronaviridae. We have shown a molecular mimicry between the S peplomer protein of bovine corona virus (BCV) and Fc gamma R. The 2.4G2 anti-Fc gamma R MAb, rabbit IgG, but not its F(ab')2 fragments, as well as homologous bovine serum, free of anti-BCV antibodies, immunoprecipitated S peplomer protein of BCV (Mebus strain). In contrast, we did not find molecular mimicry between S peplomer protein of human corona virus (HCV-OC43) and Fc gamma R. Although the OC43 virus belongs to the same antigenic group as MHV and BCV, MAb specific for human Fc gamma RI or Fc gamma RII and purified human IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 myeloma proteins did not immunoprecipitate the S peplomer protein from HCV-OC43-infected RD cells. In addition, we did demonstrate molecular mimicry between the S peplomer protein of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and Fc gamma R. TGEV belongs to the second antigenic subgroup of coronaviridae.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Immunology of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection.

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family of picornaviruses. Intracranial inoculation of susceptible mouse strains with TMEV results in biphasic disease, consisting of early acute disease that resembles poliomyelitis, followed by late chronic demyelinating disease that is characterized by the appearance of chronic inflammatory demyelinating lesions. Susceptibility to TMEV infection is genetically controlled by three loci: one that maps to the H-2D region of the major histocompatibility complex, one to the beta-chain constant region of the T-cell antigen receptor, and one located on chromosome 3. Both early acute and chronic late demyelinating diseases are immunologically mediated. T cells appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. TMEV-induced demyelinating disease in mice has extensive similarities with multiple sclerosis, and it is considered one of the best experimental animal models for multiple sclerosis.

Immune response and resistance to Rous sarcoma virus challenge of chickens immunized with cell-associated glycoproteins provided with a recombinant avian leukosis virus.

The Rous-associated virus 1 env gene, which encodes the envelope gp85 and gp37 glycoproteins, was isolated and inserted in place of the v-erbB oncogene into an avian erythroblastosis virus-based vector, carrying the neo resistance gene substituted for the v-erbA oncogene, to generate the pNEA recombinant vector. A helper-free virus stock of the pNEA vector was produced on an avian transcomplementing cell line and used to infect primary chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) or quail QT6 cells. These infected cells, selected with G418 (CEF/NEA and QT6/NEA, respectively) were found to be resistant to superinfections with subgroup A retroviruses. The CEF/NEA preparations were used as a cell-associated antigen to inoculate adult chickens by the intravenous route compared with direct inoculations of NEA recombinant helper-free virus used as a cell-free antigen. Chickens injected with the cell-associated antigen (CEF/NEA) exhibited an immune response demonstrated by induction of high titers of neutralizing antibodies and were found to be protected against tumor production after Rous sarcoma virus A challenge. Conversely, no immune response and no protection against Rous sarcoma virus A challenge were observed in chickens directly inoculated with cell-free NEA recombinant virus or in sham-inoculated chickens.

Detection of the bovine leukaemia virus by the polymerase chain reaction.

The polymerase-chain reaction was applied for detection of provirus DNA of the bovine leukaemia virus (BLV). A short fragment of 292 bp including region R and U5 LTR 5' of BLV was amplified, and the optimum parameters of amplification of this fragment were established. Electrophoresis revealed the presence of the 292 bp fragment from the leucocytes of four out of six cows showing a positive serological response to BLV antigens. Application of the polymerase-chain reaction in diagnosis of bovine leukaemia is suggested.

Comparison of performances of four ELISA kits in the detection of BLV antibodies in bulk tank milk or concentrated lactoserum from herds with low prevalence of infection.

Performances of four ELISA kits in the detection of BLV antibodies in bulk tank milk was studied in 76 non-infected herds and 44 herds with low prevalence of BLV infection. None of the kits gave false positive results. On the other hand, there was an important variation in sensitivity. The kits with the highest sensitivity identified 43% of infected herds, which included 65% of infected cows. When concentrated lactoserum was tested, 59% of infected herds, which included 73% of infected cows, could be identified.

[Bovine leukemia virus antibody levels in the blood and mammary gland secretion in cows in the perinatal period]. / Ksztaltowanie sie miana przeciwcial dla wirusa enzootycznej bialaczki bydla (ebb) w surowicy krwi i wydzielinie gruczoLu mlekowego krów w okresie okoloporodowym.

The titer of BLV-antibodies was estimated in the mammary gland secretion of 18 cows, naturally infected with BLV. Mammary gland secretion samples were collected every week since the 8th week ante partum and every day during the first week post partum. At the same time, blood samples were collected. The examination showed a marked decrease of antibody titer in the blood serum since the 5th week ante partum to the 2nd day post partum. Negative serological results were noticed temporary in the blood serum. The results indicate that serological examination of mammary gland secretion (dry secretion, colostrum) may be helpful because of high concentration of antibodies in the these secretions.