Multiple human papillomavirus infections and HIV seropositivity as risk factors for abnormal cervical cytology among female sex workers in Nairobi.

We estimated type-specific prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and examined risk factors for abnormal cervical cytology among 296 female sex workers from Nairobi, Kenya. Over half (54%) were infected with a high-risk (HR) HPV type, of which HPV16 and 52 were the most common types. HIV-1 prevalence was 23% and HIV-1 sero-positivity was associated with high-grade cervical lesions, particularly among women with CD4 count less than 500 cells/mm(3) (odds ratio [OR] = 6.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7-24.9). Among women who had normal cytology at the time of entry into the study, the risk of having an abnormal Pap smear within one year was significantly elevated for women with multiple HPV types at study entry (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 6.0; 95% CI: 2.3-15.7) and with a subset of HR HPV types (aOR = 4.2; 95% CI: 1.6-11.2). Detection of multiple concurrent HPV infections may be a useful marker to identify women at risk of developing precancerous lesions in populations of high HPV prevalence.

Prevalence and incidence of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia among female sex workers in Korogocho, Kenya.

SETTING: Sex Workers Outreach Programme Clinic, Korogocho, Nairobi, Kenya. OBJECTIVE: In a cohort of sex workers, to determine 1) the prevalence of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) and its association with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection, and 2) the incidence rate of CIN during the 3-year follow-up from December 2009 to December 2012. DESIGN: Prospective nested cohort study. RESULTS: Of the 350 women enrolled, the median age was 29 years (range 18-49); 84 (24%) were HIV-1-infected. At enrollment, 54 (15%) had an abnormal cytology, 39 (11%) had low-grade intra-epithelial lesions (LSIL) and 15 (4%) high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). HIV-1-infected women were 2.7 times (95%CI 1.7-4.4) more likely to have CIN than non-HIV-1-infected women. Among HIV-1-infected women, the prevalence of LSIL and HSIL was 2.5 times (95%CI 1.2-5.1) and seven times (95%CI 2.3-23.3) greater than among non-HIV-infected women. During the follow-up period, 39 (11%) women had incident CIN (6.6/100 person years [py]), with no difference by HIV status, i.e., respectively 7.9/100 py and 6.3/100 py in HIV-1-infected and non-HIV-1-infected women. CONCLUSION: The prevalence and incidence of CIN among HIV-1-infected sex workers was high; early, regular screening and follow-up of this life-threatening condition is therefore recommended.