The role of bioimpedance analysis in overweight and obese patients with acute heart failure: a pilot study.

AIMS: Residual congestion at the time of hospital discharge is an important readmission risk factor, and its detection with physical examination and usual diagnostic techniques have strong limitations in overweight and obese patients. New tools like bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) could help to determine when euvolaemia is reached. The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of BIA in management of heart failure (HF) in overweight and obese patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Our study is a single-centre, single-blind, randomized controlled trial that included 48 overweight and obese patients admitted for acute HF. The study population was randomized into two arms: BIA-guided group and standard care. Serum electrolytes, kidney function, and natriuretic peptides were followed up during their hospital stay and at 90 days after discharge. The primary endpoint was development of severe acute kidney injury (AKI) defined as an increase in serum creatinine by >0.5 mg/dL during hospitalization, and the main secondary endpoint was the reduction of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels during hospitalization and within 90 days after discharge. The BIA-guided group showed a remarkable lower incidence of severe AKI, although no significant differences were found (41.4% vs. 16.7%; P = 0.057). The proportion of patients who achieved levels of NT-proBNP < 1000 pg/mL at 90 days was significantly higher in the BIA-guided group than in the standard group (58.8% vs. 25%; P = 0.049). No differences were observed in the incidence of adverse outcomes at 90 days. CONCLUSIONS: Among overweight and obese patients with HF, BIA reduces NT-proBNP levels at 90 days compared with standard care. In addition, there is a trend towards lower incidence of AKI in the BIA-guided group. Although more studies are required, BIA could be a useful tool in decompensated HF management in overweight and obese patients.

Absence of High Lipoprotein(a) Levels Is an Independent Predictor of Acute Myocardial Infarction without Coronary Lesions.

The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease (MINOCA) are still under debate. Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] has proinflammatory and prothrombotic actions and has been involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, no previous studies have linked Lp(a) levels with the probability of developing MINOCA. Moreover, the relationship between MINOCA and the plasma levels of other proatherogenic and proinflammatory molecules such as Interleukin-18 (IL18) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has not been studied. We conducted a prospective, multicenter study involving 1042 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Seventy-six patients had no significant coronary lesions. All patients underwent plasma analysis on admission. MINOCA patients were younger (57 (47-68) vs. 61 (52-72) years; p = 0.010), more frequently female (44.7% vs. 21.0%; p < 0.001), and had lower rates of diabetes and of Lp(a) > 60 mg/dL (9.2% vs. 19.8%; p = 0.037) than those with coronary lesions; moreover, High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels were higher in MINOCA patients. The absence of Lp(a) > 60 mg/dL and of diabetes were independent predictors of MINOCA, as well as female sex, high HDL-c levels, and younger age. IL-18 and PCSK9 levels were not predictors of MINOCA. During a follow-up of 5.23 (2.89, 7.37) years, the independent predictors of the primary outcome (acute ischemic events or death) in the whole sample were Lp(a) > 60 mg/dL, older age, low estimated Glomerular Filtration rate (eGFR), hypertension, previous heart failure (HF), coronary artery bypass graft, use of insulin, and no therapy with acetylsalicylic acid. In conclusion, in AMI patients, the absence of high Lp(a) levels, as well high HDL-c levels, were independent predictors of the inexistence of coronary artery disease. High Lp (a) levels were also an independent predictor of ischemic events or death.

NT-proBNP Levels Influence the Prognostic Value of Mineral Metabolism Biomarkers in Coronary Artery Disease.

Background. Mineral metabolism (MM) system and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-ProBNP) have been shown to add prognostic value in patients with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD). However, the influence of NT-ProBNP on the prognostic role of MM in patients with SCAD has not been shown yet. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of NT-ProBNP on the prognostic role of MM markers in patients with SCAD. Methods: We analyzed the prognostic value of MM markers (parathormone (PTH), klotho, phosphate, calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), and fibroblast growth factor-23) in 964 patients with SCAD and NT-ProBNP > 125 pg/mL vs. patient with NT-ProBNP ≤ 125 pg/mL included in five hospitals in Spain. The main outcome was the combination of death, heart failure, and ischemic events (any acute coronary syndrome, ischemic stroke, or transient ischemic attack). Results: A total of 622 patients had NT-proBNP > 125 pg/mL and 342 patients had NT-ProBNP ≤ 125 pg/mL. The median follow-up was 5.1 years. In the group of NT-proBNP > 125 pg/mL, the patients were older, and there were more females and smokers than in the group of patients with normal NT-proBNP. Additionally, the proportion of patients with hypertension, atrial fibrillation, ejection fraction < 40%, cerebrovascular attack, or prior coronary artery bypass graft was higher in the high NT-proBNP group. In the high NT-proBNP patients, the predictors of poor prognosis were PTH (HR = 1.06 (1.01−1.10), p < 0.001) and NT-proBNP (HR = 1.02 (1.01−1.03), p = 0.011), along with age (HR = 1.039 (1.02−1.06), p < 0.001), prior coronary artery bypass graft (HR = 1.624 (1.02−2.59), p = 0.041), treatment with statins (HR = 0.32 (0.19−0.53), p < 0.001), insulin (HR = 2.49 (1.59−4.09), p < 0.001), angiotensin receptor blockers (HR = 1.73 (1.16−2.56), p = 0.007), nitrates (HR = 1.65 (1.10−2.45), p = 0.014), and proton pump inhibitors (HR = 2.75 (1.74−4.36), p < 0.001). In the NT-proBNP ≤ 125 pg/mL subgroup, poor prognosis predictors were plasma levels of non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol (HR = 1.01 (1.00−1.02), p = 0.014) and calcidiol (HR = 0.96 (0.92−0.99), p = 0.045), as well as treatment with verapamil (HR = 11.28 (2.54−50.00), p = 0.001), and dihydropyridines (HR = 3.16 (1.63−6.13), p = 0.001). Conclusion: In patients with SCAD and NT-ProBNP > 125 pg/mL, PTH and NT-ProBNP, which are markers related to ventricular damage, are predictors of poor outcome. In the subgroup of patients with NT-ProBNP ≤ 125 pgm/L, calcidiol and non-HDL cholesterol, which are more related to vascular damage, are the independent predictors of poor outcome. Then, in patients with SCAD, baseline NT-ProBNP may influence the type of biomarker that is effective in risk prediction.

Impacto de la función renal en el valor pronóstico del metabolismo mineral en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica crónica / Impact of renal function on the prognostic value of mineral metabolism in patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease

INTRODUCCION: La parathormona (PTH) es un componente del metabolismo mineral (MM) que ha demostrado aportar valor pronóstico en los pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica crónica (CIC) y función renal preservada. Sin embargo, la influencia de la función renal en el papel pronóstico de la PTH en los pacientes con CIC aún no se ha demostrado.ObjetivoEvaluar la influencia del filtrado glomerular renal estimado (FGRe) sobre el papel pronóstico de la PTH y otros marcadores del MM en los pacientes con CIC. MÉTODOS: Analizamos el valor pronóstico de distintos componentes del MM (PTH, klotho, fósforo, calcidiol y factor de crecimiento de fibroblastos-23 [FGF23]) en 964 pacientes con CIC incluidos en 5 hospitales de Madrid en función de si presentaban FGRe <60ml/min/1,73m2 (LFGR) o FGRe≥60ml/min/1,73m2 (HFGR). El objetivo primario fue la combinación de muerte con eventos isquémicos (cualquier síndrome coronario agudo, accidente cerebrovascular isquémico o accidente isquémico transitorio). El FGR se calculó mediante el método Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation (CKD-EPI). RESULTADOS: La edad era de 60,0 (52,0-72,0) años y el 76,2% de los casos eran varones, con una mediana del FGRe de 80,4 (65,3-93,1)ml/min/1,73m2. El seguimiento fue de 5,39 (2,81-6,92) años. Setecientos noventa pacientes presentaron HGFR y 174 LGFR. En pacientes con HFGR, los predictores del endpoint combinado fueron los niveles plasmáticos de calcidiol (HR=0,023 [0,94-0,99], p=0,023); FGF23 (HR=1,00 [1,00-1,003], p=0,036); colesterol no-HDL (HR=1,01 [1,00-1,01], p=0,026) y troponina de alta sensibilidad (HR=5,12 [1,67-15,59], p=0,004), junto con la edad (HR=1,03 [1,01-1,05], p=0,01), el tratamiento con estatinas (HR=0,36 [0,19-0,68], p=0,002); nitratos (HR=1,13 [1,07-2,79], p=0,027); dihidropiridinas (HR=1,71 [1,05-2,77], p=0,032); verapamilo (HR=5,71 [1,35-24,1], p=0,018) e inhibidores de la bomba de protones (HR=2,23 [1,36-3,68], p=0,002). [...]

BACKGROUND: Parathormone (PTH) is a component of the Mineral Metabolism (MM) system that has been shown recently to add prognostic value in pts. with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) and average renal function. However, the influence of renal function on the prognostic role of PTH in pts. with SCAD has not been shown yet.PurposeTo assess the influence of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on the prognostic role of PTH and other MM markers in pts. with SCAD. METHODS: We analyzed the prognostic value of MM markers (PTH, klotho, phosphate, calcidiol [25-hydroxyvitamin D], and fibroblast growth factor-23 [FGF23]) in 964 pts. with SCAD and eGFR<60ml/min/1.73 m2 (LGFR) vs pts. with eGFR≥60ml/min/1.73 m2 (HGFR) included in five hospitals of Madrid. The main outcome was the combination of death with ischemic events (any acute coronary syndrome, ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack). eGFR was calculated by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation (CKD-EPI). RESULTS: Age was 60.0 (52.0-72.0) years, 76.2% of patients were men, and eGFR was 80.4 (65.3-93.1) ml/min/1,73 m2. Median follow-up was 5.39 (2.81-6.92) years. There were 790 pts. with HGFR and 174 with LGFR. In HGFR pts., predictors of ischemic events or death were plasma levels of calcidiol [HR=0.023 (0.94-0.99) p=0.023], FGF23 [HR=1.00 (1.00-1.003) p=0.036], non-HDL cholesterol [HR=1.01 (1.00-1.01) p=0.026] and high sensitivity troponin I [HR=5.12 (1.67-15.59) p=0.004], along with age [HR=1.03 (1.01-1.05) p=0.01], treatment with statins [HR=0.36 (0.19-0.68) p=0.002], nitrates [HR=1.13 (1.07-2.79) p=0.027], dihydropyridines [HR=1.71 (1.05-2.77) p=0.032], verapamil [HR=5.71 (1.35-24.1) p=0.018], and proton-pump inhibitors [HR=2.23 (1.36-3.68) p= 0.002]. [...]

Impact of renal function on the prognostic value of mineral metabolism in patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease. / Impacto de la función renal en el valor pronóstico del metabolismo mineral en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica crónica.

BACKGROUND: Parathormone (PTH) is a component of the Mineral Metabolism (MM) system that has been shown recently to add prognostic value in pts. with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) and average renal function. However, the influence of renal function on the prognostic role of PTH in pts. with SCAD has not been shown yet. PURPOSE: To assess the influence of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on the prognostic role of PTH and other MM markers in pts. with SCAD. METHODS: We analyzed the prognostic value of MM markers (PTH, klotho, phosphate, calcidiol [25-hydroxyvitamin D], and fibroblast growth factor-23 [FGF23]) in 964 pts. with SCAD and eGFR<60ml/min/1.73 m2 (LGFR) vs pts. with eGFR≥60ml/min/1.73 m2 (HGFR) included in five hospitals of Madrid. The main outcome was the combination of death with ischemic events (any acute coronary syndrome, ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack). eGFR was calculated by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation (CKD-EPI). RESULTS: Age was 60.0 (52.0-72.0) years, 76.2% of patients were men, and eGFR was 80.4 (65.3-93.1) ml/min/1,73 m2. Median follow-up was 5.39 (2.81-6.92) years. There were 790 pts. with HGFR and 174 with LGFR. In HGFR pts., predictors of ischemic events or death were plasma levels of calcidiol [HR=0.023 (0.94-0.99) p=0.023], FGF23 [HR=1.00 (1.00-1.003) p=0.036], non-HDL cholesterol [HR=1.01 (1.00-1.01) p=0.026] and high sensitivity troponin I [HR=5.12 (1.67-15.59) p=0.004], along with age [HR=1.03 (1.01-1.05) p=0.01], treatment with statins [HR=0.36 (0.19-0.68) p=0.002], nitrates [HR=1.13 (1.07-2.79) p=0.027], dihydropyridines [HR=1.71 (1.05-2.77) p=0.032], verapamil [HR=5.71 (1.35-24.1) p=0.018], and proton-pump inhibitors [HR=2.23 (1.36-3.68) p= 0.002]. In the LGFR subgroup, predictors of death or ischemic events were PTH plasma levels, [HR=1.01 (1.00-1.01) p=0.005], eGFR [HR=0.96 (0.94-0.99) p=0.004], age [HR=1.06 (1.02-1.10) p=0.003], caucasian race [HR=0.04 (0.004-0.380) p=0.005], and treatment with insulin [HR=2.6 (1.20-5.63) p=0.015]. CONCLUSIONS: In pts. with SCAD, PTH is an independent predictor of poor outcomes only in those with eGFR<60ml/min/1.73 m2, while in pts. with eGFR≥60ml/min/1.73 m2 calcidiol and FGF23 become the only components of MM that may predict prognosis. Then, renal function influences the predictive power of MM markers in pts. with SCAD.

N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Plasma Levels Are Associated with Intermediate-Term Follow-Up Cancer in Coronary Patients.

N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) plasma levels are increased in patients with cancer. In this paper, we test whether NT-proBNP may identify patients who are going to receive a future cancer diagnosis (CD) in the intermediate-term follow-up. We studied 962 patients with stable coronary artery disease and free of cancer and heart failure at baseline. This sample represents a re-analysis of a previous work expanding the sample size and the follow-up. NT-proBNP, galectin-3, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hsTnI), and calcidiol (vitamin D) plasma levels were assessed. The primary outcome was new CD. After 5.40 (2.81-6.94) years of follow-up, 59 patients received a CD. NT-proBNP [HR 1.036 CI (1.015-1.056) per increase in 100 pg/mL; p = 0.001], previous atrial fibrillation (HR 3.140 CI (1.196-8.243); p = 0.020), and absence of previous heart failure (HR 0.067 CI (0.006-0.802); p = 0.033) were independent predictors of receiving a CD in the first three years of follow-up. None of the variables analyzed predicted a CD beyond this time. The number of patients developing heart failure during follow-up was 0 (0.0%) in patients receiving CD in the first three years of follow-up, 2 (6.9%) in those receiving a CD diagnosis beyond this time, and 40 (4.4%) in patients not developing cancer (p = 0.216). These numbers suggest that future heart failure was not a confounding factor. In patients with coronary artery disease, NT-proBNP was an independent predictor of CD in the first three years of follow-up but not later, suggesting that it could be detecting subclinical undiagnosed cancers.

Parathormone levels add prognostic ability to N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in stable coronary patients.

AIMS: There are controversial data on the ability of the components of mineral metabolism (vitamin D, phosphate, parathormone [PTH], fibroblast growth factor-23 [FGF23], and klotho) to predict cardiovascular events. In addition, it is unknown whether they add any prognostic value to other well-known biomarkers. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 969 stable coronary patients, we determined plasma levels of all the aforementioned components of mineral metabolism with a complete set of clinical and biochemical variables, including N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high-sensitivity troponin I (hs-TnI), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Secondary outcomes were ischaemic events (any acute coronary syndrome, stroke, or transient ischaemic attack) and heart failure or death. The primary outcome was a composite of the secondary outcomes. Median follow-up was 5.39 years. Age was 60 (52-72) years. Median glomerular filtration rate was 80.4 (65.3-93.1) mL/min/1.73 m2 . One-hundred and eighty-five patients developed the primary outcome. FGF23, PTH, hs-TnI, and NT-proBNP were directly related with the primary outcome on univariate Cox analysis, while Klotho and calcidiol were inversely related. On multivariate analysis, only PTH (HR 1.058 [CI 1.021-1.097]; P = 0.002) and NT-proBNP (HR 1.020 [CI 1.012-1.028]; P < 0.001) were independent predictors of the primary outcome but also for the secondary outcome of heart failure or death (HR 1.066 [CI 1.016-1.119]; P = 0.009 and HR 1.024 [CI 1.014-1.034]; P < 0.001, respectively). PTH was the only biomarker that predicted ischaemic events (HR 1.052 [1.010-1.096]; P = 0.016). Patients were divided in two subgroups according to FGF23 plasma levels. PTH retained its prognostic value only in patients with FGF23 levels above the median (>85.5 RU/mL) (P < 0.001) but not in patients with low FGF23 levels (P = 0.551). There was a significant interaction between FGF23 and PTH (P = 0.002). However, there was no significant interaction between PTH and both klotho and calcidiol levels. CONCLUSIONS: Parathormone is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in coronary patients, adding complimentary prognostic information to NT-proBNP plasma levels. This predictive value is restricted to patients with high FGF23 plasma levels. This should be considered in the design of future studies in this field.

MCP-1 Predicts Recurrent Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Persistent Inflammation.

Clinical data indicate that patients with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels higher than 2 mg per liter suffer from persistent inflammation, which is associated with high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We determined whether a panel of biomarkers associated with CVD could predict recurrent events in patients with low or persistent inflammation and coronary artery disease (CAD). We followed 917 patients with CAD (median 4.59 ± 2.39 years), assessing CRP, galectin-3, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), N-terminal fragment of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and troponin-I plasma levels. The primary outcome was the combination of cardiovascular events (acute coronary syndrome, stroke or transient ischemic event, heart failure or death). Patients with persistent inflammation (n = 343) showed higher NT-proBNP and MCP-1 plasma levels compared to patients with CRP < 2 mg/L. Neither MCP-1 nor NT-proBNP was associated with primary outcome in patients with CRP < 2 mg/L. However, NT-proBNP and MCP-1 plasma levels were associated with increased risk of the primary outcome in patients with persistent inflammation. When patients were divided by type of event, MCP-1 was associated with an increased risk of acute ischemic events. A significant interaction between MCP-1 and persistent inflammation was found (synergy index: 6.17 (4.39-7.95)). In conclusion, MCP-1 plasma concentration is associated with recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with persistent inflammation.

Prognostic value of initial QRS analysis in anterior STEMI: Correlation with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, serum biomarkers, and cardiac outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The presence of pathologic Q waves on admission electrocardiogram (ECG) in patients with anterior ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been related to adverse cardiac outcomes. Our study evaluates the prognostic value of QRS complex and Q waves in patients with STEMI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed the specific characteristics of QRS complex and pathologic Q waves on admission and on discharge ECG in 144 patients hospitalized for anterior STEMI. We correlated these findings with the development of left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD), appearance of heart failure (HF) or death during follow-up, and levels of several biomarkers obtained 6 months after the index event. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that QRS width (odds ratios [OR] 1.05, p = .001) on admission ECG and the sum of Q-wave depth (OR 1.06, p = .002) on discharge ECG were independent predictors of LVSD development. Moreover, QRS width on admission ECG was related to an increased risk of HF or death (OR 1.03, p = .026). Regarding biomarkers, QRS width on admission ECG revealed a statistically significant relationship with the levels of NT-pro-BNP at 6 months (0.29, p = .004); the sum of Q-wave depth (0.27, p = .012) and width (0.25, p = .021) on admission ECG was related to the higher levels of hs-cTnI; the sum of the voltages in precordial leads both on admission ECG (-0.26, p = .011) and discharge ECG (0.24, p = .046) was related to the lower levels of parathormone. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of QRS complex width and pathologic Q waves on admission and discharge ECGs aids in predicting long-term prognosis in patients with STEMI.

PCSK9 and HS-CRP Predict Progression of Aortic Stenosis in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease.

It is essential to study the factors associated with the evolution of aortic stenosis progression (ASP) to develop therapies that could reduce it. We studied 283 patients 6 months after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). ASP was defined as an increase in the maximum aortic velocity of at least 0.5 m/s between the echocardiogram performed during ACS hospitalization and the last one recorded in the electronic medical registry. The median follow-up was 72.4 months. Twenty patients (7%) had ASP. A multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed showing that PCSK9 plasma levels (OR, 0.668 CI (0.457-0.977); p = 0.038), HS-CRP (OR, 1.034 CI (1.005-1.063); p = 0.022), the presence of dyslipidemia (OR, 4.622 CI (1.285-16.618); p = 0.019), the history of PAD (OR, 9.453 CI (1.703-52.452); p = 0.010), and GFR (OR, 0.962 CI (0.939-0.986); p = 0.002) were independent predicting factors of ASP. In patients with ischemic heart disease, low plasma levels of PCSK9 and elevated levels of HS-CRP are independent predictors of ASP.

Anticuerpos monoclonales inhibidores de la proproteína convertasa subtilisina/kexina tipo 9: nuevas evidencias / Monoclonal antibody inhibitors of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9: an update

Los anticuerpos monoclonales proproteína convertasa subtilisina/kexina tipo 9 mejoran el reciclaje de los receptores de lipoproteínas de baja densidad, y reducen la concentración plasmática de estas lipoproteínas alrededor de un 50-60%. Además, reducen la concentración de lipoproteína (a) y aumentan la de lipoproteínas de alta densidad, entre otros beneficios en el metabolismo lipídico. En clínica, estos medicamentos disminuyen la incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares en pacientes con ateroesclerosis crônica y después de un sindrome coronario agudo reciente. Además, en esta poblaciôn, el uso de alirocumab se ha asociado con una menor mortalidad total. Los pacientes que obtienen mayor beneficio clínico son aquellos con ateroesclerosis extensa, diabetes o concentraciones de lipoproteínas de baja densidad ≥ 100 mg/dl. En general estos medicamentos son seguros y parecen ser una excelente herramienta adicional para tratar la dislipemia. Ahora, es nuestra tarea implementar su uso para pacientes con trastornos cardiovasculares para mejorar su pronóstico

Monoclonal antibodies that target proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) increase recycling of low-density lipoprotein receptors, and reduce plasma levels of these lipoproteins by 50-60%. Moreover, these agents also decrease lipoprotein(a) levels and increase high-density lipoprotein levels, as well as having other beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. clínically, these drugs decrease the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic atherosclerosis and in those who have recently experienced acute coronary syndrome. Furthermore, in these patients, the use of alirocumab has been associated with lower overall mortality. Patients with extensive atherosclerosis, diabetic patients and those with a low-density lipoprotein level >100 mg/dL achieve the greatest clínical benefits. In general, these drugs are safe and appear to offer an excellent additional tool for treating dyslipidemia. Today, the challenge is to promote the use of these agents in patients with cardiovascular disorders in order to improve their prognosis

Relationship between different doses of beta-blockers and prognosis in elderly patients with reduced ejection fraction.

BACKGROUND: Beta-blockers (BBs) remain underused in elderly patients with reduced ejection fraction (REF). Our aim was to determine the prognostic impact of different doses of BB in this setting. METHODS AND RESULTS: A single-center observational study was conducted. Inclusion criteria were age≥75 and EF≤0.35. Six months after diagnosis, patients were divided into 3 groups depending on BB dose: no BB (NBB), low dose (<50% of the target dose) (LD), and high dose (≥50%) (HD). Two different analytical approaches were employed: multivariate Cox model and propensity-score (PS) matching. Outcomes were all-cause death and heart failure (HF) admission. We included 559 patients (134 NBB, 259 LD, and 166 HD) with median follow-up of 29.9months. There were 212 deaths (NBB: 70 (52.2%); LD: 94 (36.3%); and HD: 48 (28.9%)) and 171 HF admissions (NBB: 42 (31.3%); LD: 85 (32.8%); and HD: 44 (26.5%)). On multivariate analysis, both LD and HD were associated with improved survival, with no differences between them (HD vs. NBB=0.67, 95% CI=[0.46-0.98], p=0.037; HD vs. LD=1.03, 95% CI=[0.72-1.46], p=0.894; and LD vs. NBB=0.65, 95% CI=[0.48-0.90], p=0.009). However, BB therapy failed to show benefits in HF admissions (p=NS, for each comparison). PS-matched analysis included 198 patients, with similar results to those mentioned above. CONCLUSIONS: BB therapy was associated with a significant reduction in mortality among elderly patients with REF, regardless of dose. Nevertheless, it was not associated with a decrease in HF admissions. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal BB dose in these patients.