RESUMEN
Herein we describe the discovery of IDX21437 35b, a novel RPd-aminoacid-based phosphoramidate prodrug of 2'-α-chloro-2'-ß-C-methyluridine monophosphate. Its corresponding triphosphate 6 is a potent inhibitor of the HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Despite showing very weak activity in the in vitro Huh-7 cell based HCV replicon assay, 35b demonstrated high levels of active triphosphate 6 in mouse liver and human hepatocytes. A biochemical study revealed that the metabolism of 35b was mainly attributed to carboxyesterase 1 (CES1), an enzyme which is underexpressed in HCV Huh-7-derived replicon cells. Furthermore, due to its metabolic activation, 35b was efficiently processed in liver cells compared to other cell types, including human cardiomyocytes. The selected RP diastereoisomeric configuration of 35b was assigned by X-ray structural determination. 35b is currently in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of HCV infection.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/farmacología , ARN Polimerasas Dirigidas por ADN/antagonistas & inhibidores , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Hepacivirus/efectos de los fármacos , Uridina Monofosfato/análogos & derivados , Uridina/farmacología , Animales , Antivirales/síntesis química , Antivirales/química , ARN Polimerasas Dirigidas por ADN/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Hepacivirus/enzimología , Hepatocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Hepatocitos/virología , Humanos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/virología , Ratones , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Estructura Molecular , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Uridina/síntesis química , Uridina/química , Uridina Monofosfato/síntesis química , Uridina Monofosfato/química , Uridina Monofosfato/farmacología , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/metabolismoRESUMEN
The synthesis of 2'-O,4'-C-methylene-bridged bicyclic guanine ribonucleosides bearing 2'-C-methyl or 5'-C-methyl modifications is described. Key to the successful installation of the methyl functionality in both cases was the use of a one-pot oxidation-Grignard procedure to avoid formation of the respective unreactive hydrates prior to alkylation. The 2'-C-methyl- and 5'-C-methyl-modified bicyclic guanosines were evaluated, along with the known uracil-, cytosine-, adenine-, guanine-LNA and guanine-ENA nucleosides, as potential antiviral agents and found to be inactive in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) cell-based replicon assay. Examination of the corresponding nucleoside triphosphates, however, against the purified HCV NS5B polymerase indicated that LNA-G and 2'-C-methyl-LNA-G are potent inhibitors of both 1b wild type and S282T mutant enzymes in vitro. Activity was further demonstrated for the LNA-G-triphosphate against HCV NS5B polymerase genotypes 1a, 2a, 3a and 4a. A phosphorylation by-pass prodrug strategy may be required to promote anti-HCV activity in the replicon assay.
Asunto(s)
Hepacivirus/enzimología , Inhibidores de la Síntesis del Ácido Nucleico/síntesis química , Inhibidores de la Síntesis del Ácido Nucleico/farmacología , Ribonucleósidos/síntesis química , Ribonucleósidos/farmacología , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/metabolismo , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Hepacivirus/efectos de los fármacos , Estructura Molecular , Ribonucleósidos/químicaRESUMEN
In this paper we describe our structure-based ligand design, synthetic strategy, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies that led to the identification of thiocarbamates (TCs), a novel class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), isosteres of phenethylthiazolylthiourea (PETT) derivatives. Assuming as a lead compound O-[2-(phthalimido)ethyl]phenylthiocarbamate 12, one of the precursors of the previously described acylthiocarbamates (Ranise, A.; et al. J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 768-781), two targeted solution-phase TC libraries were prepared by parallel synthesis. The lead optimization strategy led to para-substituted TCs 31, 33, 34, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, and 50, which were active against wild-type HIV-1 in MT-4-based assays at nanomolar concentrations (EC50 range: 0.04-0.01 microM). The most potent congener 50 (EC50 = 0.01 microM) bears a methyl group at position 4 of the phthalimide moiety and a nitro group at the para position of the N-phenyl ring. Most of the TCs showed good selectivity indices, since no cytotoxic effect was detected at concentrations as high as 100 microM. TCs 31, 37, 39, 40, and 44 significantly reduced the multiplication of the Y181C mutant, but they were inactive against K103R and K103N + Y181C mutants. Nevertheless, the fold increase in resistance of 41 was not greater than that of efavirenz against the K103R mutant in enzyme assays. The docking model predictions were consistent with in vitro biological assays of the anti-HIV-1 activity of the TCs and related compounds synthesized.
Asunto(s)
Fármacos Anti-VIH/síntesis química , Transcriptasa Inversa del VIH/metabolismo , Feniltiazoliltiourea/análogos & derivados , Feniltiazoliltiourea/síntesis química , Inhibidores de la Transcriptasa Inversa/síntesis química , Tiocarbamatos/síntesis química , Fármacos Anti-VIH/química , Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacología , Técnicas Químicas Combinatorias , Farmacorresistencia Viral , Transcriptasa Inversa del VIH/genética , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , VIH-1/enzimología , VIH-1/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Mutación , Feniltiazoliltiourea/química , Feniltiazoliltiourea/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Transcriptasa Inversa/química , Inhibidores de la Transcriptasa Inversa/farmacología , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Tiocarbamatos/química , Tiocarbamatos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) active against NNRTI-resistant mutants were obtained by introducing two methyl groups at positions 3 and 5 of the benzenesulfonyl moiety of L-737,126 (1) and coupling one to three glycinamide/alaninamide units to its carboxyamide function. In cell-based assays, the new derivatives showed activities against HIV-1 wild type and NNRTI-resistant mutants [Y181C, K103N-Y181C, and triple mutant (K103R, V179D, P225H) highly resistant to efavirenz] superior to that of the parent indole derivative 1.
Asunto(s)
Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacología , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , Indoles/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Transcriptasa Inversa/farmacología , Sulfonas/farmacología , Fármacos Anti-VIH/síntesis química , Línea Celular , Farmacorresistencia Viral , VIH-1/genética , Humanos , Indoles/síntesis química , Indoles/toxicidad , Mutación , Inhibidores de la Transcriptasa Inversa/química , Inhibidores de la Transcriptasa Inversa/toxicidad , Sulfonas/síntesis química , Sulfonas/toxicidadRESUMEN
A series of 6-aryl-2,4-dioxo-5-hexenoic acids, were synthesized and tested against HIV-1 in cell-based assays and against recombinant HIV-1 integrase (rIN) in enzyme assays. Compound 8a showed potent antiretroviral activity (EC(50)=1.5 microM) and significant inhibition against rIN (strand transfer: IC(50)=7.9 microM; 3'-processing: IC(50)=7.0 microM). A preliminary molecular modeling study was carried out to compare the spatial conformation of 8a with those of L-731988 (4) and 5CITEP (7) in the IN core.
Asunto(s)
Fármacos Anti-VIH/química , Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacología , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/química , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/farmacología , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , VIH-1/enzimología , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/fisiología , VIH-1/fisiologíaRESUMEN
A SAR study has been performed in order to evaluate how much the ester function could be a determinant for the anti-human immunodeficiency virus type-1 activity of pyrryl aryl sulfones (PASs), a potent family of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors discovered in the last years. Twenty-three new esters were prepared with the aim to enhance the inhibitory potency of 4a and 4c, two PAS agents endowed with good activity (EC50 = 0.14 microM) and deprived of cytotoxicity up to >200 microM. None of test derivatives was as potent as 4a and 4c and lacked of selectivity due to their higher cytotoxicity (compounds 22-25). Antiviral activity correlate with an ester ramified chain.
Asunto(s)
Fármacos Anti-VIH/síntesis química , Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacología , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , Sulfonas/síntesis química , Sulfonas/farmacología , Amidas/síntesis química , Amidas/farmacología , Cromatografía en Capa Delgada , Ésteres/síntesis química , Ésteres/farmacología , Humanos , Indicadores y Reactivos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Pirroles/síntesis química , Pirroles/química , Pirroles/farmacología , Espectrofotometría Infrarroja , Espectrofotometría Ultravioleta , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
A number of 2,6-bisbenzylidenecyclohexane-1-one derivatives have been synthesized and tested as HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors with the aim of obtaining compounds capable to elicit antiviral activity at non-cytotoxic concentrations in cell-based assays. 3,5-Bis(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzylidene)-4-oxocyclohexaneacetic acid (20d) resulted one of the most potent and selective derivatives in acutely infected MT-4 cells (EC(50) and CC(50) values of 2 and 40 microM, respectively). In enzyme assays with recombinant HIV-1 integrase (rIN), this compound proved able to inhibit both 3'-processing and disintegration with IC(50) values of 0.2 and 0.5 microM, respectively. In order to develop a model capable to predict the anti HIV-IN activity and useful to design novel derivatives, we performed a comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) like 3-D-QSAR. In our model the ligands were described quantitatively in the GRID program, and the model was optimized by selecting only the most informative variables in the GOLPE program. We found the predictive ability of the model to increase significantly when the number of variables was reduced from 20,925 to 1327. A Q(2) of 0.73 was obtained with the final model, confirming the predictive ability of the model. By studying the PLS coefficients in informative 3-D contour plots, ideas for the synthesis of new compounds could be generated.
Asunto(s)
Ciclohexanonas/farmacología , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/farmacología , Integrasa de VIH , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Anti-VIH/química , Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ciclohexanonas/química , Integrasa de VIH/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/química , VIH-1/enzimología , VIH-1/crecimiento & desarrollo , HumanosRESUMEN
A new series of 30 3-aryl-2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)acrylonitriles were synthesized and tested for biological activity as part of our research in the antimicrobial and antitumor fields. In particular, title compounds were evaluated in vitro against representative strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (S. aureus, Salmonella spp), mycobacteria (M. fortuitum, M. smegmatis ATCC 19420 and M. tuberculosis ATCC 27294), yeast and mould (C. albicans ATCC 10231 and A. fumigatus). Furthermore, their antiretroviral activity against HIV-1 was determined in MT-4 cells together with cytotoxicity. In these assays title compounds and 47 additional derivatives described previously (P. Sanna, A. Carta, M.E. Rahbar Nikookar, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 35 (2000) 535-543; P. Sanna, A. Carta, L. Gherardini, M.E. Rahbar Nikookar, Farmaco 57 (2002) 79-87) were tested for their capability to prevent MT-4 cell growth. All compounds resulted devoid of antibacterial, antifungal and anti-HIV-1 activity. In anti-mycobacterial assays several compounds resulted active (MIC(50)=6.0-70 microM) against M. tuberculosis. However, since they showed cytotoxicity against MT-4 cells at lower concentrations (CC(50)=0.05-25 microM), their anti-mycobacterial activity was not selective. For this reason, the most cytotoxic compounds were also evaluated for antiproliferative activity against a panel of human cell lines derived from both hematological and solid tumors. Compound 34 resulted the most potent compound against the above human tumor-derived cell lines.