Ocular Tuberculosis Diagnosis Through Biomarkers: Clinical Relevance of Serum C1q and Whole Blood Interferon Gene Signature Score.

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical relevance of pathophysiology-based biomarkers, specifically serum C1q and whole blood interferon gene signature score (IGSS), in ocular tuberculosis (OTB) diagnosis by conducting an integrative analysis of clinical presentations and treatment response. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study analysed data from 70 patients with suspected OTB at a tertiary care uveitis practice in Indonesia. Serum C1q levels and whole blood IGSS were quantified. Patients were categorized into four quadrants based on their biomarker profiles: quadrant 1 (high C1q & low IGSS), quadrant 2 (high C1q & high IGSS), quadrant 3 (low C1q & high IGSS), and quadrant 4 (low C1q & low IGSS). Characteristics of clinical presentations, work-up results, and treatment outcomes were explored according to the predefined quadrants. RESULTS: We identified that the majority of OTB patients diagnosed with concurrent active pulmonary TB were in quadrant 1, 2, or 3 (20/23, 87.0%). Twenty-seven patients (27/47, 57.4%) with clinically undifferentiated uveitis were in quadrant 4 (p < 0.001). Among patients in quadrants 1, 2, and 3, completion of a full course of antitubercular treatment (ATT) was associated with a lower number of patients showing persistence or recurrence of ocular inflammation compared to those who were not fully treated with ATT (14.3% vs 85.7%, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the analysis of clinical features and treatment outcomes, patients with elevated levels of either or both serum C1q and whole blood IGSS may reflect active TB disease in the eye, necessitating full ATT management.

Clinical Features and Predictors of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Ocular Tuberculosis from the Netherlands and Indonesia: The OculaR TB in Low versus High Endemic Countries (ORTEC) Study.

PURPOSE: To describe and compare clinical features, treatment approaches, and treatment outcomes of ocular tuberculosis (OTB) patients in the Netherlands, a low tuberculosis (TB)-endemic country, and Indonesia, a high TB-endemic country. We also aimed to identify predictors of treatment outcomes. METHODS: A medical chart review of 339 OTB patients (n = 93 from the Netherlands and n = 246 from Indonesia) was performed. The primary outcome was response to treatment, whether with or without anti-tubercular treatment, after six months of treatment initiation (good versus poor responders). RESULTS: Indonesian OTB patients displayed a higher prevalence of chest radiograph findings indicative of TB infection (p < 0.001) and concurrent active systemic TB (p = 0.011). Indonesian cohort exhibited a more acute and severe disease profile, including uveitis duration ≤ 3 months (p < 0.001), blindness (p < 0.001), anterior chamber (AC) cells ≥ 2+ (p < 0.001), and posterior synechiae (p < 0.001). Overall proportions of good responders to treatment were 67.6% in the Netherlands and 71.5% in Indonesia. Presence of AC cell ≥ 2+ (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.12, 95% CI: 1.09-4.14), choroidal lesions other than serpiginous-like choroiditis (SLC) or tuberculoma (aOR: 4.47, 95% CI: 1.18-16.90), and retinal vasculitis (aOR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.10-4.90) at baseline were predictors for poor response to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a more severe initial clinical presentation in the Indonesian cohort, the overall treatment outcomes of OTB was comparable in both cohorts. Three baseline clinical features were identified as predictors of treatment outcomes.

Red filter meibography by smartphones in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction: a validity and reliability study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine the validity and reliability of the red filter meibography by smartphone compared with infrared in assessing meibomian gland drop-out. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: An analytical cross-sectional study was done with a total of 35 subjects (68 eyes) with suspected MGD based on symptoms and lid morphological abnormalities. Meibomian glands were photographed using two smartphones (Samsung S9 and iPhone XR) on a slit-lamp with added red filter. Images were assessed subjectively using meiboscore by the two raters and drop-out percentages were assessed by ImageJ. RESULTS: There was no agreement in meiboscore and a minimal level of agreement in drop-out percentages between red filter meibography and infrared. Inter-rater reliability showed no agreement between two raters. Intra-rater reliability demonstrated weak agreement in rater 1 and no agreement in rater 2. CONCLUSION: Validity of the red filter meibography technique by smartphones is not yet satisfactory in evaluating drop-out. Further improvement on qualities of images must be done and research on subjective assessment was deemed necessary due to poor results of intrarater and inter-rater reliability.

Dry eye symptoms are prevalent in moderate-severe COVID-19, while SARS-COV-2 presence is higher in mild COVID-19: Possible ocular transmission risk of COVID-19.

Purpose: To evaluate the correlation between dry eye symptoms and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and to assess the real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT‒PCR) of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) from the conjunctival swab. Methods: A prospective observational case series study was conducted of all suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients from Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and the Universitas Indonesia Hospital (RSUI). On the first day of the visit (day 0), systemic clinical symptoms and naso-oropharyngeal (NO) RT‒PCR results will classify all subjects as non-, suspected, or confirmed (mild, moderate, and severe) COVID-19. In all patients, we determined the dry eye symptoms based on the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and followed up 7(day 7) and 14 days (day 14) after the first visit. When it was technically possible, we also examined the objective dry eye measurements: tear meniscus height (TMH), noninvasive Keratograph® break-up time (NIKBUT), and ocular redness. Additionally, we took conjunctival swab samples for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in all patients. Results: The OSDI scores for 157 patients decreased across days 0, 7, and 14 (median (interquartile range): 2.3 (0-8), 0 (0-3), and 0 (0-0), p value < 0.0001 (D0 vs D14). The moderate-severe COVID-19 group had a higher OSDI score than the other groups at median D0 (15.6 vs 0-2.3), p value < 0.0001 and this pattern was consistently seen at follow-up D7 and D14. However, dry eye complaints were not correlated with the three objective dry eye measurements in mild-moderate COVID-19 patients. NO RT‒PCR results were positive in 32 (20.4%) patients, namely, 13 and 19 moderate-severe and mild COVID-19 patients, respectively. Positive RT‒PCR results were observed in 7/157 (4.5%) conjunctival swab samples from 1 in non-COVID-19 group and 6 in mild group. Conclusion: In the early phase of infection, COVID-19 patients experience dry eye symptoms, which have no correlation with objective dry eye measurements. SARS-CoV-2 in conjunctival swab samples can be detected in patients with normal-to-mild COVID-19, which shows the risk of ocular transmission.

Relapse in ocular tuberculosis: relapse rate, risk factors and clinical management in a non-endemic country.

AIMS: To assess the risk of uveitis relapse in ocular tuberculosis (OTB) following clinical inactivity, to analyse clinical factors associated with relapses and to describe the management strategies for relapses. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on a 10-year patient registry of patients with OTB diagnosed at Erasmus MC in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Time-to-relapse of uveitis was evaluated with Kaplan-Meier curve and risk factors for relapses were analysed. RESULTS: 93 OTB cases were identified, of which 75 patients achieved clinical inactivity following treatment. The median time to achieve uveitis inactivity was 3.97 months. During a median follow-up of 20.7 months (Q1-Q3: 5.2-81.2) after clinical inactivity, uveitis relapse occurred in 25 of these 75 patients (33.3%). Patients who were considered poor treatment responders for their initial uveitis episode had a significantly higher risk of relapse after achieving clinical inactivity than good responders (adjusted HR=3.84, 95% CI: 1.28 to 11.51). 13 of the 25 relapsed patients experienced multiple uveitis relapse episodes, accounting for 78 eye-relapse episodes during the entire observation period. Over half (46 out of 78, 59.0%) of these episodes were anterior uveitis. A significant number of uveitis relapse episodes (31 episodes, 39.7%) were effectively managed with topical corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that approximately one-third of patients with OTB will experience relapse after achieving clinical inactivity. The initial disease course and poor response to treatment predict the likelihood of relapse in the long-term follow-up. Topical corticosteroids were particularly effective in relapse presenting as anterior uveitis.

The Infectious Uveitis Treatment Algorithm Network (TITAN) Report 1-global current practice patterns for the management of Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella Zoster Virus anterior uveitis.

AIMS: To present current expert practice patterns and to formulate a consensus for the management of HSV and VZV AU by uveitis specialists worldwide. METHODS: A two-round online modified Delphi survey with masking of the study team was conducted. Responses were collected from 76 international uveitis experts from 21 countries. Current practices in the diagnosis and treatment of HSV and VZV AU were identified. A working group (The Infectious Uveitis Treatment Algorithm Network [TITAN]) developed data into consensus guidelines. Consensus is defined as a particular response towards a specific question meeting ≥75% of agreement or IQR ≤ 1 when a Likert scale is used. RESULTS: Unilaterality, increased intraocular pressure (IOP), decreased corneal sensation and diffuse or sectoral iris atrophy are quite specific for HSV or VZV AU from consensus opinion. Sectoral iris atrophy is characteristic of HSV AU. Treatment initiation is highly variable, but most experts preferred valacyclovir owing to simpler dosing. Topical corticosteroids and beta-blockers should be used if necessary. Resolution of inflammation and normalisation of IOP are clinical endpoints. CONCLUSIONS: Consensus was reached on several aspects of diagnosis, choice of initial treatment, and treatment endpoints for HSV and VZV AU. Treatment duration and management of recurrences varied between experts.

The Infectious Uveitis Treatment Algorithm Network (TITAN) Report 2-global current practice patterns for the management of Cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis.

AIMS: To present current practice patterns in the diagnosis and management of Cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis (CMV AU) by uveitis experts worldwide. METHODS: A two-round modified Delphi survey with masking of the study team was performed. Based on experience and expertise, 100 international uveitis specialists from 21 countries were invited to participate in the survey. Variation in the diagnostic approaches and preferred management of CMV AU was captured using an online survey platform. RESULTS: Seventy-five experts completed both surveys. Fifty-five of the 75 experts (73.3%) would always perform diagnostic aqueous tap in suspected CMV AU cases. Consensus was achieved for starting topical antiviral treatment (85% of experts). About half of the experts (48%) would only commence systemic antiviral treatment for severe, prolonged, or atypical presentation. The preferred specific route was ganciclovir gel 0.15% for topical treatment (selected by 70% of experts) and oral valganciclovir for systemic treatment (78% of experts). The majority of experts (77%) would commence treatment with topical corticosteroid four times daily for one to two weeks along with antiviral coverage, with subsequent adjustment depending on the clinical response. Prednisolone acetate 1% was the drug of choice (opted by 70% of experts). Long-term maintenance treatment (up to 12 months) can be considered for chronic course of inflammation (88% of experts) and those with at least 2 episodes of CMV AU within a year (75-88% of experts). CONCLUSIONS: Preferred management practices for CMV AU vary widely. Further research is necessary to refine diagnosis and management and provide higher-level evidence.

Antiviral treatment for acute retinal necrosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Acute retinal necrosis is a progressive intraocular inflammatory syndrome characterized by diffuse necrotizing retinitis that can lead to a poor visual outcome, mainly from retinal detachment. The antiviral treatment approach for acute retinal necrosis varies as there are no established guidelines. We summarize the outcomes of acute retinal necrosis with available antiviral treatments. Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar for interventional and observational studies. Meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the pooled proportion of the predefined selected outcomes. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022320987). Thirty-four studies with a total of 963 participants and 1,090 eyes were included in the final analysis. The estimated varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus polymerase chain reaction-positive cases were 63% (95% CI: 55-71%) and 35% (95% CI: 28-42%), respectively. The 3 main antiviral treatment approaches identified were oral antivirals alone, intravenous antivirals alone, and a combination of systemic (oral or intravenous) and intravitreal antivirals. The overall pooled estimated proportions of visual acuity improvement, recurrence, and retinal detachment were 37% (95% CI: 27-47%), 14% (95% CI: 8-21%), and 43% (95% CI: 38-50%), respectively. Patients treated with systemic and intravitreal antivirals showed a trend towards better visual outcomes than those treated with systemic antivirals (oral or intravenous) alone, even though this analysis was not statistically significant (test for subgroup differences P = 0.83).

Viral Anterior Uveitis: A Practical and Comprehensive Review of Diagnosis and Treatment.

Anterior uveitis is the most common type of uveitis worldwide. The etiologies of anterior uveitis can be divided into infectious and non-infectious (idiopathic, autoimmune, autoinflammatory, trauma, and others). The viral pathogens most commonly associated with infectious anterior uveitis include Herpes Simplex Virus, Varicella-Zoster Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Rubella Virus. Other emerging causes of viral anterior uveitis are West Nile Virus, Human-Immunodeficiency Virus, Epstein-Barr Virus, Parechovirus, Dengue Virus, Chikungunya Virus, and Human Herpesvirus type 6,7, and 8. Early recognition allows prompt management and mitigates its potential ocular complications. This article provides an updated literature review of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, and treatment options for viral anterior uveitis.

The immune response in tubercular uveitis and its implications for treatment: From anti-tubercular treatment to host-directed therapies.

Tubercular uveitis (TB-uveitis) remains a conundrum in the uveitis field, which is mainly related to the diverse clinical phenotypes of TB-uveitis. Moreover, it remains difficult to differentiate whether Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is present in the ocular tissues, elicits a heightened immune response without Mtb invasion in ocular tissues, or even induces an anti-retinal autoimmune response. Gaps in the immuno-pathological knowledge of TB-uveitis likely delay timely diagnosis and appropriate management. In the last decade, the immunopathophysiology of TB-uveitis and its clinical management, including experts' consensus to treat or not to treat certain conditions with anti-tubercular treatment (ATT), have been extensively investigated. In the meantime, research on TB treatment, in general, is shifting more toward host-directed therapies (HDT). Given the complexities of the host-Mtb interaction, enhancement of the host immune response is expected to boost the effectiveness of ATT and help overcome the rising burden of drug-resistant Mtb strains in the population. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the immunopathophysiology of TB-uveitis and recent advances in treatment modalities and outcomes of TB-uveitis, capturing results gathered from high- and low-burden TB countries with ATT as the mainstay of treatment. Moreover, we outline the recent progress of HDT development in the pulmonary TB field and discuss the possibility of its applicability to TB-uveitis. The concept of HDT might help direct future development of efficacious therapy for TB-uveitis, although more in-depth research on the immunoregulation of this disease is still necessary.

The role of a multicentre data repository in ocular inflammation: The Ocular Autoimmune Systemic Inflammatory Infectious Study (OASIS).

In the current literature, clinical registry cohorts related to ocular inflammation are few and far between, and there are none involving multi-continental international data. Many existing registries comprise administrative databases, data related to specific uveitic diseases, or are designed to address a particular clinical problem. The existing data, although useful and serving their intended purposes, are segmented and may not be sufficiently robust to design prognostication tools or draw epidemiological conclusions in the field of uveitis and ocular inflammation. To solve this, we have developed the Ocular Autoimmune Systemic Inflammatory Infectious Study (OASIS) Clinical Registry. OASIS collects prospective and retrospective data on patients with all types of ocular inflammatory conditions from centers all around the world. It is a primarily web-based platform with alternative offline modes of access. A comprehensive set of clinical data ranging from demographics, past medical history, clinical presentation, working diagnosis to visual outcomes are collected over a range of time points. Additionally, clinical images such as optical coherence tomography, fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography studies may be uploaded. Through the capturing of diverse, well-structured, and clinically meaningful data in a simplified and consistent fashion, OASIS will deliver a comprehensive and well organized data set ripe for data analysis. The applications of the registry are numerous, and include performing epidemiological analysis, monitoring drug side effects, and studying treatment safety efficacy. Furthermore, the data compiled in OASIS will be used to develop new classification and diagnostic systems, as well as treatment and prognostication guidelines for uveitis.

Comparative Assessment of Short-Term Tendon-Scleral Postoperative Inflammation and α-Smooth Muscle Actin Expression following Oral and Topical Diclofenac Administration for Strabismus Surgery in Rabbits.

PURPOSE: Wound healing and fibrosis modulation are considered pivotal for the long-term outcome of strabismus surgery. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including diclofenac sodium, are inflammation suppressive drugs that may modulate wound healing, including postoperative inflammation. This study aimed to compare the effect of oral and 0.1% topical diclofenac sodium on short-term inflammation and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression at the tendon-scleral attachment site following strabismus surgery in an experimental rabbit model. METHODS: Superior rectus recession was performed in 12 eyes of six New Zealand rabbits. Rabbits were divided into three groups: oral diclofenac 2 × 5 mg/kg for three days (group A), 0.1% diclofenac sodium eye drops 3 times/day for three days (group B), and controls (group C). On postoperative day 14, enucleation was performed. Macroscopic adhesion score, microscopic adhesion score, percentage of postoperative inflammation area (Masson's trichrome staining), and α-SMA (immunohistochemistry staining) were assessed. Data analysis was performed using a semi-quantitative and quantitative assessment with ImageJ. All groups were compared with reciprocal staining intensity (RSI) values to measure α-SMA expression. RESULTS: All groups showed no difference in macroscopic (p = 0.13) and microscopic adhesion scores (p = 0.28). The percentage of postoperative inflammation area in group B (12.44% (8.63-18.29)) was significantly lower than group A (26.76% (21.38-37.56) p = 0.03) and group C (27.80% (16.42-36.28), p = 0.04). Comparative RSI analysis found that group B had a significantly lower α-SMA expression than group C (174.08 ± 21.78 vs 212.58 ± 12.06, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that compared to oral, the administration of topical diclofenac showed a more significant reduction of short-term postoperative inflammation and α-SMA expression at the tendon-scleral attachment site following strabismus surgery.

Anti-tubercular therapy in the treatment of tubercular uveitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

We quantitatively evaluated the efficacy of antitubercular therapy (ATT) in tubercular uveitis (TBU) patients. Main outcome measures include inflammation recurrence, inflammation reduction, complete resolution of inflammation, improved visual acuity (VA), ability to taper corticosteroids to < 10 mg/day without inflammatory progression, and use of adjunctive immunosuppressants while on ATT. This review is prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020206845). Forty-nine studies reporting data for 4,017 TBU patients were included. In comparative studies, the odds ratio (OR) of inflammatory recurrence was 0.33 (95%CI:0.19-0.60) for TBU patients treated with ATT±corticosteroid versus no ATT. For TBU patients treated with ATT±corticosteroid, the pooled absolute incidences of inflammatory recurrence, inflammatory reduction, complete resolution of inflammation, and visual acuity improvement were 13% (n=310/2,216; 95%CI:9-18), 81% (n=217/276; 95%CI: 62-95), 83% (n=1,167/1,812; 95%CI: 77-89), and 65% (n=347/542; 95%CI:51-78), respectively. Corticosteroids were tapered to <10 mg/day without inflammatory progression in 91% (n=326/395; 95%CI:78-99) of patients, 9% (n=121/1,376; 95%CI:6-13) of whom were administered concomitant immunosuppressive agents alongside ATT. We conclude that treatment of TBU with ATT±corticosteroid is associated with a high level of control or improvement of inflammation. More prospective studies with detailed reporting of ATT regimens, patient subgroups, and outcomes are required to better evaluate ATT effectiveness.

Ocular Toxoplasmosis.

INTRODUCTION: Ocular toxoplasmosis is the leading cause of posterior uveitis worldwide, affecting individuals acrossdifferent age groups. The key to reducing vision loss includes prompt diagnosis and treatment. However, despite the prevalence of ocular toxoplasmosis, there has been little consensus regarding its pathophysiology,clinical features, diagnosis, and especially management. METHODS: The data sources were literature reviews, including Pub Med and Medline databases. Search terms included toxoplasmosis, retinitis, vasculitis, vitritis, uveitis alone or in combination with, serum, aqueous, vitreous eye, ocular and review. RESULTS: In this review paper, we have sought to provide an overview of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical features of the disease, both based on current literature and our own clinical experience. We have also discussed the use of serology, ocular fluid, and ophthalmic investigations that could further facilitate the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis.Different management strategies have been reported worldwide, including newer approaches such as local therapy. CONCLUSION: A better understanding of critical aspects of ocular toxoplasmosis will hopefully lead to reduced morbidity, including blindness associated with this condition.

Long-term follow-up after treatment of tubercular uveitis: case series and review of the literature.

Introduction: There is a scarcity of long-term follow-up data and management strategies for recurrent uveitis in tubercular uveitis (TBU), especially in cases extending beyond 10 years after the completion of initial antitubercular treatment (ATT). Methods: This retrospective study involved five TBU patients who were initially treated with a combination of four-drug ATT for 6 months, and the five of them had more than 10 years of follow-up after uveitis resolution upon ATT completion. We describe the occurrence of recurrent uveitis and present our approach to managing these recurrent episodes. Results: Recurrent uveitis and cystoid macular edema (CME) developed in three out of five included TBU patients with a median of 18 years (range 13-20 years) of follow-up. The anatomical sites of the recurrences were anterior, intermediate, and pan-uveitis. The recurrent episodes varied from 6 years to 15 years after ATT completion. Systemic or local corticosteroids/immunosuppressants successfully resolved all recurrent episodes, but one was also treated with the combination of isoniazid monotherapy again. Two patients needed anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy. Conclusion: Long-term monitoring of TBU patients after ATT completion is warranted. Further well-designed studies with larger sample sizes are required to better estimate the risk of recurrences, investigate the underlying mechanism of recurrences, and identify biomarkers that predict who is at risk for recurrences.

The impact of aqueous humor polymerase chain reaction and serological test results for establishing infectious uveitis diagnosis: An Indonesian experience.

Objective: To assess the clinical value of aqueous humor real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and serological antibody tests among uveitis patients in Indonesian cohort. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, single-plex RT-PCR analysis of aqueous samples from 86 new uveitis patients was performed to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Toxoplasmosis gondii, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and rubella virus. Specific serological antibodies for suspected pathogens were also obtained. Comparison of PCR and serological antibodies with the initial and final diagnosis were presented. Results: The diagnostic positivity of aqueous RT-PCR in our cohort was 20% (17/86). The rate of infection as final etiological classification was higher after RT-PCR was performed (45 patients, 52%) compared to initial diagnosis based on clinical presentation alone (38 patients, 44%). In particular, the RT-PCR positivity among patients with infection as the final etiological classification was 33.33% (15/45). A significant difference in the IgG but not IgM toxoplasma value among those with ocular toxoplasmosis as the final diagnosis compared to the other etiologies were observed (3953 (IQR 2707-19562) IU/mL vs 428 (IQR 82-1807) IU/mL; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: RT-PCR analysis of aqueous fluid from uveitis patients helped confirm a third of infectious uveitis cases in Indonesia. In ocular toxoplasmosis, high IgG but not IgM antibody value might help differentiate those with other etiology.

The Utility of Nonroutine Intraocular Fluid Polymerase Chain Reaction for Uveitis in Indonesia.

Purpose: To investigate the utility of nonroutine polymerase chain reaction analysis of intraocular fluid to guide the diagnosis of infectious uveitis. Patients and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted by reviewing medical record data from intraocular fluid samples of uveitis patients who underwent single-plex real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis at the Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital between January 2014 and December 2018. Results: The positivity rate of nonroutine polymerase chain reaction analysis was 17.2%. The vitreous sample tended to show a higher positive outcome (28.6%) than the aqueous sample (16.2%), even though the outcome was not statistically significant. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Toxoplasma gondii were the most frequently observed microorganisms in the polymerase chain reaction analysis among uveitis patients in our setting. The duration of symptoms, type of sample fluid (aqueous/vitreous), or presence of anterior chamber cells ≥2 were not significantly associated with polymerase chain reaction positivity (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Nonroutine polymerase chain reaction analysis of intraocular fluid among a cohort of Indonesian patients demonstrated low positivity. The sensitivity and specificity of nonroutine single-plex polymerase chain reaction could not be estimated due to limitations such as lost to follow-up patients and incomplete monitoring data. The use of multiplex polymerase chain reaction in the future may be beneficial in our setting.

Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis and endotheliitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) anterior uveitis is the most common form of ocular manifestation of CMV in immunocompetent individuals. The difficulty in diagnosing CMV anterior uveitis may delay adequate treatment and affect outcomes. We sought to review systemically the overall clinical characteristics and compare treatment outcomes in CMV anterior uveitis and endotheliitis. A literature search was performed, and studies describing clinical characteristics, treatment regimens, and outcomes that included more than 5 treated eyes were included. In these 23 studies, acute CMV anterior uveitis commonly presented with high intraocular pressure (95.31%, 95% CI 90.45-98.60) and mild anterior chamber inflammation (cells >2+ = 3.18%, 95% CI 0.21-0.54). About two-thirds of CMV endotheliitis cases presented with high intraocular pressure and coin-shaped corneal lesions. Acute CMV anterior uveitis showed good clinical response to topical 0.15% ganciclovir (GCV) gel or oral valganciclovir (VGCV) (90%, 95% CI 74-100% and 95%, 95% CI 88-100%, respectively). For chronic CMV anterior uveitis, both topical GCV and oral VGCV yielded comparable results. Topical 0.5-2% GCV or a combination of topical and oral VGCV for CMV endotheliitis both resulted in good clinical response. Recurrence of inflammation was common after cessation of maintenance therapy. Overall, topical GCV resulted in an optimal outcome for CMV anterior uveitis. Escalated concentration and frequency of usage are needed for chronic CMV anterior uveitis and endotheliitis. Adequate induction and maintenance phases of anti-CMV treatment seem necessary to prevent recurrences.