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OBJETIVO: Avaliar as condutas tomadas nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) com os pacientes críticos terminais. MÉTODOS: Os membros do grupo de estudo do final da vida das sociedades Argentina, Brasileira e Uruguaia de Terapia Intensiva elaboraram um questionário no qual constavam avaliações demográficas sobre os participantes, sobre as instituições em que os mesmos trabalhavam e decisões sobre limite de esforço terapêutico (LET). Neste estudo de corte transversal os membros da equipe multiprofissional das sociedades responderam o questionário durante eventos científicos e, via on line. As variáveis foram analisadas através do teste qui-quadrado sendo considerado significativa p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 420 profissionais. No Brasil as UTI tinham mais leitos, foi mais rara a permissão irrestrita de visitas, os profissionais eram mais jovens, trabalhavam a menos tempo na UTI e houve maior participação de não médicos. Três visitas/dia foi o número mais frequente nos três países. Os fatores que mais influíram nas decisões de LET foram prognóstico da doença, co-morbidades e futilidade terapêutica. Nos três países mais de 90 por cento dos participantes já havia decidido por LET. Reanimação cardiorrespiratória, administração de drogas vaso-ativas, métodos dialíticos e nutrição parenteral foram as terapias mais suspensas/recusadas nos três países. Houve diferença significativa quanto à suspensão da ventilação mecânica, mais frequente na Argentina, seguida do Uruguai. Analgesia e sedação foram as terapias menos suspensas nos três países. Definições legais e éticas foram apontadas como as principais barreiras para a tomada de decisão. CONCLUSÃO: Decisões de LET são frequentemente utilizados entre os profissionais que atuam nas UTI dos três países. Existe uma tendência da ação de LET mais pró-ativa na Argentina, e uma maior equidade na distribuição das decisões no Uruguai. Essa diferença parece estar relacionada às diferenças...
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate end-of-life procedures in intensive care units. METHODS: A questionnaire was prepared by the End-of-Life Study Group of the Argentinean, Brazilian and Uruguayan Intensive Care societies, collecting data on the participants demographics, institutions and limit therapeutic effort (LTE) decision making process. During this cross sectional study, the societies multidisciplinary teams members completed the questionnaire either during scientific meetings or online. The variables were analyzed with the Chi-square test, with a p<0.05 significance level. RESULTS: 420 professionals completed the questionnaire. The Brazilian units had more beds, unrestricted visit was less frequent, their professionals were younger and worked more recently in intensive care units, and more non-medical professionals completed the questionnaire. Three visits daily was the more usual number of visits for the three countries. The most influencing LTE factors were prognosis, co-morbidities, and therapeutic futility. In the three countries, more than 90 percent of the completers had already made LTE decisions. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, vasoactive drugs administration, dialysis and parenteral nutrition were the most suspended/refused therapies in the three countries. Suspension of mechanic ventilation was more frequent in Argentina, followed by Uruguay. Sedation and analgesia were the less suspended therapies in the three countries. Legal definement and ethical issues were mentioned as the main barriers for the LTE decision making process. CONCLUSION: LTE decisions are frequent among the professionals working in the three countries intensive care units. We found a more proactive LTE decision making trend In Argentina, and more equity for decisions distribution in Uruguay. This difference appears to be related to the participants different ages, experiences, professional types and genders.
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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate end-of-life procedures in intensive care units. METHODS: A questionnaire was prepared by the End-of-Life Study Group of the Argentinean, Brazilian and Uruguayan Intensive Care societies, collecting data on the participants demographics, institutions and limit therapeutic effort (LTE) decision making process. During this cross sectional study, the societies multidisciplinary teams members completed the questionnaire either during scientific meetings or online. The variables were analyzed with the Chi-square test, with a p<0.05 significance level. RESULTS: 420 professionals completed the questionnaire. The Brazilian units had more beds, unrestricted visit was less frequent, their professionals were younger and worked more recently in intensive care units, and more non-medical professionals completed the questionnaire. Three visits daily was the more usual number of visits for the three countries. The most influencing LTE factors were prognosis, co-morbidities, and therapeutic futility. In the three countries, more than 90% of the completers had already made LTE decisions. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, vasoactive drugs administration, dialysis and parenteral nutrition were the most suspended/refused therapies in the three countries. Suspension of mechanic ventilation was more frequent in Argentina, followed by Uruguay. Sedation and analgesia were the less suspended therapies in the three countries. Legal definement and ethical issues were mentioned as the main barriers for the LTE decision making process. CONCLUSION: LTE decisions are frequent among the professionals working in the three countries intensive care units. We found a more proactive LTE decision making trend In Argentina, and more equity for decisions distribution in Uruguay. This difference appears to be related to the participants different ages, experiences, professional types and genders.
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As condutas de limitação de tratamento oferecidas a pacientes portadores de doenças terminais, internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva, tem aumentado a sua freqüência nos últimos anos em todo o mundo. Apesar disto, ainda existe uma grande dificuldade dos intensivistas brasileiros em oferecer o melhor tratamento àqueles pacientes que não se beneficiariam com terapêuticas curativas. O objetivo deste comentário é apresentar uma sugestão de fluxograma para atendimento de pacientes com doenças terminais que foi elaborado, baseado na literatura e experiência de experts, pelos membros do comitê de ética e de terminalidade da AMIB.
Withholding of treatment in patients with terminal disease is increasingly common in intensive care units, throughout the world. Notwithstanding, Brazilian intensivists still have a great difficulty to offer the best treatment to patients that have not benefited from curative care. The objective of this comment is to suggest an algorithm for the care of terminally ill patients. It was formulated based upon literature and the experience of experts, by members of the ethics committee and end-of-life of AMIB - Brazilian Association of Intensive Care.
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Withholding of treatment in patients with terminal disease is increasingly common in intensive care units, throughout the world. Notwithstanding, Brazilian intensivists still have a great difficulty to offer the best treatment to patients that have not benefited from curative care. The objective of this comment is to suggest an algorithm for the care of terminally ill patients. It was formulated based upon literature and the experience of experts, by members of the ethics committee and end-of-life of AMIB - Brazilian Association of Intensive Care.
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O objetivo da presente revisão foi avaliar o estado atual do conhecimento sobre doença terminal e cuidados paliativos em unidade de terapia intensiva. Identificar as questões-chave e sugerir uma agenda de pesquisa sobre essas questões. A Associação Brasileira de Medicina Intensiva organizou um fórum especifico para o debate de doenças terminais na unidade de terapia intensiva, onde participaram profissionais experientes em medicina intensiva. Esses profissionais foram subdivididos em 3 subgrupos, que discutiram: comunicação em unidade de terapia intensiva, decisões diante de um doente terminal e cuidados/ações paliativas na unidade de terapia intensiva. As informações e referências bibliográficas foram copiladas e trabalhadas através de um site de acesso restrito. Os trabalhos ocorreram em 12 horas quando foram realizadas discussões sistematizadas seguindo o método Delphi modificado. Foram elaboradas definições sobre a terminalidade. A adequada comunicação foi considerada de primordial importância para a condução do tratamento de um paciente terminal. Foram descritas barreiras de comunicação que devem ser evitadas sendo definidas técnicas para a boa comunicação. Foram também definidos os critérios para cuidados e ações paliativas nas unidades de terapia intensiva, sendo considerada fundamental a aceitação da morte, como um evento natural, e o respeito à autonomia e não maleficência do paciente. Considerou-se aconselhável a suspensão de medicamentos fúteis, que prolonguem o morrer e a adequação dos tratamentos não fúteis privilegiando o controle da dor e dos sintomas para o alívio do sofrimento dos pacientes com doença terminal. Para a prestação de cuidados paliativos a pacientes críticos e seus familiares, devem ser seguidos princípios e metas que visem o respeito às necessidades e anseios individuais. Os profissionais da unidade de terapia intensiva envolvidos com o tratamento desses pacientes são submetidos a grande estresse e tensão...
The objective of this review was to evaluate current knowledge regarding terminal illness and palliative care in the intensive care unit, to identify the major challenges involved and propose a research agenda on these issues The Brazilian Critical Care Association organized a specific forum on terminally ill patients, to which were invited experienced and skilled professionals on critical care. These professionals were divided in three groups: communication in the intensive care unit, the decision making process when faced with a terminally ill patient and palliative actions and care in the intensive care unit. Data and bibliographic references were stored in a restricted website. During a twelve hour meeting and following a modified Delphi methodology, the groups prepared the final document. Consensual definition regarding terminality was reached. Good communication was considered the cornerstone to define the best treatment for a terminally ill patient. Accordingly some communication barriers were described that should be avoided as well as some approaches that should be pursued. Criteria for palliative care and palliative action in the intensive care unit were defined. Acceptance of death as a natural event as well as respect for the patient's autonomy and the nonmaleficence principles were stressed. A recommendation was made to withdraw the futile treatment that prolongs the dying process and to elected analgesia and measures that alleviate suffering in terminally ill patients. To deliver palliative care to terminally ill patients and their relatives some principles and guides should be followed, respecting individual necessities and beliefs. The intensive care unit staff involved with the treatment of terminally ill patients is subject to stress and tension. Availability of a continuous education program on palliative care is desirable.
Asunto(s)
Cuidados Críticos , Cuidados para Prolongación de la Vida , Cuidados Paliativos , Enfermo TerminalRESUMEN
The objective of this review was to evaluate current knowledge regarding terminal illness and palliative care in the intensive care unit, to identify the major challenges involved and propose a research agenda on these issues The Brazilian Critical Care Association organized a specific forum on terminally ill patients, to which were invited experienced and skilled professionals on critical care. These professionals were divided in three groups: communication in the intensive care unit, the decision making process when faced with a terminally ill patient and palliative actions and care in the intensive care unit. Data and bibliographic references were stored in a restricted website. During a twelve hour meeting and following a modified Delphi methodology, the groups prepared the final document. Consensual definition regarding terminality was reached. Good communication was considered the cornerstone to define the best treatment for a terminally ill patient. Accordingly some communication barriers were described that should be avoided as well as some approaches that should be pursued. Criteria for palliative care and palliative action in the intensive care unit were defined. Acceptance of death as a natural event as well as respect for the patient's autonomy and the nonmaleficence principles were stressed. A recommendation was made to withdraw the futile treatment that prolongs the dying process and to elected analgesia and measures that alleviate suffering in terminally ill patients. To deliver palliative care to terminally ill patients and their relatives some principles and guides should be followed, respecting individual necessities and beliefs. The intensive care unit staff involved with the treatment of terminally ill patients is subject to stress and tension. Availability of a continuous education program on palliative care is desirable.
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O objetivo do artigo é revisar publicações recentes sobre cuidados com o final da vida e propor uma estratégia de ensino sobre este tema para equipes médicas. Foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica utilizando o banco de dados Medline, abrangendo estudos dos últimos 10 anos. Durante o curso de medicina, pouca ênfase é dada ao estudo da morte e dos cuidados com final da vida. A revisão identifica quatro passos principais que devem ser seguidos pela equipe médica quando se defronta com uma situação de final de vida: (1) inicio da discussão, (2) discussão sobre prognóstico, (3)identificação dos valores no final da vida e (4) desenvolvimento de uma estratégia para definir o tratamento. Estes 4 ítens são progressivos, cada um levando a fundamentação do ítem seguinte . A discussão e o treinamento sobre cuidados no final de vida deveriam ser realizados durrante o curso de medicina e fazer parte do currículo de formação médica pode facilitar a relação entre médico, paciente e seus familiares no difícil processo da morte, tratando deste difícil tema de uma forma digna e humana.