Colgajos libres para reconstrucción de cabeza y cuello: experiencia de un centro oncológico chileno

Objetivo: eportar nuestra experiencia en la reconstrucción de pacientes con tumores de cabeza y cuello. Materiales y Métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de fichas clínicas de los pacientes sometidos a reconstrucciones con colgajos microquirúrgicos entre los años 2007 y 2020 en la Fundación Arturo López Pérez. Resultados: En este período 186 cirugías fueron realizadas, lo que correspondió a 173 pacientes, la mediana de edad fue de 59 años, 55% eran hombres. 29% correspondieron a rescates quirúrgicos. Al diagnóstico 110 (54%) tenían una enfermedad localmente avanzada (T3-T4). El sitio anatómico más frecuentemente reconstruido fue la cavidad oral, 83(45%). La histología más frecuente fue el carcinoma escamoso. Los colgajos más utilizados fueron el osteocutáneo de peroné, anterolateral de muslo (ALT) y antebraquial. La sobrevida global a 5 años fue 44,3%, con amplia variabilidad entre las distintas histologías. Discusión: En el análisis de nuestros resultados en dos períodos de siete años (2007-2013 y 2014-2020), el porcentaje de falla de colgajo disminuyó (10% versus 2,6%; p = 0,012); al igual que la estadía hospitalaria que disminuyó (de una mediana de 23 días a 18 días; p = 0,041). El uso del colgajo ALT aumentó de 14% a 29%, esto último aprovechando la versatilidad del colgajo de ALT para la fabricación de múltiples paletas cutáneas, que permiten reconstrucciones más complejas. Conclusión: Las reconstrucciones microquirúrgicas en nuestra institución son una opción estandarizada, confiable y comparable con centros internacionales.

Objective: To report our experience, and success rate for head and neck reconstruction in a Chilean oncologic center. Methods: Charts were reviewed retrospectively for all patients treated surgically for head and neck tumors that needed a free flap reconstruction from 2007 to 2020. The demographics and epidemiologic variables were described. Overall survival was calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: One hundred and eighty-six operations were performed on 173 patients; the median age was 59 years, and 55% were male. Twenty-nine percent of patients required a surgical rescue. The most frequently used free flaps were the anterolateral thigh, fibula osteocutaneous, and radial forearm. A second free flap was needed in 13 patients. Five-year overall survival for the whole cohort was 44.3% and varied according to histology: 28.2% for squamous cell carcinoma and 68.9% for salivary gland histology. Discussion: In analysis of our results in two seven-year periods (2007-2013 and 2014-2020), the percentage of flaps that failed decreased (10% earlier versus 2.6% later; p =.012); the length of hospital stay declined (median 23 days earlier vs 18 days later; p =.041), and the use of anterolateral thigh flaps increased 14% vs 29%, taking advantage of the versatility of the anterolateral thigh flap for the fabrication of multiple skin palettes, allowing for more complex reconstructions. Conclusion: In our institution, outcomes with free flap reconstruction for head and neck were satisfactory and improved with operator experience.

Variants in BRCA1/2 in a hospital-based cohort in Chile and national literature review.

Purpose: The aim was to assess the diagnostic yield of next generation sequencing (NGS) multi-gene panels for breast and ovarian cancer in a high-complexity cancer centre in Chile. Additionally, our goal was to broaden the genotypic spectrum of BRCA variants already identified in Chilean families. Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted on the genetic test results of 722 individuals from Fundación Arturo López Pérez's genetic counselling unit between 2016 and 2021. A comprehensive literature review encompassing articles analysing the frequency of germinal pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 within the Chilean population was undertaken. Results: 23.5% of the panels had positive results, with 60% due to pathogenic variants in the BRCA1/2 genes. Seven previously unreported variants in BRCA1 from Chilean studies were identified.One or more variants of uncertain significance were detected in 31% of the results, and 11.5% of the families in this cohort presented copy number variants (CNVs) in BRCA1/2.8 studies analysed the frequency of pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 in the Chilean population between 2006 and 2023, with a frequency between 7.1% and 17.1%.51 BRCA1 variants in 149 families have been reported in Chile and 38 BRCA2 variants in 132 families. Nine founder pathogenic variants identified by one study were present in 51.9% of the total Chilean families reported. Conclusion: Our findings advocate for the integration of NGS multi-gene panel testing as a primary strategy within our population. This approach allows for the comprehensive assessment of single nucleotide variants and CNVs in BRCA1/2, alongside other high and moderately penetrant genes associated with breast and ovarian cancer.

Anthropometric Characteristics, Training Intensity Distribution, Physiological Profile and Performance of an Elite Trail Runner: A Longitudinal Case Study / Características Antropométricas, Distribución de la Intensidad del Entrenamiento, Perfil Fisiológico y Rendimiento de un Corredor de Montaña de Élite: Un Estudio de Caso Longitudinal

SUMMARY: Trail running (TR), an extreme endurance sport, presents unique challenges due to the variety of terrain and distances, where physiological capacity and body composition have been considered better predictors of performance. This longitudinal case study examines the impact of training intensity distribution (TID) on an elite trail runner's physiological profile and performance over four years. Two TID models were implemented: polarized (POL) and pyramidal (PYR). Physiological assessments included maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), lactate thresholds (LT1 and LT2), and anthropometric characteristics. The training was classified according to the 3-zone intensity model (zone 1: below the first lactate threshold; zone 2: between the first and second lactate threshold; zone 3: above the second lactate threshold). During the four years, the average TID distribution was 75 % zone 1, 18 % zone 2, and 7 % zone 3. Physiological capacity increased by 7.14 % (14 to 15 km/h) for velocity at LT1 (vLT1) and 8.13 % (16 to 17.3 km/h) for velocity at LT2 (vLT2). The most significant increases were observed during the second year when the percentage of training time in zone 1 was lower (65 %) and in zone 2 greater (30 %) than those reported in other years. Consequently, vLT1 and vLT2 increased by 3.5 % (from 14.1 to 14.6 km/h) and 3.6 % (from 16.5 to 17.1 km/h), respectively. In conclusion, this case study revealed that emphasizing training in zone 2 (moderate intensity) and increasing the training load significantly improved performance at lactate thresholds. Despite modifying body composition, no influence on improving endurance performance was observed. These findings underscore the importance of TID in elite trail runners and highlight the potential to optimize physiological adaptations and performance outcomes.

Trail running (TR), un deporte de resistencia extrema, presenta desafíos únicos debido a la variedad de terrenos y distancias, donde la capacidad fisiológica y la composición corporal se han considerado mejores predictores del rendimiento. Este estudio de caso longitudinal examina el impacto de la distribución de la intensidad del entrenamiento (TID) en el perfil fisiológico y el rendimiento de un corredor de montaña de élite durante cuatro años. Se implementaron dos modelos TID: polarizado (POL) y piramidal (PYR). Las evaluaciones fisiológicas incluyeron el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max), los umbrales de lactato (LT1 y LT2) y las características antropométricas. El entrenamiento se clasificó según el modelo de intensidad de 3 zonas (zona 1: por debajo del primer umbral de lactato; zona 2: entre el primer y segundo umbral de lactato; zona 3: por encima del segundo umbral de lactato). Durante los cuatro años, la distribución TID promedio fue 75 % zona 1, 18 % zona 2 y 7 % zona 3. La capacidad fisiológica aumentó un 7,14 % (14 a 15 km/h) para la velocidad en LT1 (vLT1) y un 8,13 % (16 a 17,3 km/h) para velocidad en LT2 (vLT2). Los incrementos más significativos se observaron durante el segundo año cuando el porcentaje de tiempo de entrenamiento en la zona 1 fue menor (65 %) y en la zona 2 mayor (30 %) que los reportados en otros años. En consecuencia, vLT1 y vLT2 aumentaron un 3,5 % (de 14,1 a 14,6 km/h) y un 3,6 % (de 16,5 a 17,1 km/h), respectivamente. En conclusión, este estudio reveló que enfatizar el entrenamiento en la zona 2 (intensidad moderada) y aumentar la carga de entrenamiento mejoró significativamente el rendimiento en los umbrales de lactato. A pesar de modificar la composición corporal, no se observó influencia en la mejora del rendimiento de resistencia. Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia del TID en los corredores de trail de élite y resaltan el potencial para optimizar las adaptaciones fisiológicas y los resultados de rendimiento.

CPNCoverageAnalysis: An R package for parameter estimation in conceptual properties norming studies.

In conceptual properties norming studies (CPNs), participants list properties that describe a set of concepts. From CPNs, many different parameters are calculated, such as semantic richness. A generally overlooked issue is that those values are only point estimates of the true unknown population parameters. In the present work, we present an R package that allows us to treat those values as population parameter estimates. Relatedly, a general practice in CPNs is using an equal number of participants who list properties for each concept (i.e., standardizing sample size). As we illustrate through examples, this procedure has negative effects on data's statistical analyses. Here, we argue that a better method is to standardize coverage (i.e., the proportion of sampled properties to the total number of properties that describe a concept), such that a similar coverage is achieved across concepts. When standardizing coverage rather than sample size, it is more likely that the set of concepts in a CPN all exhibit a similar representativeness. Moreover, by computing coverage the researcher can decide whether the CPN reached a sufficiently high coverage, so that its results might be generalizable to other studies. The R package we make available in the current work allows one to compute coverage and to estimate the necessary number of participants to reach a target coverage. We show this sampling procedure by using the R package on real and simulated CPN data.

Intraoperative Fascial Plane Blocks Facilitate Earlier Tracheal Extubation and Intensive Care Unit Discharge After Cardiac Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Novel fascial plane blocks may allow early tracheal extubation and discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU). The present study primarily aimed to determine whether fascial plane blocks, in comparison with intravenous analgesia alone, significantly shortened tracheal extubation times in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The secondary objectives were to compare each block's performance with that of intravenous analgesia alone in terms of the individual tracheal extubation time and length of ICU stay. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: Single-center study. PARTICIPANTS: Patients who underwent cardiac surgery between 2018 and 2019 were identified from a prospective clinical registry. After obtaining ethics approval, the clinical and electronic records of patients undergoing cardiac surgery in 2018 were analyzed. Data of patients receiving fascial plane blocks (erector spinae plane [ESP], pectoral plane I and II [PECs], and serratus anterior plane [SAP] blocks) with intravenous analgesia were compared with those of patients receiving only intravenous analgesia. A propensity score (PS) model was used to control for differences in the baseline characteristics. Adjusted p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 589 patients screened, 532 met the inclusion criteria; 404 received a fascial plane block. After PS matching, weighted linear regression revealed that by receiving a block, the predicted extubation time difference was 9.29 hours (b coefficient; 95% CI: -11.98, -6.60; p = 0.022). Similar results were obtained using PS weighting, with a reduction of 7.82 hours (b coefficient; 95% CI: -11.89, -3.75; p < 0.001) in favor of the block. In the fascial-plane-block group, ESP block achieved the best performance. The length of ICU stay decreased by 1.1 days (b coefficient; 95% CI: -1.43, -0.79; p = 0.0001) in the block group. No complications were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Fascial plane block is associated with reduced extubation times and lengths of ICU stay. ESP block achieved the best performance, followed by PECs and SAP blocks. After PS matching, only ESP block reduced the extubation time.

How Can Physical Inactivity in Girls Be Explained? A Socioecological Study in Public, Subsidized, and Private Schools.

In the last few years, the World Health Organization has highlighted that physical inactivity is a global issue affecting women to a greater extent than men. Faced with this, different nation states have developed public policies to reduce physical inactivity at school; however, the biomedical and individualistic models used have generated widespread criticism, as figures remain the same. In the context of failed interventions on increasing levels of physical activity, this study utilizes a socioecological model to analyze and understand how physical inactivity is reproduced in girls in the Chilean education system. A qualitative study was implemented, as it allows a focus on the entailed meanings, context, and processes. Active semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 groups comprising headmasters, teachers, non-teachers, students, and families. The results show that physical inactivity is linked to factors that go beyond the individualistic model; that is, consideration must include intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy dimensions. Furthermore, gender stereotypes gain relevance in physical education classes, in addition to friendships and family, teaching, and administrative work, access to safe play areas, use of spaces, and widespread cultural factors associated with men and women. This study concludes that the assessed gender differences should be approached from a pedagogical perspective beyond common sense, further reporting that the individualized explanation for physical inactivity is irrelevant to answer why women are more inactive than men.

Obstáculos para ser deportista de alto rendimiento en Chile / Obstáculos para ser esportista de alto rendimento no Chile / Obstacles to be a high-performance athlete in Chile

La masificación de los deportes ha hecho visible la interacción de varias dimensiones del rendimiento que favorecen o dificultan el desarrollo de un deportista de alto rendimiento. Algunas de estas dimensiones son el contexto social/cultural en el que viven los deportistas, la influencia de las políticas públicas en el desarrollo a largo plazo de las carreras deportivas, el entorno familiar, de amigos y entrenadores, así como también aspectos nutricionales y psicológicos. Este estudio de tipo cualitativo busca comprender desde la voz de los y las deportistas cuáles son los aspectos considerados como obstaculizadores para el alto rendimiento en Chile. Los resultados demuestran que son obstaculizadores la falta de apoyo, la carrera dual, implementación para entrenar y discriminación de género. Se concluye proponiendo nuevos horizontes para las políticas públicas en el marco del apoyo a deportistas que se hagan cargo de resolver estos obstaculizadores. (AU)

A massificação do esporte tornou visível a interação de várias dimensões do desempenho que favorecem ou dificultam o desenvolvimento de um atleta de alto rendimento. Algumas delas são o contexto sociocultural em que os atletas vivem, a influência das políticas públicas no desenvolvimento a longo prazo da carreira esportiva, o ambiente familiar, amigos, treinadores, além de aspectos nutricionais e psicológicos. Este estudo qualitativo busca compreender a partir da voz dos atletas quais são os aspectos considerados como obstáculos ao alto rendimento no Chile. Os resultados mostram que os obstáculos são a falta de apoio, dupla carreira, implementação de formação e discriminação de gênero. Conclui propondo novos horizontes para as políticas públicas no âmbito do apoio aos atletas que se encarregam de resolver esses obstáculos. (AU)

The massification of sports has made visible the interaction of various dimensions of performance that favor or hinder the development of high-performance athletes. Some of these are the social and cultural context in which athletes live, the influence of public policies on the long-term development of sports careers, the family environment, friends, coaches, as well as nutritional and psychological aspects. This qualitative study seeks to understand from the voice of athletes what are the aspects considered as obstacles to high performance in Chile. The results show that the obstacles are the lack of support, dual career, implementation to train and gender discrimination. It concludes by proposing new horizons for public policies in the framework of supporting athletes who take charge of solving these obstacles. (AU)

[Analysis of 4,164 type 1 diabetes antibody profiles in a Chilean health centre]. / Marcadores inmunológicos de diabetes tipo 1: análisis de 4.164 perfiles en un centro de salud de Chile.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have assessed the role of Type 1 diabetes (DM1) antibodies as predictors of the natural history of disease. AIM: To determine the frequency and combinations of positivity for DM1 antibodies in patients with DM1 and the relationship between antibody positivity and the age of the patient. To explore the relationship between history of insulin therapy or diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the onset of the disease with antibody positivity in a subsample. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data was gathered from every sample processed for DM1 antibodies in our laboratory between January 2015 and September 2019. Medical records from 84 patients who tested positive for at least one antibody were revised to study the relationship between insulin therapy or DKA at the onset of the disease with antibody positivity. RESULTS: Forty percent of DM1 antibody tests were positive. Among positive tests, 1, 2, 3 or 4 DM1 antibodies were detected in 48%, 33%, 17% and 3% of cases, respectively. The likelihood of testing positive was inversely related with age for ICA, GAD, IA-2, ZnT8 and directlyproportionalforIAA (p= -0,012; -0,013; -0,014; -0,009; 0,005 respectively). An association between DKA at the onset of the disease and IA-2 positivity was observed (Odds ratio (OR) 5.38 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.79 - 16.16, P < 0.01). No association was found between IAA positivity and history of insulin therapy (OR 2.25 95%CI 0.63 - 7.90, P = 0.2403). The results obtained from this study represent a novel local profile of DM1 antibody data, highlighting a relationship between antibody positivity and age.

Marcadores inmunológicos de diabetes tipo 1: análisis de 4.164 perfiles en un centro de salud de Chile / Analysis of 4, 164 type 1 diabetes antibody profiles in a Chilean health centre

Background: Previous studies have assessed the role of Type 1 diabetes (DM1) antibodies as predictors of the natural history of disease. Aim: To determine the frequency and combinations of positivity for DM1 antibodies in patients with DM1 and the relationship between antibody positivity and the age of the patient. To explore the relationship between history of insulin therapy or diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the onset of the disease with antibody positivity in a subsample. Material and Methods: Data was gathered from every sample processed for DM1 antibodies in our laboratory between January 2015 and September 2019. Medical records from 84 patients who tested positive for at least one antibody were revised to study the relationship between insulin therapy or DKA at the onset of the disease with antibody positivity. Results: Forty percent of DM1 antibody tests were positive. Among positive tests, 1, 2, 3 or 4 DM1 antibodies were detected in 48%, 33%, 17% and 3% of cases, respectively. The likelihood of testing positive was inversely related with age for ICA, GAD, IA-2, ZnT8 and directlyproportionalforIAA (p= −0,012; −0,013; −0,014; −0,009; 0,005 respectively). An association between DKA at the onset of the disease and IA-2 positivity was observed (Odds ratio (OR) 5.38 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.79 − 16.16, P < 0.01). No association was found between IAA positivity and history of insulin therapy (OR 2.25 95%CI 0.63 − 7.90, P = 0.2403). The results obtained from this study represent a novel local profile of DM1 antibody data, highlighting a relationship between antibody positivity and age.

Validation of the Death and Dying Distress Scale (DADDS-Sp) in a population with advanced cancer in Chile.

INTRODUCTION: Developing instruments to screen for relevant aspects of advanced illness is key to identifying palliative needs and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions in this population. The objective of this project is to validate the Death and Dying Distress Scale in Spanish (DADDS-Sp) for screening anxiety about death and evaluating psychometric properties for people with advanced cancer. METHODS: DADDS is a 15-item self-administered questionnaire that assesses thoughts and feelings related to death and the process of dying. A cross-sectional, descriptive, psychometric validation study was conducted in two cancer centres in Santiago de Chile. Included were patients over 18 years of age with incurable and/or metastatic cancer, fluent in Spanish, and a life expectancy of more than 3 months. Reliability was analysed using Cronbach's alpha, and confirmatory factor analysis was performed following the model of the original scale. RESULTS: Seventy four patients participated in the study. The median age was 63 years. Of the sample, 59% identified themselves as women. On average, participants reported low anxiety about death (mean = 21, SD = 18). Women have more death anxiety. The reliability analysis yielded a value of α = 0.93 (IC = 0.91-0.95). Factor analysis with a one-factor structure yielded Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0. 0.972, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.092, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) = 0.085 and Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.968. The model with a two-factor structure yielded CFI = 0.989, RMSEA = 0.059, SRMR = 0.075 and TLI = 0.987, suggesting that the two-factor model has a better fit for the data studied. CONCLUSIONS: DADDS-Sp is psychometrically valid for use in a Spanish-speaking population, yielding high reliability and internal consistency. A majority of the Chilean patients reported a low level of anxiety about death although about 10% presented with severe anxiety, so their identification for adequate clinical management is fundamental.

How to carry out conceptual properties norming studies as parameter estimation studies: Lessons from ecology.

Conceptual properties norming studies (CPNs) ask participants to produce properties that describe concepts. From that data, different metrics may be computed (e.g., semantic richness, similarity measures), which are then used in studying concepts and as a source of carefully controlled stimuli for experimentation. Notwithstanding those metrics' demonstrated usefulness, researchers have customarily overlooked that they are only point estimates of the true unknown population values, and therefore, only rough approximations. Thus, though research based on CPN data may produce reliable results, those results are likely to be general and coarse-grained. In contrast, we suggest viewing CPNs as parameter estimation procedures, where researchers obtain only estimates of the unknown population parameters. Thus, more specific and fine-grained analyses must consider those parameters' variability. To this end, we introduce a probabilistic model from the field of ecology. Its related statistical expressions can be applied to compute estimates of CPNs' parameters and their corresponding variances. Furthermore, those expressions can be used to guide the sampling process. The traditional practice in CPN studies is to use the same number of participants across concepts, intuitively believing that practice will render the computed metrics comparable across concepts and CPNs. In contrast, the current work shows why an equal number of participants per concept is generally not desirable. Using CPN data, we show how to use the equations and discuss how they may allow more reasonable analyses and comparisons of parameter values among different concepts in a CPN, and across different CPNs.

Argumentos para reconocer a los deportistas como trabajadores públicos civiles: más allá de la carrera dual / Arguments for recognizing athletes as civil public workers: beyond dual career / Argumentos para reconhecer atletas como trabalhadores públicos civis: Além da dupla carreira

RESUMEN El deporte es una actividad que se práctica de forma recreativa o profesional. Quienes lo hacen profesionalmente en ocasiones reciben aportes económicos y logran estudiar una carrera profesional, lo que se conoce como carrera dual. No obstante, hay quienes presentan esta actividad como su trabajo. El objetivo general del estudio fue analizar los argumentos de los deportistas chilenos para referirse a la práctica deportiva como una actividad laboral; el objetivo específico fue reflexionar críticamente sobre el desarrollo de la carrera dual en Chile. Para comprender estos argumentos, se realizó un estudio cualitativo por medio de entrevistas activas semiestructuradas a deportistas de alto rendimiento (DAR) y recreativos, olímpicos y paralímpicos. Los resultados muestran que los atletas demandan reconocimiento como trabajadores públicos por medio de tres argumentos: económico, subordinación y dependencia e identidad. Las conclusiones y discusiones sugieren debatir el reconocimiento de ellos y ellas como trabajadores públicos.

ABSTRACT Sport is an activity practiced recreationally or professionally. Those who do it professionally occasions receive financial contributions and manage to study a professional career, which is known as a dual career. However, there are those who present this activity as their work. The objective of the study was to analyze the arguments of Chilean athletes to refer to sports as a work activity. The specific objective was to critically reflect on the development of the dual career in Chile To understand these arguments, a qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured active interviews with high performance athletes and recreational, Olympic and Paralympic athletes. The results show that athletes demand recognition as public workers through three arguments: economic, subordination and dependency, and identity. The conclusions and discussions suggest to debate their recognition as public workers.

RESUMO O esporte é uma atividade praticada recreativa ou profissionalmente. Quem pratica profissionalmente às vezes recebe contribuições financeiras e consegue estudar uma carreira profissional, conhecida como carreira dupla. No entanto, há quem apresente essa atividade como trabalho. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os argumentos de atletas chilenos para se referir ao esporte como atividade de trabalho. O objetivo específico foi refletir criticamente sobre o desenvolvimento da carreira dupla no Chile Para entender esses argumentos, foi realizado um estudo qualitativo, por meio de entrevistas ativas semiestruturadas com atletas de alto desempenho (DAR) e atletas recreativos, olímpicos e paralímpicos. Os resultados mostram que os atletas exigem reconhecimento como funcionários públicos por meio de três argumentos: econômico, subordinação e dependência e identidade. As conclusões e discussões sugerem debater seu reconhecimento como funcionários públicos.

Argumentos para reconocer a los deportistas como trabajadores públicos civiles: más allá de la carrera dual / Arguments for recognizing athletes as civil public workers: beyond dual career / Argumentos para reconhecer atletas como trabalhadores públicos civis: Além da dupla carreira

RESUMEN El deporte es una actividad que se práctica de forma recreativa o profesional. Quienes lo hacen profesionalmente en ocasiones reciben aportes económicos y logran estudiar una carrera profesional, lo que se conoce como carrera dual. No obstante, hay quienes presentan esta actividad como su trabajo. El objetivo general del estudio fue analizar los argumentos de los deportistas chilenos para referirse a la práctica deportiva como una actividad laboral; el objetivo específico fue reflexionar críticamente sobre el desarrollo de la carrera dual en Chile. Para comprender estos argumentos, se realizó un estudio cualitativo por medio de entrevistas activas semiestructuradas a deportistas de alto rendimiento (DAR) y recreativos, olímpicos y paralímpicos. Los resultados muestran que los atletas demandan reconocimiento como trabajadores públicos por medio de tres argumentos: económico, subordinación y dependencia e identidad. Las conclusiones y discusiones sugieren debatir el reconocimiento de ellos y ellas como trabajadores públicos.

ABSTRACT Sport is an activity practiced recreationally or professionally. Those who do it professionally occasions receive financial contributions and manage to study a professional career, which is known as a dual career. However, there are those who present this activity as their work. The objective of the study was to analyze the arguments of Chilean athletes to refer to sports as a work activity. The specific objective was to critically reflect on the development of the dual career in Chile To understand these arguments, a qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured active interviews with high performance athletes and recreational, Olympic and Paralympic athletes. The results show that athletes demand recognition as public workers through three arguments: economic, subordination and dependency, and identity. The conclusions and discussions suggest to debate their recognition as public workers.

RESUMO O esporte é uma atividade praticada recreativa ou profissionalmente. Quem pratica profissionalmente às vezes recebe contribuições financeiras e consegue estudar uma carreira profissional, conhecida como carreira dupla. No entanto, há quem apresente essa atividade como trabalho. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os argumentos de atletas chilenos para se referir ao esporte como atividade de trabalho. O objetivo específico foi refletir criticamente sobre o desenvolvimento da carreira dupla no Chile Para entender esses argumentos, foi realizado um estudo qualitativo, por meio de entrevistas ativas semiestruturadas com atletas de alto desempenho (DAR) e atletas recreativos, olímpicos e paralímpicos. Os resultados mostram que os atletas exigem reconhecimento como funcionários públicos por meio de três argumentos: econômico, subordinação e dependência e identidade. As conclusões e discussões sugerem debater seu reconhecimento como funcionários públicos.

Informational content of cosine and other similarities calculated from high-dimensional Conceptual Property Norm data.

To study concepts that are coded in language, researchers often collect lists of conceptual properties produced by human subjects. From these data, different measures can be computed. In particular, inter-concept similarity is an important variable used in experimental studies. Among possible similarity measures, the cosine of conceptual property frequency vectors seems to be a de facto standard. However, there is a lack of comparative studies that test the merit of different similarity measures when computed from property frequency data. The current work compares four different similarity measures (cosine, correlation, Euclidean and Chebyshev) and five different types of data structures. To that end, we compared the informational content (i.e., entropy) delivered by each of those 4 × 5 = 20 combinations, and used a clustering procedure as a concrete example of how informational content affects statistical analyses. Our results lead us to conclude that similarity measures computed from lower-dimensional data fare better than those calculated from higher-dimensional data, and suggest that researchers should be more aware of data sparseness and dimensionality, and their consequences for statistical analyses.

¿Por qué necesitamos una Psicología Crítica en el Deporte? / Why do we need Critical Psychology on Sport?

La psicología del deporte posee una tradición marcada por la perspectiva cognitiva conductual de la disciplina que ha sido considerada como la versión hegemónica en el campo. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se han hecho visibles varias propuestas que han logrado posicionarse como versiones válidas para trabajar desde la psicología en el amplio campo deportivo. Estas versiones, a su vez, han generado nuevos temas de investigación para resolver diferentes problemas que habían sido invisibilizados por la Psicología Tradicional del Deporte. Con el objetivo de difundir entre las redes latinoamericanas, caribeñas e iberoamericanas la existencia de diferentes perspectivas en el campo de la psicología del deporte, este número especial incluye diez artículos, 5 de ellos en español, 3 en portugués y 2 en inglés, que colaboran con el avance y la amplitud teórica en el campo

Sports psychology has a tradition marked by the behavioral cognitive perspective of the disci-pline, which has been considered the hegemonic version on the field. Nevertheless, in recent years several proposals have become visible and have managed as valid versions to work from psychology in the broad field of sports. These versions have generated new research topics to solve different problems that had been invisible in Traditional Sports Psychology. With the aim of communicate the existence of different perspectives in the field of Psychology of Sport among Latin American, Caribbean and Ibero-American networks, this special issue includes ten articles, 5 of them in Spanish, 3 in Portuguese and 2 in English, which collaborate with ad-vancement and theoretical amplitude in the field

Hacia una Psicología Social y Crítica del deporte / Towards a Critical Social Sport Psychology

Tradicionalmente la Psicología del Deporte se ha sostenido a partir de la perspectiva cognitiva conductual de la disciplina. Este enfoque ha orientado su trabajo sobre las "habilidades psicológicas" de índole cognitiva de los deportistas, basando su trabajo en la objetividad y en la neutralidad. Este artículo propone una crítica a la visión cognitiva conductual de la Psicología del deporte por medio de una comparación con la Psicología Social Crítica del deporte. Este contraste se realiza en función de seis dimensiones: ontología, epistemología, objeto de estudio, visión de sujeto, enfoque y metodología. Finalmente, luego de la comparación, se sugiere repensar el rol de psicólogo o psicóloga del deporte; desarrollar un cuerpo teórico que permita generar nuevas preguntas que faciliten el abordaje de nuevos problemas; y reinterpretar las técnicas tradicionales y construir nuevas formas para intervenir en el trabajo práctico con deportistas, equipos, entrenadores, y cualquier otro sujeto deportivo

Traditionally, Sports Psychology has been sustained from the cognitive behavioral perspective of the discipline. This approach has guided its work on the cognitive "psychological skills" of athletes, basing their work on objectivity and neutrality. This article proposes a critique of the cognitive behavioral perspective of Sports Psychology through a comparison with Social Critical Psychology of Sport. This contrast was made according to six dimensions: ontology, epistemology, object of study, vision of subject, approach and methodology. Finally, it is suggested to rethink the role of sports psychologists; develop a theoretical body that allows to generate new questions that facilitate the approach of new problems; and to reinterpret traditional techniques and to build new ways to intervene in practical work with athletes, teams, coaches, and other sports subject

Sports identity in Chile: a sociocultural and material process influenced by the state and neoliberalism / Identidade esportiva no Chile: um processo sociocultural e material marcado pelo estado e pelo neoliberalismo / Identidad deportiva en Chile: un proceso sociocultural y material marcado por el estado y el neoliberalismo

Abstract: Construction of sports identity is an interesting topic in the field of sociocultural studies of sport. This study analysed identity construction in Chilean athletes in order to gain a deeper understanding on the topic and its associated issues. Our qualitative study involved 17 semi-structured interviews with high-performance and recreational athletes who practise conventional and adaptive sports. The results reveal that there are two categories of conditions involved in the construction of Chilean sports identity - sociocultural conditions and material conditions - and that these are influenced by neoliberal logics and values. We conclude that gender is one dimension that can potentially generate alternatives to individualism and competition discourses present in current Chilean sports identity.

Resumo: A construção da identidade dos atletas é um tema de interesse no campo dos estudos socioculturais do esporte. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a identidade esportiva do atleta chileno para compreender melhor este tópico. O tipo de estudo foi qualitativo, por meio de 17 entrevistas semiestruturadas com atletas de alto desempenho e recreativos nas modalidades convencional e adaptada. Os resultados mostram que existem duas categorias para construir a identidade esportiva chilena: condições socioculturais e condições materiais, marcadas por construir histórias alternativas para contestar o individualismo e a competição como valores presentes no esporte chileno.

Resumen: La construcción de la identidad de los y las deportistas es un tema de interés en el campo de estudios socioculturales del deporte. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la construcción de la identidad deportiva en Chile para comprender mejor este tema. El tipo de estudio realizado fue de carácter cualitativo, a través de 17 entrevistas semiestructuradas a deportistas recreativos y de alto rendimiento de modalidad convencional y adaptado. Los resultados demuestran que existen dos categorías para construir la identidad deportiva chilena: condiciones socioculturales y las condiciones materiales, las cuales están marcadas por lógicas y valores neoliberales. Se concluye expresando que el género es una dimensión que genera relatos alternativos para disputar el individualismo y la competencia en tanto valores presentes en la identidad deportiva chilena.

Influencia del autodiálogo sobre los niveles de ansiedad y estrés en jugadores de tenis: una revisión sistemática / The influence of self-talk on levels of stress and anxiety in tennis players: a systematic review / Influência do autodiálogo sobre os níveis de ansiedade e estresse nos jogadores de tênis: uma revisão sistemática

Resumen El incremento en los niveles de ansiedad y estrés se han relacionado la mayoría de las veces con efectos negativos para el desempeño de atletas, por lo que la utilización de habilidades psicológicas como el autodiálogo se han usado para manejar la ansiedad y el estrés para obtener un mejor rendimiento deportivo. Este artículo presenta una revisión sistemática centrada en intervenciones que utilizaron el autodiálogo como método de entrenamiento mental para controlar niveles de ansiedad y estrés en jugadores de tenis. Se encontraron solamente 3 estudios que investigaron el método de autodiálogo en variables psicológicas y apenas un estudio que evaluó el efecto sobre la ansiedad. Por esta razón, se sugieren más investigaciones que aborden las variables mencionadas.

Abstract The increase in levels of anxiety and stress have been related most of the time to negative effects on the performance of athletes, so the use of psychological skills such as self-talk has been used to manage anxiety and stress to obtain better sports performance. This article presents a systematic review focused on interventions that used self-talk as a method of mental training to control levels of anxiety and stress in tennis players. We found only 3 studies that investigated the method of self-talk in psychological variables and only one study that evaluate the effect on anxiety. For that reason, more research is suggested to addresses these variables.

Resumo O aumento nos níveis de ansiedade e estresse tem sido relacionado na maioria das vezes a efeitos negativos no desempenho de atletas, de modo que o uso de habilidades psicológicas como a autodiálogo tem sido utilizado para gerenciar a ansiedade e o estresse para obter melhor desempenho esportivo. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão sistemática focada em intervenções que utilizaram o autodiálogo como método de treinamento mental para controle 2 níveis de ansiedade e estresse em tenistas. Foram encontrados apenas três estudos que investigaram o método de autodiálogo em variáveis psicológicas e apenas um estudo que avaliou o efeito sobre a ansiedade. Por essa razão, sugere-se mais pesquisas que abordem as variáveis mencionadas.