Unlocking Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of MBene-MoB Through Controlled Aluminum Dissipation from MoAlB.

2D transition metal borides, known as MBenes, have attracted considerable attention due to their exceptional properties. This study explores the feasibility of aluminum (Al) etching from MoAlB using environmentally friendly and sustainable fluoride-free dilute acidic/alkaline solutions at room temperature, revealing its thermodynamic and kinetic viability. Furthermore, it is found that complete removal of Al can be achieved in dilute alkaline reagent under hydrothermal conditions, yielding pristine single/few-layered MBene-MoB for the first time, while acidic solutions result in ≈33% etching rates. XRD refinement, which tracks aluminum removal from 0% to 100%, reveals transient metastable phases of MoAl1-xB (x < 0.5) in the initial etching stages, evolving into relatively stable pure Mo2AlB2 structures with 50% Al deficiency, serving as a precursor to MBenes. The subsequent loss of Al results in a 2D MBene-MoB structure. DFT calculations confirm excellent conductivity for MoAlB, MoAl1-xB (x = 0-1), and MBene-MoB. Remarkably, MBene-MoB exhibits superior supercapacitor performance with a 4025.60 mF cm-2/201.28 F g-1 capacitance. Simulations validate rapid electrolyte diffusion in layered MBene-MoB, contributing significantly to enhanced capacitance. Additionally, in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), MBene-MoB demonstrates superior catalytic activity compared to the precursor MoAlB and commercial MoB. Calculations suggest the potential for enhancing HER through surface modulation, considering its suboptimal hydrogen adsorption energy.

Isomer-specific analysis of nonylphenol and their transformation products in environment: A review.

Nonylphenols (NPs) are crucial fine chemicals widely employed in producing industrial and consumer surfactants that ultimately enter the environment through various pathways, leading to environmental pollution. NPs are suspected endocrine-disrupting chemicals that may accumulate in the body over time, resulting in unusual reproductive function. Due to limitations in analytical methods, NPs have typically been quantified as a whole in some studies. However, NPs are a mixture of multibranched structures, and different NP isomers exhibit distinct environmental behaviors and toxic effects. Therefore, it is critical to analyze environmental and human biological samples at the isomer-specific level to elucidate the contamination characteristics, human exposure load, and toxic effects of NPs. Accurately analyzing NP samples with various isomers, metabolites, and transformation products presents a significant challenge. This review summarizes recent advances in analytical research on NPs in technical products, environmental, and human biological samples, particularly emphasizing the synthesis and separation of standards and the transformation of NP homolog isomers in samples. Finally, the review highlights the research gaps and future research directions in this domain.

Exploring the Potential of MBenes Supercapacitors: Fluorine-Free Synthesized MoAl1-xB with Ultrahigh Conductivity and Open Space.

The present study describes the synthesis of multilayered MBenes MoAl1-xB with different degrees of Al deintercalation using a mild, fluorine-free approach of dilute alkali to remove Al from MoAlB. We propose an etching route and compare it to conventional fluoride etching products. Additionally, the study explores the possible application and energy storage mechanism of MBenes in supercapacitors, marking the first investigation of its kind. At room temperature, 1/24-MoAl1-xB with terminal groups -OH exhibits ∼25% Al removal in 1 wt % NaOH for 24 h, outperforming traditional etching technology. Increasing the Al removal exposed more open space, resulting in a higher capacitance. Compared to LiF/HCl-MoAl1-xB (etched by LiF + HCl), 1/24-MoAl1-xB has a higher energy storage capability. The multilayered 1/24-MoAl1-xB film electrode exhibits ultrahigh conductivity with a rapid relaxation time of 0.97 s and high areal capacitance (2006.60 mF cm-2) while maintaining 80.2% capacitance after 5000 cycles. The MoAl1-xB all-solid-state supercapacitor (ASSS) delivers a high capacitance of 741.6 mF cm-2 at 1 mV s-1 for a single electrode and exhibits stable capacitance even at a 90° bending angle, highlighting its potential practical use. Our research represents an important step in the synthesis of MBenes and highlights their potential applications in supercapacitors.

Using Raman Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics to Study Conformation Changes of Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate Molecules.

A study using both Raman spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations was carried out for alkyl ethoxysulfate (AES) surfactants at various concentrations in solution. Direct comparison between experiment and simulation shows that the conformational changes observed in MD are in good agreement with those obtained via Raman spectroscopy. We show that there is an increase in the relative number of trans conformations with increasing concentration and illustrate the relationship between phase structure and molecular conformation, which is often speculated but difficult to confirm. Our results open up the possibility of applying MD to other surfactants, with the aim of analyzing conformational behavior, which can typically be difficult to study experimentally using spectroscopy methods, due to large numbers of vibrational modes present in large complex molecules.

"Sounding" out crystal nuclei-A mathematical-physical and experimental investigation.

We outline techniques for the control and measurement of the nucleation of crystalline materials. Small angle x-ray scattering/wide angle x-ray scattering x-ray diffraction measurements are presented that demonstrate the impact of low power, continuous, non-cavitational ultrasound on the nucleation and crystallization of a wax-n-eicosane dissolved in a heptane/toluene solvent. A mathematical-physical approach based on the rectification of heat and mass transport by such a low power oscillating pressure field is outlined, and it is suggested that this approach be combined with dissipative particle dynamics computational modeling to develop a predictive method capable of modeling the impact of low power oscillating pressure fields (acoustics and ultrasonics) on a wide range of nucleating systems. Combining the ultrasound pitch and catch speed of sound measurements with low power harmonically oscillating pressure fields to monitor and control nucleation presents the prospect of entirely new industrially significant methods of process control in crystallization. It also offers new insights into nucleation processes in general. However, for the acoustic control technique to be widely applied , further theoretical and modeling work will be necessary since, at present, we are unable to predict the precise effect of low power ultrasound in any given situation.

Characterization of Mass Transfer within the Crystal-Solution Boundary Layer of l-Alanine {120} Faces Using Laser Interferometry during Growth and Dissolution.

Crystallization and dissolution are important processes to consider in drug development as well as many other industrial processes. Many current growth and dissolution models are based on bulk solution properties and do not implicitly consider concentration variation close to the crystal surface-solution interface and how this is mediated by solute diffusive mass transfer. Solution boundary layer thickness and concentration distribution, for the {120} crystal habit face of single crystals of l-alanine in saturated aqueous solutions during both growth and dissolution processes, is measured as a function of super/undersaturation using a Mach-Zehnder optical interferometer system. Further analysis allows determination of the diffusion coefficient and mass flux within the boundary layer as well as whether the processes are controlled by mass transfer or crystal interfacial kinetics. The measurement of this study revealed that the {120} face was not saturated at its surface during growth or dissolution meaning both processes were somewhat limited by their crystal interfacial kinetics. Growth was limited by crystal interfacial kinetics at all supersaturations to the same degree, whereas dissolution had a mixed dependency on crystal interfacial kinetics and mass transfer at lower undersaturations becoming more limited by mass transfer at higher undersaturations. Boundary layer thickness increased with super/undersaturation but to a lesser degree than the increase in the concentration difference between the crystal surface and bulk solution leading to a higher mass flux of solute molecules through the boundary layer. At the same relative super/undersaturation mass flux of solute molecules was faster during dissolution which was concurrent with its increased surface to bulk solution concentration difference and boundary layer thickness.

Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped porous carbon derived from polypyrrole-polythiophene for efficient peroxydisulfate activation towards degradation of aniline.

To enhance the catalytic activity of carbon materials and streamline their synthesis process, it is necessary to optimize the doping of heteroatoms and reduce the dependence on organic solvents. This can be achieved by utilizing carbonized Polypyrrole-Polythiophene (C(Ppy-Pth)), which is obtained through simultaneous and in-situ co-doping of N and S. This material can serve as an effective activator of peroxydisulfate (PDS) for the degradation of aniline (AN). The results showed that Ppy-Pth could be efficiently synthesized by using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, pyrrole, thiophene, FeCl3, and H2O2 in water. Based on the price, self-decomposition and oxidation efficiency, the performance of PDS activated by C(Ppy-Pth) was superior to that of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in degrading AN. The optimum conditions for catalyzing PDS and degrading 30 mg/L AN by C(Ppy-Pth) were 0.10 g/L C(Ppy-Pth)-1000-1/1, 2.10 mM PDS, and pH0 = 3.00, which resulted in 86.69% AN removal in 30 min. Carbonation temperature, N/S ratio and pyridine N content are the key factors affecting the catalytic activity of C(Ppy-Pth). Quenching, probe, and electrochemical experiment revealed that in the catalytic PDS system with C(Ppy-Pth)-1000-1/1 (pH0 = 3.00), the oxidation of AN mainly occurred through the generation of hydroxyl radical (·OH), superoxide anion (O2·-), and electron transfer on the C(Ppy-Pth)-1000-1/1 surface. The steady-state concentration of ·OH and O2·- were 2.65 × 10-14 M and 1.97 × 10-13 M, respectively, and the contribution rate of ·OH oxidation was 31.28%. The oxidation of AN by sulfate radical (SO4·-) and singlet oxygen (1O2) could be neglected. This study provides a promising strategy for the construction of PDS catalyst and wastewater treatment.

Oxidation of simulated wastewater by Fe2+-catalyzed system: The selective reactivity of chlorine radicals and the oxidation pathway of aromatic amines.

Aromatic amines (AAs), a characteristic pollutant with electron-donating groups in textile industry, having high reactivity with reactive chlorine free radicals, is probably the precursor of chlorinated aromatic products in advanced oxidation treatment. In this study, Fe2+/peroxydisulfate (PDS)/Cl- and Fe2+/H2O2/Cl-systems were used to treat four kinds of AAs (5-Nitro-o-toluidine (NT), 4-Aminoazobenzol (AAB), O-Aminoazotoluene (OAAT), 4,4'-Methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) (MBCA)) in simulated wastewater, and the selectivity of various reactive species to AAs, the oxidation law and pathway of AAs were explored. The results showed that dichloride anion radical (Cl2·-) could effectively oxidize four AAs, and chlorine radical (·Cl) was strongly reactive to AAB and MBCA, especially MBCA. The largest f - (Fukui function) of MBCA is 0.0822, which is the lowest of the four AAs, so ·Cl might be more sensitive to electrophilic point than hydroxyl radical (·OH). The oxidation pathway of NT and MBCA showed that ·Cl mainly played the role of electron transfer to AAs instead of generating chlorinated products, but the addition of ·OH to -NH2 generated aromatic nitro compounds with higher toxicity than NT and MBCA. Therefore, the electron transfer of ·Cl and Cl2·- could not only improve the removal of AAs but also reduce the generation of toxic products. This study found that the reactivity of reactive chlorine free radicals was not necessarily related to chlorination, which provided a theoretical basis for the further studies into the formation mechanism of chlorination products.

Formation of organic chloride in the treatment of textile dyeing sludge by Fenton system.

In the oxidation treatment of textile dyeing sludge, the quantitative and transformation laws of organic chlorine are not clear enough. Thus, this study mainly evaluated the treatment of textile dyeing sludge by Fenton and Fenton-like system from the aspects of the influence of Cl-, the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organic carbon, and the removal and formation mechanism of organic chlorine. The results showed that the organic halogen in sludge was mainly hydrophobic organic chlorine, and the content of adsorbable organic chlorine (AOCl) was 0.30 mg/g (dry sludge). In the Fenton system with pH=3, 500 mg/L Cl-, 30 mmol/L Fe2+ and 30 mmol/L H2O2, the removal of phenanthrene was promoted by chlorine radicals (•Cl), and the AOCl in sludge solid phase increased to 0.55 mg/g (dry sludge) at 30 min. According to spectral analysis, it was found that •Cl could chlorinate aromatic and aliphatic compounds (excluding PAHs) in solid phase at the same time, and eventually led to the accumulation of aromatic chlorides in solid phase. Strengthening the oxidation ability of Fenton system increased the formation of organic chlorines in liquid and solid phases. In weak acidity, the oxidation and desorption of superoxide anion promoted the removal and migration of PAHs and organic carbon in solid phase, and reduced the formation of total organic chlorine. The Fenton-like system dominated by non-hydroxyl radical could realize the mineralization of PAHs, organic carbon and organic chlorines instead of migration. This paper builds a basis for the selection of sludge conditioning methods.

Formation and transformation of reactive species in the Fe2+/peroxydisulfate/Cl- system.

The influence of Cl- on the formation mechanism of active components is often neglected in the Fe2+/peroxydisulfate (PDS) system containing a large amount of ferryl ion reactive specie (Fe(Ⅳ)). In the current investigation, the effects of Cl- concentration on the removal of methyl phenyl sulfoxide (PMSO), the formation of methyl phenyl sulfone (PMSO2), the transformation of reactive species and oxidation products were investigated under different reaction conditions that included Fe2+ dosage, PDS dosage, and pH0. The results showed that Cl- complexing Fe2+ increased the formation path of sulfate radical (SO4·-) in the Fe2+/PDS system. Fe2+ dosage and pH0 value affected the content and morphology of Fe2+-Cl- complex, thus affecting the composition of reactive species. According to the experiment of free radical steady-state concentration, it was found that low concentration of Cl- reacted with SO4·- and increased the steady-state concentration of chlorine radicals (8.09 × 10-13 M [·Cl]ss at 1.41 mM Cl-), while at high concentration of Cl-, the contents of SO4·-, hydroxyl radical (·OH) and dichloride anion radicals (Cl2·-) increased and the contents of Fe(Ⅳ) and ·Cl decreased. ·Cl had strong reactivity with PMSO, and PMSO and its oxidation products were chlorinated under the combined action of ·Cl and Cl2·-. This work reveals the reaction mechanism and environmental application risks of Fe2+/PDS technology and lays the groundwork for subsequent industrial application of Fe2+/PDS system.

Nitrogen-enriched micro-mesoporous carbon derived from polymers organic frameworks for high-performance capacitive deionization.

Nitrogenization is an effective method for improving the capacitive deionization (CDI) performance of porous carbon materials. In particular, polymer organic frameworks with heteroatom doping, containing an ordered pore structure and excellent electrochemical stability, are ideal precursors for carbon materials for high-performance CDI. In this study, a nitrogen-enriched micro-mesoporous carbon (NMC) electrode was fabricated by carbonizing a Schiff base network-1 at 500, 600, and 700 °C. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption, the contact angle of water, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize the morphological structure, wettability, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas, and electrochemical performance of the NMCs. The results showed that the NMC carbonized at 600°C achieved the best specific capacitance (152.33 F/g), as well as a high electrosorption capacity (25.53 mg/g) because of its chemical composition (15.57% N) and surface area (312 m2/g). These findings prove that NMC is viable as an electrode material for desalination by high-performance CDI applications.

Chlorophenols in textile dyeing sludge: Pollution characteristics and environmental risk control.

Chlorophenols (CPs) are toxic contaminants that tend to accumulate in textile dyeing sludge and pose a threat to the environment through the disposal process. To comprehensively evaluate CPs in sludge, the characteristics and risks of CPs from five textile dyeing plants (TDPs) were investigated in this study. The total concentration of 19 CPs (Σ19 CPs) varied from 170.90 to 6290.30 ng g-1 dry weight (dw), among which high-chlorine phenols accounted for the greatest proportion. The ecological screening level (ESL) of CPs was used to judge their pollution levels, while the risk quotient (RQ) value and dioxin conversion rate were used to analyze their potential risk. The results indicated that CPs may pose a moderate to high risk to the environment. The Fenton process was used to condition the hazardous sludge, and a higher content of CPs was found after conditioning. A lower rate of CP increase was achieved with a reagent dose of 180 mmol/L, H2O2:Fe2+ = 1:1, pH of 3-4 and reaction time of 30 min. In summary, the work helps to address the general knowledge gap in the textile dyeing industry and provides a reference for further research.

Treatment of simulated textile sludge using the Fenton/Cl- system: The roles of chlorine radicals and superoxide anions on PAHs removal.

The main content of this work is to investigate the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs: phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluoranthene) from simulated sludge solid phase employing an Fenton/Cl- system under various Cl- contents and pH values. The steady-state concentrations of the hydroxyl, chlorine, and dichloride anion radicals ([·OH]ss, [·Cl]ss, and [Cl2·-]ss) in heterogeneous system were first measured using tert-butanol, nitrobenzene, and benzoic acid. The outcomes exhibited that increasing the Cl- content from 50 to 2000 mg/L (pH = 3.0) or raising the pH from 3.0 to 5.0 (1000 mg/L Cl-) caused [·OH]ss to continuously decrease and [Cl2·-]ss and the concentration of superoxide anions (HO2·/O2·-) to continuously increase. When the pH was 3.0 and the Cl- concentration was 1000 mg/L, [·Cl]ss had a maximum value of 9.27 × 10-14 M. Combining the results of PAH removal, radical quenching, and product analysis, it was found that ·Cl in the Fenton/Cl- system promoted the oxidative degradation of phenanthrene without forming chlorination byproducts. Furthermore, HO2·/O2·- was helpful in removing anthracene and fluoranthene. Under the environment of high Cl- content (≥1000 mg/L), PAHs could be removed more effectively by using HO2·/O2·-. This investigation underpins further study on the regulation of reactive species and the efficient degradation of target organic matter in Fenton/Cl- system, and provides a basis for studying the formation of chlorinated or toxic byproducts in the process of treating textile dyeing sludge by Fenton.

Comparison of the Fe2+/H2O2 and Fe2+/PMS systems in simulated sludge: Removal of PAHs, migration of elements and formation of chlorination by-products.

In this study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at practical concentrations in the simulated sludge treated by the Fe2+/H2O2 and Fe2+/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) systems were evaluated in terms of the PAHs (phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene) removal, element migration, Cl- effect, and chlorination by-product formation. The results indicated that according to the removal rate of PAHs, the optimal dosage of the Fe2+/PMS system (∑PAHs removal rate was 64.66 ±â€¯2.82 %) was 1/30 of that for the Fe2+/H2O2 system (∑PAHs removal rate was 78.63 ±â€¯0.38 %). The elemental contents in the simulated sludge were mainly affected by the extent of advanced oxidation and the amount of generated iron flocs. By studying the PAHs removal, free chlorine formation, total organochlorine content, and PAHs products in Fe2+/H2O2/Cl- and Fe2+/PMS/Cl- systems, it was found that chlorine radicals (·Cl) had high reactivity with phenanthrene and fluoranthene, whereas dichloride anion radicals (Cl2·-) exhibited the opposite behavior. Furthermore, PAHs were oxidized by ·Cl and hydroxyl radical in the Fe2+/H2O2/Cl- system, whereas PAHs and their products were chlorinated by free chlorine and ·Cl in the Fe2+/PMS/Cl- system to six chlorinated by-products such as Cl-PAHs (9-Cl-phenanthrene, 2-Cl-anthracene, 9,10-Cl2-anthracene, 3-Cl-fluoranthene). These results provide some useful suggestions for the safe advanced oxidation process treatment of textile dyeing sludge.

Algal toxicity induced by effluents from textile-dyeing wastewater treatment plants.

This research aimed to evaluate the alga Scenedesmus obliquus toxicity induced by textile-dyeing effluents (TDE). The toxicity indicator of TDE in alga at the physiological (algal growth), biochemical (chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) synthesis and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity) and structural (cell membrane integrity) level were investigated. Then we further study the relationship among toxicity indicators at physiological and biochemical level, and supplemented by research on algal biomacromolecules. According to the analysis of various endpoints of the alga, the general sensitivity sequence of toxicity endpoints of Scenedesmus obliquus was: SOD activity > Chl-a synthesis > algal growth. The stimulation rate of SOD activity increased from day 3 (57.25%~83.02%) to day 6 (57.25%~103.81%), and then decreased on day 15 (-4.23%~-32.96%), which indicated that the antioxidant balance system of the algal cells was destroyed. The rate of Chl-a synthesis inhibition increased gradually, reaching 19.70%~79.39% on day 15, while the rate of growth inhibition increased from day 3 (-12.90%~10.16%) to day 15 (-21.27%~72.46%). Moreover, the algal growth inhibition rate was positively correlated with the inhibition rate of SOD activity or Chl-a synthesis, with the correlation coefficients were 0.6713 and 0.5217, respectively. Algal cells would be stimulating to produce excessive reactive oxygen species, which would cause peroxidation in the cells, thereby destroying chloroplasts, inhibiting chlorophyll synthesis and reducing photosynthesis. With increasing exposure time, irreversible damage to algae can lead to death. This study is expected to enhance our understanding of the ecological risks through algal tests caused by TDE.

Chlorobenzene levels, component distribution, and ambient severity in wastewater from five textile dyeing wastewater treatment plants.

Chlorobenzenes (CBs) present in synthetic dyes are discharged into natural waters during the treatment of textile dyeing wastewater, which may have adverse effects on human and environment. In this study, the existence and removal of 12 CBs in different units of five treatment plants were examined. The ecological risk of CBs in textile dyeing wastewater was assessed by ambient severity (AS) and risk quotients (RQs). The results showed that trichlorobenzene, tetrachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene and hexachlorobenzene were ubiquitous in textile dyeing wastewater, and their distribution was similar. In one of the plants, the content of hexachlorobenzene was found to be as high as 9.277 µg/L in the raw water, which was an oil-water mixture. In other plants, there was no significant difference in the content and composition of CBs among influent and effluent suggesting that the conventional wastewater treatment plants cannot improve the existence of them. Monochlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene were not detected, which may have been related to strong volatility, biochemical properties, and weak instrument sensitivity. In the treatment process and effluent, trichlorobenzene is the main pollutant and accounted for 39.51% of all CB. CB removal was found only in the anaerobic system, while the aerobic system did not have the corresponding removal effect on CB and total organic carbon. According to ecological risk assessment, CBs in effluent has not been found the significant potential harm to human health (AS < 1), but posed moderate ecological risk to aquatic ecosystem (RQs > 0.1).

Advances in nano-catalysts based biodiesel production from non-food feedstocks.

This paper aims to examine the influence of various catalysts on biodiesel production, especially from non-food feedstocks with an ambition to optimize the catalytic biodiesel production. Homogenous acid catalysts are mainly used in biodiesel production, but they cannot be recovered and demand costly fuel purification as being corrosive. Similarly, enzyme catalysts are expensive in industrial-scale production of biodiesel. However, heterogeneous catalysts simplify the easy separation of product and by-products from the catalyst along with catalyst reusability and reduction of waste. Solid acid and base catalysts offer more advantages due to their non-toxicity, high surface area, reusability, higher stability, and the simplicity of purification. Solid base catalysts yield better activity than solid acid catalysts, however, they cannot esterify large amounts of free fatty acids (FFAs) in non-food feedstocks. The solid acid catalysts have the added advantages of being more tolerant to high amounts of FFAs and being able to simultaneously esterify FFAs and transesterify triglycerides in cheap feedstocks like waste cooking oil. Recently, an array of inorganic, organic and polymeric solid acid and nanomaterial-based catalysts have been developed using cheap feedstocks. However, the issues of low reactivity, small pore sizes, low stabilities, long reaction times, and high reaction temperatures still need to be solved. The developments of producing efficient, cheap, durable, and stable solid acid and nanomaterial-based catalysts have been critically reviewed in this study. Furthermore, the challenges and future perspectives of production of biodiesel and its industry growth have also been discussed.

Effect of sintering temperature on mineral composition and heavy metals mobility in tailings bricks.

In this study, the mixing mechanism and phase transition process of different metals during the sintering of tailings bricks with four different metal oxides (CuO, PbO, ZnO, and CdO) at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1100 °C for 2 h were investigated. The properties of the sintered product was characterized and analyzed, and the results showed that the main crystalline phases are quartz, cristobalite, hematite, and mullite while the metal oxides are ascribed to copper ferrite spinel (CuFe2O4), gahnite (ZnAl2O4), zinc ferrite spinel (ZnFe2O4), lead feldspar (PbAl2Si2O8), and cadmium feldspar (CdAl2Si2O8). Further analysis indicates that the heavy metals were transited into spinel or silicate structures with favorable efficiency. This indicates a good heavy-metal fixation effect from the structural change after the sintering process. Finally, the leaching experiments of the sintered samples suggest that the metal leaching decreased to a low and stable value when the sintering temperature was higher than 950 °C, which meets the China standard (GB 5085.3-2007). The above results indicate that the sintering process facilitates the combination of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd offering an effective and safe method for the application of materials that contain tailings.

Treatment of a simulated sludge by ultrasonic zero-valent iron/EDTA/Air process: Interferences of inorganic salts in polyaromatic hydrocarbon removal.

Understanding the occurrence states of persistent organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in textile dyeing sludge is the key to their further treatment and disposal. Here, the effects of inorganic salts (silicate, sulfate, phosphate, hydroxide, and iron salts) that were typically rich in textile dyeing sludge on PAH adsorption by sludge and PAH degradation by an ultrasound (US) combined zero-valent iron/EDTA/Air (ZEA) system were studied in a simulated sludge system. The results showed that the simulated sludge containing inorganic salts had a larger specific surface area, which was beneficial for the adsorption of PAHs. More low-ring PAHs were adsorbed on the surface of the particles in the simulated sludge because of the inorganic salts, which was conducive to low-ring PAHs degradation by US/ZEA. The PAH removal rates were increased by 15.37% and 11.19%, respectively, in the presence of SiO32- and HPO42-. The yield of hydroxyl radicals (OH) was increased by 42.39% and 66.25% by SiO32- and HPO42-, respectively. The reason was that the oxidation of the ligand ([FeⅡ(EDTA)]) formed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and divalent iron was promoted by SiO32- and HPO42-. The formation of OH in the US/ZEA system was inhibited by the corrosion inhibition of SO42- on zero-valent iron (ZVI), the reaction of ferric salt with EDTA, and the reaction of Mg(OH)2 with the ligand ([FeIII(EDTA)]). This work provides an essential theoretical insight into the role of the inorganic components of sludge in the removal of PAHs by advanced oxidation processes.

Data for crystallisation, dissolution and saturation temperatures of the ternary system: Hexadecane and octadecane representative in fuel solvents.

The data presented in this article relates to the crystallisation of hexadecane (C16H34) and octadecane (C18H38), being the predominant alkanes present in hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), from solvents representative of fuel (dodecane, toluene and kerosene). Data was collected for eleven C16H34/C18H38 compositions for each solvent used. Raw crystallisation and dissolution data is provided over a range of solution concentrations and cooling rates used under a poly-thermal crystallisation methodology. Equilibrium saturation temperature data is also presented for each composition, concentration and solvent system, indicating the trend in solubility for each solution.